Bobbitt, J.
The specific findings of fact, are supported by competent evidence. Defendants, by brief, assert that they do not “quibble” with the findings of fact set forth in paragraph 4, quoted above.
Specific findings of fact by the Industrial Commission are required. These must cover the crucial questions of fact upon which plaintiff’s right to compensation depends.
Singleton v. Laundry Co.,
213 N.C. 32, 195 S.E. 34;
Gowens v. Alamance County,
214 N.C. 18, 197 S.E. 538;
Farmer v. Lumber Co.,
217 N.C. 158, 7 S.E. 2d 376;
Cook v. Lumber Co.,
217 N.C. 161, 7 S.E. 2d 378. Otherwise, this Court cannot determine whether an adequate basis exists, either in fact or in law, for the ultimate finding as to whether plaintiff was injured by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment.
Thomason v. Cab Co.,
235 N.C. 602, 70 S.E. 2d 706.
The Commission is not required to make a finding as to each detail of the evidence or as to every inference or shade of meaning to be drawn therefrom. When the specific, crucial findings of fact are made, and the Commission thereupon finds that plaintiff was injured by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment, we consider such specific findings of fact, together with every reasonable inference that may be drawn therefrom, in plaintiff’s favor in determining whether there is a factual basis for such ultimate finding.
“The words ‘out of’ refer to the origin or cause of the accident and the words ‘in the course of’ to the time, place, and circumstances under which it occurred. . . . There must be some causal relation between the employment and the injury; but if the injury is one which, after the event,
may be seen to bave bad its origin in tbe employment, it need not be shown that it is one which onght to have been foreseen or expected.”
Adams, J.,
in
Conrad v. Foundry Co.,
198 N.C. 723, 153 S.E. 266. This excerpt, often quoted, may be regarded as a statement of the basic principles applicable to compensation cases.
The Act “should be liberally construed to the end that the benefits thereof should not be denied upon technical, narrow and strict interpretation,”
Johnson v. Hosiery Co.,
199 N.C. 38, 153 S.E. 591; but “the rule of liberal construction cannot be employed to attribute to a provision of the act a meaning foreign to the plain and unmistakable words in which it is couched,”
Henry v. Leather Co.,
231 N.C. 477, 57 S.E. 2d 760.
“Acts of an employee for the benefit of third persons generally preclude the recovery of compensation for accidental injuries sustained during the performance of such acts, usually on the ground they are not incidental to any service which the employee is obligated to render under his contract of employment, and the injuries therefore cannot be said to arise out of and in the course of the employment. . . . However, where competent proof exists that the employee understood, or had reasonable grounds to believe that the act resulting in injury was incidental to his employment, or such as would prove beneficial to his employer’s interests or was encouraged by the employer in the performance of the act or similar acts for the purpose of creating a feeling of good will, or authorized so to do by common practice or custom, compensation may be recovered, since then a causal connection between the employment and the accident may be established.” Schneider, 7 Workmen’s' Compensation Text, sec. 1675.
As stated by Larson: “If the ultimate effect of claimant’s helping-others is to advance his own employer’s work, by removing obstacles to the work or otherwise, it should not matter whether the immediate beneficiary of the helpful activity is a co-employee, an independent contractor, an employee of another employer, or a complete stranger.” 1 Larson’s Workmen’s Compensation Law, sec. 27.21.
Decisions in other jurisdictions cited by these text writers, some tending to support plaintiff’s position and others tending to support defendants’ position, disclose factual situations somewhat similar yet different in some material feature from the ease now before us. Basically, whether plaintiff’s claim is compensable turns upon whether the employee acts for the benefit of his employer to any appreciable extent or whether the employee acts solely for his own benefit or purpose or that of a third person.
Mindful of these well settled principles, we must now apply them to facts substantially different from facts in cases heretofore presented to this Court.
At the request of plaintiff and his fellow-employee, the filling station operator gave permission to use his air hose to inflate the tires. They began but did not finish inflating the first tire.
Just then, a customer, whose car was standing at the gas pump, was unable to start his car; and the filling station operator requested plaintiff to assist in pushing the car off from a standing position so as to get it started and in order to move it on away from the gas pumps. Plaintiff complied with this request. The car was pushed from the filling station premises onto the highway. It had been pushed 50 feet, more or less, along the highway, in an effort to start the motor, when plaintiff was struck and injured by another car approaching from the rear.
Plaintiff and his co-employee were not customers. They asked for and received permission to get
free air.
The assistance extended by the filling-station operator was for the benefit of their employer. In turn, the filling station operator requested plaintiff’s aid in pushing off and starting his customer’s car, then blocking access to his gas pumps. Eeciprocal courtesies and assistance were requested and extended. To hold that plaintiff acts in the course of his employment when receiving aid for the benefit of his employer but ceases to do so when he renders assistance to the man who is helping him at the very time is a distinction too attenuate for adoption by this Court. It is noteworthy that plaintiff, when he responded to the filling station operator’s request for assistance, had not received the assistance needed to enable him to complete his service to his employer. Plaintiff had reasonable grounds to apprehend that his refusal to render the assistance requested of him might well have resulted in like refusal by the filling station operator.
