Pinson v. United States Department of Justice

243 F. Supp. 3d 74, 2017 WL 1080907, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 41127

• Court: District Court, District of Columbia
• Decided: March 22, 2017
• Docket: Civil Action No. 2012-1872
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Granting Dependants’ Supplemental ' Motion for Summary Judgment

RUDOLPH CONTRERAS, United States District Judge

While in prison, pro se plaintiff Jeremy Pinson filed multiple Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) requests seeking records from various components of the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”). In addition to releasing a number of records to Pinson, the DOJ asked Pinson to clarify some of her 1 records requests, told her that it could not find records responsive to some of her requests, and informed her that some of the records she sought were exempt from disclosure by law. Pinson filed a complaint challenging some of these determinations and alleging that the DOJ improperly withheld records.

At issue in this Opinion is the propriety of the Bureau of Prisons’ (“BOP”) withholdings from two memoranda that it released in part. Each memorandum documents the Special Administrative Measures (“SAMs”) imposed on an individual in BOP custody. The DOJ moves for summary judgment as to the propriety of the withholdings, arguing that the BOP correctly applied FOIA Exemptions 6, 7(C), 7(E), and 7(F). See Defs.’ .Suppi MSJ, ECF No. 318. For the reasons set forth below, the Court grants the DOJ’s motion for summary judgment.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

This Court has already explained the factual background in detail in a prior Memorandum Opinion. See Mem. Op., Pinson v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 2016 WL 29245, at *1-5 (D.D.C. Jan. 4, 2016), ECF No. 259. The Court assumes familiarity with its prior opinion and confines its discussion to the facts most relevant to the present motion.

In 2010, Pinson submitted a FOIA request to the DOJ’s Office of Information Policy (“OIP”) 2 seeking “any correspondence or electronic messages generated after January 21, 2009 by the Attorney General, or staff within the Attorney Gen eral’s office, addressed to or intended for the Director of-the Federal Bureau of Prisons.” Decl. Vanessa R. . Brinkmann (Brinkmann Deck) ¶ 4 & Ex. A, ECF No. 131-3. The records responsive to this request included two SAMs memoranda— one from 2009 and one from 2010.

SAMs are special conditions of confinement implemented by the Attorney General with regards to a specific inmate as “reasonably necessary to protect persons against the risk of death or serious bodily injury.” 28 C.F.R. § 501.3(a). These measures may include limitations on the individual’s access to the mail, media, telephone, and visitors. See Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. at 11-12, ECF No. 239 (citing Decl. Ronald L. Rodgers ¶ 12(á), ECF No. 239-1). The SAMs memoranda at issue here memorialize the Attorney General’s SAMs decisions with respect to two inmates and recount in detail the criminal conduct of the individuals subject to the orders, those individuals’ continued threat to public safety, and the terms of the SAMs themselves. See Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. at 11-12, ECF No. 239. The 2009 SAMs memorandum concerned a convicted prisoner, and the 2010 SAMs memorandum concerned a pretrial detainee. 4th Christenson Deck, ¶¶ 6-7.

In its initial response to Pinson, the DOJ ■withheld, inter alia, the entirety of both memoranda. See Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. at 11, ECF No. 239. However, after this Court denied the DOJ- summary judgment 3 on its withholdings, the BOP reprocessed Pinson’s request and releásed both SAMs memoranda in part, with some redactions. 4th Christenson Deck' ¶¶ 4-5, 49 & Ex. E; see also Mem. Op., Pinson v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 202 F.Supp.3d 86, 98 (D.D.C. 2016), ECF No. 306. The BOP now claims that it has properly withheld portions of the SAMs memoranda pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 6, 7(C), 7(E), and 7(F). See Letter to Pinson, ECF No. 318-2. The DOJ again moves for summary judgment on the grounds that it has properly applied FOIA exemptions and released all segregable material. Defs.’ Suppl, MSJ at 1-2.

II., LEGAL STANDARD

“[Disclosure, not secrecy, is the dominant objective of [FOIA].” Dep’t of the Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361, 96 S.Ct. 1592, 48 L.Ed.2d 11 (1976). “Consistent with this purpose, agencies may withhold only those documents or portions thereof that fall under one of nine delineated statutory exemptions.” Elliott v. USDA, 596 F.3d 842, 845 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)). “[T]he exemptions are ‘explicitly exclusive.’ ” U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 151, 109 S.Ct. 2841, 106 L.Ed.2d 112 (1989) (quoting FAA Adm’r v. Robertson, 422 U.S. 255, 262, 95 S.Ct. 2140, 45 L.Ed.2d 164 (1975)).

