Opinion of the Court
QUINN, Chief Judge:
• The General Counsel of the Department of Transportation has certified for review the question whether at a special court-martial by the military judge alone it was “prejudicial error for the military judge ... to examine the contents of the pretrial agreement [between the accused and the convening authority] as part of his inquiry” into the providence of the accused’s plea of guilty.
Initially, the accused was charged with desertion, in violation of Article ;85, Uniform Code of Military Justice, .10 USC § 885. He had a history of previous unauthorized absences with the last ending on May 26, 1969, less than six weeks before the eighty-day unauthorized absence which constituted the basis for the desertion charge. After the desertion charge had been referred to a court-martial for trial, the accused proposed to the convening authority that it be reduced to the lesser offense of unauthorized absence, in violation of Article 86, Code, supra, 10 USC § 886; he also indicated he would enter a plea of guilty to the lesser offense provided that, if the court-martial imposed a bad-conduct discharge as part of the sentence, the convening authority would “execute that discharge immediately upon final approval and will remit any confinement still unserved by that time.” The proposal was accepted by the convening authority, and a reduced charge of unauthorized absence was referred for trial. The accused then requested trial before only a military judge. It further appears that before trial the accused executed a document in which he indicated he had discussed the “seriousness and consequences” of a bad-conduct discharge with his counsel, but he believed it was in his own “best interest” not to “avoid” a bad-conduct discharge; to that end, he had instructed his counsel to offer no evidence or argument “against the imposition of a BCD.” In due course, the [565]*565óásé came oil for hearing before Military Judge F. D. Hunter, Commander, United States Coast Guard.
Judge Hunter conducted an extensive hearing as to the circumstances of the accused’s plea. Among other things, he ascertained that the accused understood the difference between trial by a regular special court-martial composed of three members and trial by a military judge alone, and that he understood the effects of a plea of guilty. The accused’s answers to some of Judge Hunter's questions tended to indicate there was a pretrial agreement with the convening authority. Judge Hunter asked if there was such an agreement. At that point, defense counsel requested a brief recess.
When court reconvened, defense counsel informed Judge Hunter there was an agreement, and at the judge’s request he gave him a copy. Judge Hunter then examined the accused as to his understanding of the agreement. He ascertained that the accused knew the agreement did not expressly limit the period of confinement. At the end of his examination, Judge Hunter accepted the accused’s plea of guilty as “freely and voluntarily and intelligently made.”
During the sentence part of the trial, no evidence was offered by the defense in mitigation or extenuation. Judge Hunter advised the accused of his right to present evidence, and pointed out there were only “minimal facts” before him to tend toward imposition of a “lenient” sentence. The accused insisted it was in his own “best interest” to submit nothing. On his own initiative, Judge Hunter reviewed the Government’s evidence of previous convictions for unauthorized absence and limited the absences to “one day absences” because of the form of the specifications, although the sentence in each case indicated the absence “may have been for a longer period of time.”
Focusing only on whether the accused was “prejudiced” by Judge Hunter’s review of the pretrial agreement, the record of trial compels the conclusion that he was not. Prejudice, however, is not the real issue. What is controverted is the legality of the judge’s inquiry into the provisions of the pretrial agreement. Appellate defense counsel contend that knowledge of the sentence provision amounted to “a form of unlawful command influence,” which destroyed Judge Hunter’s “objectivity.” The contention is suifl-ciently broad to challenge also the propriety of the judge’s knowledge of the fact that the charge had been reduced from desertion to unauthorized absence. We turn, therefore, to com sider the effect of these factors on a trial judge’s judicial conduct.
Trial before a military judge without court members is new to military law. Article 16, Code, supra, 10 USC § 816, added by the Military Justice Act of 1968, Public Law 90-632, 90th Congress, Second Session, 82 Stat 1335. Under the new practice, when trial is before the military judge alone, as requested by the accused, the judge determines the accused’s guilt or innocence and imposes sentence in the event of conviction. The procedure is comparable to that in Federal courts. Its adoption for military courts substantially enlarged the powers and responsibilities of the military judge. However, the enlargement of judicial power did not change the existing doctrine that the military judge must be scrupulously impartial and uninfluenced by command decree or desire in the exercise of his judicial functions. It is with this principle in. mind that we must assess the risk of improper8 influence which might result from knowledge on the part of the judge that the offenses referred to trial are less severe or fewer in number than those with which the accused was originally charged.