In view of the limitless variety in factual situations, it is difficult to embrace in a single statement a rule applicable to all cases. Here plaintiff’s response was reasonable and natural. He had reasonable grounds to believe that what he was doing was incidental to his employment and beneficial to his employer and that, if his employer had been there, he would have instructed plaintiff to render such reciprocal assistance. Under such circumstances, when at the time and place of injury mutual aid is being exchanged between the employee and the filling station operator, the inbound aid being for the employer’s benefit, the aid received and the aid given are so closely interwoven that an injury to the employee under such circumstances must be held connected with and incidental to his employment.
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Bobbitt, J.
The specific findings of fact, are supported by competent evidence. Defendants, by brief, assert that they do not “quibble” with the findings of fact set forth in paragraph 4, quoted above.
Specific findings of fact by the Industrial Commission are required. These must cover the crucial questions of fact upon which plaintiff’s right to compensation depends.
Singleton v. Laundry Co.,
213 N.C. 32, 195 S.E. 34;
Gowens v. Alamance County,
214 N.C. 18, 197 S.E. 538;
Farmer v. Lumber Co.,
217 N.C. 158, 7 S.E. 2d 376;
Cook v. Lumber Co.,
217 N.C. 161, 7 S.E. 2d 378. Otherwise, this Court cannot determine whether an adequate basis exists, either in fact or in law, for the ultimate finding as to whether plaintiff was injured by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment.
Thomason v. Cab Co.,
235 N.C. 602, 70 S.E. 2d 706.
The Commission is not required to make a finding as to each detail of the evidence or as to every inference or shade of meaning to be drawn therefrom. When the specific, crucial findings of fact are made, and the Commission thereupon finds that plaintiff was injured by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment, we consider such specific findings of fact, together with every reasonable inference that may be drawn therefrom, in plaintiff’s favor in determining whether there is a factual basis for such ultimate finding.
“The words ‘out of’ refer to the origin or cause of the accident and the words ‘in the course of’ to the time, place, and circumstances under which it occurred. . . . There must be some causal relation between the employment and the injury; but if the injury is one which, after the event,
may be seen to bave bad its origin in tbe employment, it need not be shown that it is one which onght to have been foreseen or expected.”
Adams, J.,
in
Conrad v. Foundry Co.,
198 N.C. 723, 153 S.E. 266. This excerpt, often quoted, may be regarded as a statement of the basic principles applicable to compensation cases.
The Act “should be liberally construed to the end that the benefits thereof should not be denied upon technical, narrow and strict interpretation,”
Johnson v. Hosiery Co.,
199 N.C. 38, 153 S.E. 591; but “the rule of liberal construction cannot be employed to attribute to a provision of the act a meaning foreign to the plain and unmistakable words in which it is couched,”
Henry v. Leather Co.,
231 N.C. 477, 57 S.E. 2d 760.
“Acts of an employee for the benefit of third persons generally preclude the recovery of compensation for accidental injuries sustained during the performance of such acts, usually on the ground they are not incidental to any service which the employee is obligated to render under his contract of employment, and the injuries therefore cannot be said to arise out of and in the course of the employment. . . . However, where competent proof exists that the employee understood, or had reasonable grounds to believe that the act resulting in injury was incidental to his employment, or such as would prove beneficial to his employer’s interests or was encouraged by the employer in the performance of the act or similar acts for the purpose of creating a feeling of good will, or authorized so to do by common practice or custom, compensation may be recovered, since then a causal connection between the employment and the accident may be established.” Schneider, 7 Workmen’s' Compensation Text, sec. 1675.
As stated by Larson: “If the ultimate effect of claimant’s helping-others is to advance his own employer’s work, by removing obstacles to the work or otherwise, it should not matter whether the immediate beneficiary of the helpful activity is a co-employee, an independent contractor, an employee of another employer, or a complete stranger.” 1 Larson’s Workmen’s Compensation Law, sec. 27.21.
Decisions in other jurisdictions cited by these text writers, some tending to support plaintiff’s position and others tending to support defendants’ position, disclose factual situations somewhat similar yet different in some material feature from the ease now before us. Basically, whether plaintiff’s claim is compensable turns upon whether the employee acts for the benefit of his employer to any appreciable extent or whether the employee acts solely for his own benefit or purpose or that of a third person.
Mindful of these well settled principles, we must now apply them to facts substantially different from facts in cases heretofore presented to this Court.
At the request of plaintiff and his fellow-employee, the filling station operator gave permission to use his air hose to inflate the tires. They began but did not finish inflating the first tire.