It is the agency’s burden to show that withheld ‘ material falls within one of these • exemptions. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B); Elliott, 596 F.3d at 845. “The [C]ourt ... ‘impose[s] a substantial burden on an agency seeking to avoid disclosure’ through the FOIA exemptions.” Morley v. CIA, 508 F.3d 1108, 1114 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820, 828 (D.C. Cir. 1973)) (alteration in original). Accordingly, disclosure exemptions are “narrowly construed,” and “ ‘con-clusory and generalized allegations of exemptions’ are unacceptable.” See Morley, 508 F.3d at 1114-15 (quoting Founding Church of Scientology of Wash., D. C., Inc. v. Nat’l Sec. Agency, 610 F.2d 824, 830 (D.C. Cir. 1979)). However, courts generally respect the factual- reasoning of agen- cíes, and “[u]ltimately[ ] an agency’s justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’ ” Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374-75 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Gardels v. CIA, 689 F.2d 1100, 1105 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). Thus, “a reviewing court should ‘respect the expertise of an agency’ and not ‘overstep the proper limits of the judicial role in FOIA review.’” Pinson v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 160 F.Supp.3d 285, 293 (D.D.C. 2016) (quoting Hayden v. Nat’l Sec. Agency/Cent. Sec. Serv., 608 F.2d 1381, 1388 (D.C. Cir. 1979)).

“FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.” Defs. of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F.Supp.2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009) (citing Bigwood v. U.S. Agency for Int’l Dev., 484 F.Supp.2d 68, 73 (D.D.C. 2007)). Under Rule 56 of the Federal. Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment must be granted when the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show “that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).

Even when the requester does not explicitly challenge a withholding, the court must independently consider if the agency has shown that the undisputed material facts entitle it to summary judgment. See Winston & Strawn, LLP v. McLean, 843 F.3d 503, 505 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (“ ‘The nonmoving party’s failure to oppose summary judgment does not shift [the moving party’s] burden.’ The District Court ‘must always determine for itself whether the record and any undisputed material facts justify granting summary judgment.’ ” (quoting Grimes v. District of Columbia, 794 F.3d 83, 97 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (Griffith, J., concurring))). Even though Pinson does not respond to some portions of the DOJ’s motion for summary judgment, the court cannot grant the motion on the basis that it was conceded. See id. at 505 (“Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, á motion for 'summary judgment cannot be-'‘conceded’ for want of opposition.” (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(3))).

III. ANALYSIS

The DOJ argues that it is entitled to summary judgment because it properly applied FOIA Exemptions 6, 7(C), 7(E), and 7(F) to withhold portions of both SAMs memoranda. See generally Defs.’ Suppl. MSJ, ECF No. 318; 4th Christenson Decl. Because all of the portions of the records withheld under Exemptions 6 or 7(F) were ■also withheld under Exemptions 7(C) or 7(E), 4 and the Court concludes, infra, that Exemptions 7(C) and 7(E) were properly applied, the Court does not reach the, arguments concerning Exemption 6 or Exemption 7(F). 5

A. Exemption 7

The DOJ asserts that the BOP properly-invoked Exemptions 7(C) and 7(E) to redact or withhold certain portions of the SAMs memoranda. See Defs.’ Suppl. MSJ at 2; 4th Christenson Decl. ¶¶ 9-37. As an initial matter, Exemption 7 requires a threshold determination that the information withheld constitutes “records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7). This Court has previously considered the issue at length and determined that the SAMs memoranda meet this threshold requirement because they reflect BOP’s efforts to deal with potential security risks to the public, inmates, and staff and are rationally related to BOP’s law enforcement duties. Mem. Op. at 12-14, Pinson v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 202 F.Supp.3d 86, 102 (D.D.C. 2016), ECF No. 306. Next, the Court evaluates each invoked exemption in turn.

1. Exemption 7(E)

The DOJ argues that it properly applied Exemption 7(E) to justify withholding a detailed description of the inmate’s offense conduct—intertwined with a description of the law enforcement investigation—from the 2010 SAMs memorandum concerning a pretrial inmate. Pinson objects to these withholdings in part.

Exemption 7(E) allows redaction of information that “would disclose techniques and procedures for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7). It affords “categorical protection,” Judicial Watch, Inc. v. FBI, 2001 WL 35612541, at *8 (D.D.C. Apr. 20, 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted), to material that “would compromise law enforcement by revealing information about investigatory techniques that are not widely known to the general public,” Smith v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms, 977 F.Supp. 496, 501 (D.D.C. 1997). The bar is “relatively low ... for the agency to justify withholding” information under Exemption 7(E). Blackwell v. FBI, 646 F.3d 37, 42 (D.C. Cir. 2011).

The DOJ applied Exemption 7(E) to withhold a “detailed description of the underlying offense conduct related to the terrorism charges on pages 1 to 3 [of the 2010 memorandum]” because “[i]nterspersed throughout the discussion ... [i]s discussion of how law enforcement learned of the offense conduct and steps they took to further investigate the alleged illegal activity.” 4th Christenson Deck ¶27. The description of the investigation included the “types of chemicals revealed in residue testing, locations identified for searches, items seized during the searches, and individuals identified for interviews.” 4th Christenson Deck ¶27. Pinson stipulates that “the issue regarding chemical agents” is appropriately withheld under Exemption 7(E), Ph’s Resp. at 3, ECF No. 328, and this Court thus holds that BOP’s chemical agent-related withholdings were proper.