The trial judge in a civilian court is frequently aware of the fact that the defendant was subject to more serious or more numerous charges than those on which he is to be sen-' tenced. In fact, charges to which the accused will not be required to plead [566]*566are commonly disposed of by the judge’s order at the entry of a nolle 'prosequi by the Government or by its motion to dismiss. See Rule 48, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure; Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure : Criminal § 811. So far as we know, neither the judge’s knowledge of the elimination of charges nor his role in their disposition has ever been regarded as disqualifying him from accepting the accused’s plea of guilty to the remaining charges or from imposing sentence. A charge is not proof of guilt. But, even if there is sufficient available evidence to support the charge, there may be good reason to justify its dismissal or acceptance of a plea of guilty to a lesser offense. A dismissed specification, for example, may merely allege a different aspect of the same offense stated in another specification; and a plea to a lesser offense may be the appropriate way to obviate difficult and disputed questions of fact. There are so many legitimate reasons for agreement between the prosecution and the accused on a nolle prosequi or dismissal of particular charges, that it cannot, in our opinion, be reasonably concluded that knowledge of such agreement would ineluctably incline the trial judge to impose a more severe sentence than he would otherwise impose for those offenses to which the accused pleads guilty or of which he is convicted.
Consideration of the probable effect of the sentence provision of a pretrial agreement on the trial judge must begin with the principle that the judge must be satisfied that the accused understands the meaning and effect of his plea. United States v Care, 18 USCMA 535, 40 CMR 247 (1969).
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Opinion of the Court
QUINN, Chief Judge:
• The General Counsel of the Department of Transportation has certified for review the question whether at a special court-martial by the military judge alone it was “prejudicial error for the military judge ... to examine the contents of the pretrial agreement [between the accused and the convening authority] as part of his inquiry” into the providence of the accused’s plea of guilty.
Initially, the accused was charged with desertion, in violation of Article ;85, Uniform Code of Military Justice, .10 USC § 885. He had a history of previous unauthorized absences with the last ending on May 26, 1969, less than six weeks before the eighty-day unauthorized absence which constituted the basis for the desertion charge. After the desertion charge had been referred to a court-martial for trial, the accused proposed to the convening authority that it be reduced to the lesser offense of unauthorized absence, in violation of Article 86, Code, supra, 10 USC § 886; he also indicated he would enter a plea of guilty to the lesser offense provided that, if the court-martial imposed a bad-conduct discharge as part of the sentence, the convening authority would “execute that discharge immediately upon final approval and will remit any confinement still unserved by that time.” The proposal was accepted by the convening authority, and a reduced charge of unauthorized absence was referred for trial. The accused then requested trial before only a military judge. It further appears that before trial the accused executed a document in which he indicated he had discussed the “seriousness and consequences” of a bad-conduct discharge with his counsel, but he believed it was in his own “best interest” not to “avoid” a bad-conduct discharge; to that end, he had instructed his counsel to offer no evidence or argument “against the imposition of a BCD.” In due course, the [565]*565óásé came oil for hearing before Military Judge F. D. Hunter, Commander, United States Coast Guard.
Judge Hunter conducted an extensive hearing as to the circumstances of the accused’s plea. Among other things, he ascertained that the accused understood the difference between trial by a regular special court-martial composed of three members and trial by a military judge alone, and that he understood the effects of a plea of guilty. The accused’s answers to some of Judge Hunter's questions tended to indicate there was a pretrial agreement with the convening authority. Judge Hunter asked if there was such an agreement. At that point, defense counsel requested a brief recess.
When court reconvened, defense counsel informed Judge Hunter there was an agreement, and at the judge’s request he gave him a copy. Judge Hunter then examined the accused as to his understanding of the agreement. He ascertained that the accused knew the agreement did not expressly limit the period of confinement. At the end of his examination, Judge Hunter accepted the accused’s plea of guilty as “freely and voluntarily and intelligently made.”