Just then, a customer, whose car was standing at the gas pump, was unable to start his car; and the filling station operator requested plaintiff to assist in pushing the car off from a standing position so as to get it started and in order to move it on away from the gas pumps. Plaintiff complied with this request. The car was pushed from the filling station premises onto the highway. It had been pushed 50 feet, more or less, along the highway, in an effort to start the motor, when plaintiff was struck and injured by another car approaching from the rear.
Plaintiff and his co-employee were not customers. They asked for and received permission to get
free air.
The assistance extended by the filling-station operator was for the benefit of their employer. In turn, the filling station operator requested plaintiff’s aid in pushing off and starting his customer’s car, then blocking access to his gas pumps. Eeciprocal courtesies and assistance were requested and extended. To hold that plaintiff acts in the course of his employment when receiving aid for the benefit of his employer but ceases to do so when he renders assistance to the man who is helping him at the very time is a distinction too attenuate for adoption by this Court. It is noteworthy that plaintiff, when he responded to the filling station operator’s request for assistance, had not received the assistance needed to enable him to complete his service to his employer. Plaintiff had reasonable grounds to apprehend that his refusal to render the assistance requested of him might well have resulted in like refusal by the filling station operator.
In view of the limitless variety in factual situations, it is difficult to embrace in a single statement a rule applicable to all cases. Here plaintiff’s response was reasonable and natural. He had reasonable grounds to believe that what he was doing was incidental to his employment and beneficial to his employer and that, if his employer had been there, he would have instructed plaintiff to render such reciprocal assistance. Under such circumstances, when at the time and place of injury mutual aid is being exchanged between the employee and the filling station operator, the inbound aid being for the employer’s benefit, the aid received and the aid given are so closely interwoven that an injury to the employee under such circumstances must be held connected with and incidental to his employment.
If the risk is one to which all others in the neighborhood are subject, as distinguished from a hazard peculiar to the employee’s work, injury resulting therefrom is not compensable.
Walker v. Wilkins, Inc.,
212 N.C. 627, 194 S.E. 89, and
Marsh v. Bennett College,
212 N.C. 662, 194 S.E. 303, tornado cases;
Plemmons v. White’s Service, Inc.,
213 N.C. 148,
195 S.E. 370, dog bite ease;
Lockey v. Cohen, Goldman & Co.,
213 N.C. 356, 196 S.E. 342, where plaintiff fell when he stepped on fruit peeling on sidewalk;
Bryan v. T. A. Loving Co.,
222 N.C. 724, 24 S.E. 2d 751, where plaintiff was struck by car while crossing the public road on his way to work. Plaintiff, while pushing the car onto and along the highway, subjected himself
to
a hazard not
common to
all others in the neighborhood but peculiar to the task in which he was engaged. Whether plaintiff’s injury by accident arose out of and in the course of his employment depends upon principles other than that upon which the cited cases are based.
Many decisions turn on
the extent
to which the employee deviated from the course of his employment. Where the deviation is of such nature as to constitute a total departure from the employment, compensation is denied; but where the deviation is of a minor character, compensation is awarded.
Parrish v. Armour & Co.,
200 N.C. 654, 158 S.E. 188. Often we face real difficulty when attempting to apply this reasonable but broad rule to the facts of particular cases. While the question of deviation has been considered, our view is that it is not the proper basis for decision here.
In
Sichterman v. Kent Storage Co.,
217 Mich. 364, 186 N.W. 498, plaintiff, a salesman, traveled by automobile in the course of his work. On one of his trips he observed a peddler, whose wagon had been struck by an automobile, at the side of the road. Plaintiff stopped, got out of his car, went back and asked if he could render any assistance; and then plaintiff was struck and injured by another car. Plaintiff’s claim for compensation was denied. After reviewing decisions from other jurisdictions, some favorable and others unfavorable
to
plaintiff’s position, the Supreme Court of Michigan by
Fellows, C. J.,
concluded: “This unfortunate accident occurred when the deceased was performing an act of humanity entirely dissociated from the master’s work. It did not arise out of the employment.” This decision, cited by defendants, suggests the further question as to whether an injury is compensable when an employee, a motorist, then in course of his employment, renders “a courtesy of the road” to another motorist then in need of aid. Consideration of that question must await an appropriate fact situation; for we are not dealing here with a situation where the employee renders a service because he
would expect
a similar service to be rendered to him if the positions of the parties were reversed, such service being directly for his benefit and indirectly for the benefit of his employer. We have here a situation where plaintiff
was receiving
requested assistance from the filling station operator at the very time and place he was rendering requested assistance to the filling station operator. The facts of this case are distinguishable from cases where the act of the employee, characterized as “chivalric,” or
“an errand of mercy,” or “the act of a good Samaritan,” is wholly unrelated to the employment.
The specific facts found, considered in the light most favorable to plaintiff, support the factual element in the ultimate finding; and the ultimate finding, that plaintiff was injured by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment, will be upheld.
Affirmed.
"WiNBORNE and DeNNY, JJ., dissent.