During the sentence part of the trial, no evidence was offered by the defense in mitigation or extenuation. Judge Hunter advised the accused of his right to present evidence, and pointed out there were only “minimal facts” before him to tend toward imposition of a “lenient” sentence. The accused insisted it was in his own “best interest” to submit nothing. On his own initiative, Judge Hunter reviewed the Government’s evidence of previous convictions for unauthorized absence and limited the absences to “one day absences” because of the form of the specifications, although the sentence in each case indicated the absence “may have been for a longer period of time.”
Focusing only on whether the accused was “prejudiced” by Judge Hunter’s review of the pretrial agreement, the record of trial compels the conclusion that he was not. Prejudice, however, is not the real issue. What is controverted is the legality of the judge’s inquiry into the provisions of the pretrial agreement. Appellate defense counsel contend that knowledge of the sentence provision amounted to “a form of unlawful command influence,” which destroyed Judge Hunter’s “objectivity.” The contention is suifl-ciently broad to challenge also the propriety of the judge’s knowledge of the fact that the charge had been reduced from desertion to unauthorized absence. We turn, therefore, to com sider the effect of these factors on a trial judge’s judicial conduct.
Trial before a military judge without court members is new to military law. Article 16, Code, supra, 10 USC § 816, added by the Military Justice Act of 1968, Public Law 90-632, 90th Congress, Second Session, 82 Stat 1335. Under the new practice, when trial is before the military judge alone, as requested by the accused, the judge determines the accused’s guilt or innocence and imposes sentence in the event of conviction. The procedure is comparable to that in Federal courts. Its adoption for military courts substantially enlarged the powers and responsibilities of the military judge. However, the enlargement of judicial power did not change the existing doctrine that the military judge must be scrupulously impartial and uninfluenced by command decree or desire in the exercise of his judicial functions. It is with this principle in. mind that we must assess the risk of improper8 influence which might result from knowledge on the part of the judge that the offenses referred to trial are less severe or fewer in number than those with which the accused was originally charged.
The trial judge in a civilian court is frequently aware of the fact that the defendant was subject to more serious or more numerous charges than those on which he is to be sen-' tenced. In fact, charges to which the accused will not be required to plead [566]*566are commonly disposed of by the judge’s order at the entry of a nolle 'prosequi by the Government or by its motion to dismiss. See Rule 48, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure; Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure : Criminal § 811. So far as we know, neither the judge’s knowledge of the elimination of charges nor his role in their disposition has ever been regarded as disqualifying him from accepting the accused’s plea of guilty to the remaining charges or from imposing sentence. A charge is not proof of guilt. But, even if there is sufficient available evidence to support the charge, there may be good reason to justify its dismissal or acceptance of a plea of guilty to a lesser offense. A dismissed specification, for example, may merely allege a different aspect of the same offense stated in another specification; and a plea to a lesser offense may be the appropriate way to obviate difficult and disputed questions of fact. There are so many legitimate reasons for agreement between the prosecution and the accused on a nolle prosequi or dismissal of particular charges, that it cannot, in our opinion, be reasonably concluded that knowledge of such agreement would ineluctably incline the trial judge to impose a more severe sentence than he would otherwise impose for those offenses to which the accused pleads guilty or of which he is convicted.
Consideration of the probable effect of the sentence provision of a pretrial agreement on the trial judge must begin with the principle that the judge must be satisfied that the accused understands the meaning and effect of his plea. United States v Care, 18 USCMA 535, 40 CMR 247 (1969). Part of the judge’s inquiry is necessarily directed to the accused’s understanding of the punishment to which he will be subject as a result of his plea of guilty. United States v Turner, 18 USCMA 55, 60, 39 CMR 55 (1968); United States v Van Valkenberg, No. 420982 (ACMR March 9, 1970). Appellate defense counsel argue that the judge should be limited to determining whether the accused knows the maximum penalty. However, a pretrial agreement, which includes agreement on the sentence, changes the legal maximum from that provided by the Table of Maximum Punishments prescribed by the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1969, to the punishment provided in the agreement. United States v Brice, 17 USCMA 336, 38 CMR 134 (1967). Consequently, the accused’s understanding of the maximum prescribed by law is no assurance that he understands and agrees with the maximum prescribed by the agreement. In fact, disagreement as to the meaning and scope of the sentence provision in a pretrial agreement is not uncommon. United States v Veteto, 18 USCMA 64, 39 CMR 64 (1968); United States v Clark, 17 USCMA 26, 37 CMR 290 (1967); United States v Turner, supra, at pages 60-61. Consequently, there is good reason for the trial judge to determine that the accused understands the sentence provision of the pretrial agreement. The question then is whether knowledge of the sentence agreement by the judge presents a potential of prejudice to the accused that outweighs the benefits of the inquiry into his understanding of the agreement.
The trial judge may believe that the agreed sentence is too lenient and he may be inclined to impose a more severe penalty, but it is hardly likely that he will. However strongly he might feel about the inappropriateness of the agreed sentence, he is not likely to want to impose a sentence that can have no legal effect. Apart from probability, if the trial judge elects to impose a more severe sentence than the agreement provides, the- convening authority must reduce it to that provided in the agreement. United States v Brice, supra. Manifestly, therefore, no prejudice can result to the accused if the trial judge is inclined to regard the agreed sentence as too lenient. Less obvious in its apparent effect is the situation in which the trial judge believes the sentence provision in the agreement is too [567]*567severe. Is there a fair risk that in this situation the judge will be influenced by the agreement, as an indication of the wishes of the convening authority?
Appellate defense counsel contend that the minimal effect of knowledge of the sentence provision of the pretrial agreement is to restrict the discretion of the military judge. They picture the judge as afraid to incur the displeasure of, or retributive action by, the convening authority which might result from imposition of a sentence less severe than that provided in the agreement. Government counsel vigorously contend that the military judge would no more violate his oath of office for personal favor or career advancement than would the civilian judge. A closer look at the pretrial agreement is helpful to resolution of these opposing views.
Pretrial agreements usually originate with the accused. Most records of trial that we have seen contain no factual information to indicate that the proposed sentence is predicated upon matters relating specially to the accused. Perhaps the most that can be inferred is that since the sentence was proposed by the accused, he probably considered it “fair and acceptable.” United States v Johnson, 19 USCMA 49, 50, 41 CMR 49 (1969). However, numerous circumstances may arise between acceptance of the proposed sentence by the convening authority and the accused’s trial. The accused, for example, may have been placed in pretrial confinement between the two events; or he may, while in pretrial confinement, have been subjected to improper conditions of confinement; or he may have learned of the availability of mitigating evidence that he had not previously expected. See United States v Robbins, 16 USCMA 474, 37 CMR 94 (1966). In addition to a change in conditions, there may be matters in mitigation and extenuation that simply were not considered by the accused and the convening authority at the time of the agreement. All these factors, and a myriad of other possibilities, indicate that the circumstances which led the convening authority to accept the accused’s proposed sentence may reasonably be expected to be factually different from the sentence matters presented to the military judge at trial. Cf. United States v Tavolilla, 17 USCMA 395, 38 CMR 193 (1968). We are convinced, therefore, that neither the convening authority nor the military judge would regard the agreement as prescribing a sentence which the military judge could not change without derogating the power and the position of the convening authority. We are also convinced that both the convening authority and the military judge would treat the sentence provision as important only to effectuation of the agreement, and not as an order or wish on the part of the convening authority to influence the judge in his own determination of an appropriate sentence.
The remarks and the actions of Judge Hunter in this case demonstrate an independent approach to the sentence. We perceive no reasonable risk that other trial judges would be any less independent and impartial because they knew the sentence terms of a pretrial agreement. We conclude, therefore, that there is no reasonable risk that knowledge of the sentence provision of a pretrial agreement would incline the military judge to abstain from adjudging a less severe sentence than he would otherwise have imposed.
Relying upon the agreement itself, appellate defense counsel contend it precluded submission to Judge Hunter in any event because it was described as “a privileged communication” and provided it was “not to be brought to the attention of the members of the court-martial.” Government counsel maintain that this provision was not intended to apply to a trial before a military judge. The argument need not detain us. The record of trial demonstrates that defense counsel specifically considered whether he wanted to submit the agreement to Judge Hunter, and he affirmatively [568]*568determined tó do so. Whatever the original intention of the agreement, therefore, the defense changed it by its considered submission to the judge at trial. See United States v Wolfe, 8 USCMA 247, 250, 24 CMR 57 (1957).
We answer the certified question in the negative, and affirm the decision of the United States Coast Guard Court of Military Review.
Judge DARDEN concurs.