Turning to the other withholdings, although Pinson objects only to the withholding of the “names and locations of searches,” Pk’s Resp. at 3., the Court will independently consider if the “record and any undisputed material facts justify granting summary judgment,” Winston & Strawn, LLP v. McLean, 843 F.3d 503, 505 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (quoting Grimes v. District of Columbia, 794 F.3d 83, 97 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (Griffith, J., concurring)). The DOJ argues that release of information concerning “locations identified for searches, items seized during the searches, and individuals identified for interviews,” could incidentally divulge which search locations or witnesses law enforcement is interested in during “each point [in] an investigation, and what property items are of interest for certain types of investigations!;,] ... [which] would enable targets of investigations to hide evidence at different locations that would not be identified for search or know when to pressure witnesses to not cooperate during interviews.” 4th Christenson Decl. ¶ 29; Defs.’ Suppl. MSJ at 10.

According to Pinson, the names and locations of searches are already exposed to the public through, for example, news coverage of law enforcement investigations. PL’s Resp. at 3. However, as the DOJ notes, such police news conferences are “rare” and “the fact that a police department may occasionally [give such a press conference] does not suggest that they would welcome film crews to follow them throughout their investigations.” Defs.’ Reply at 2, ECF No. 330. Indeed, a key feature of such a news conference is that the police department retains strategic control of which locations and facts are presented to the public, yet such control would be lacking if general investigative facts were revealed through FOIA requests.

Given Exemption 7(E)’s “relatively low bar,” see Blackwell, 646 F.3d at 42, the Court agrees that the law enforcement techniques withheld here are covered under Exemption 7(E). The DOJ has provided specific details as to the types of techniques and procedures that would pose a risk of circumvention of the law and that surpass the “conclusory and generalized allegations of exemptions,” Morley, 508 F.3d at 1114-15 (quoting Founding Church of Scientology of Wash., D.C., Inc. v. Nat’l Sec. Agency, 610 F.2d 824, 830 (D.C. Cir. 1979)), that this Court previously declined to accept. Pinson, 202 F.Supp.3d at 103, ECF No. 306. The Court thus grants the DOJ summary judgment as to its use of Exemption 7(E).

2. Exemption 7(C)

The DOJ argues that it properly invoked Exemption 7(C) to withhold information from both SAMs memoranda. Although Pinson challenges some of these withholdings, the Court agrees that the balance of private and public interests permits the DOJ to withhold the information at issue.

Under Exemption 7(C), an agency need not release “records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes ... to the extent that the production of such law enforcement records or information ... could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 6 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C). In applying Exemption 7(C), a court first determines if there is a privacy interest in the information to be disclosed, ACLU v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 655 F.3d 1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2011), and then balances the individual’s privacy interest against the public interest, considering only the public interest “that focuses on ‘the citizens’ right to be informed about what their government is up to,’ ” Davis v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 968 F.2d 1276, 1282 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (quoting U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. 749, 773, 109 S.Ct. 1468, 103 L.Ed.2d 774 (1989)). It is a FOIA requester’s obligation to articulate a public interest sufficient .to outweigh the individuals’ privacy interest, and the public interest must be. significant. Nat’l Archives & Records Admin, v. Favish, 5 41 U.S, 157, 172, 124 S.Ct. 1570, 158 L.Ed.2d 319 (2004).

First, the BOP withheld the names of the ,two individuals subject to the SAMs, and the names of the pretrial inmate’s co-defendants and third-party individuals from the 2010 SAMs memorandum. 4th Christenson Decl. ¶¶ 13, 22. The individuals have a privacy interest in not being known to be the subject of SAMs, or to be associated with the SAMs. This Court has previously held that the DOJ properly applied Exemption 7(C) to withhold the names of the individuals subject to the SAMs, Pinson, 202 F.Supp.3d at 102, ECF No. 306, and reaffirms that conclusion here.

As to the withholding of the names of the co-defendants and other individuals, “the" D.C. Circuit has held that the names of private individuals appearing in files within the ambit of Exemption 7(C) are categorically exempt from disclosure' unless disclosing such information is necessary in order to confirm or refute compelling evidence that the agency is engaged in-illegal activity.” See Pinson, 202 F.Supp.3d at 102, ECF No. 306 (quoting SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1206 (D.C. Cir. 1991)). Because Pinson does not allege illegal activity by the BOP, much less present compelling evidence of the same, the names of the co-defendants and third-parties are categorically exempt from disclosure. See Reporters Committee, 489 U.S. at 774-75, 109 S.Ct. 1468 (“[I]n none of our cases construing the FOIA have we found it appropriate to order a Government agency to honor a FOIA request for information about a particular private citizen.”); SafeCard, 926 F.2d at 1206 (holding that names of “private individuals appearing in files within the ambit of Exemption 7(C)” are categorically, exempt from disclosure unless disclosing such information “is necessary in order to confirm or refute compelling evidence that the agency is engaged in illegal activity”); Pinson, 202 F.Supp.3d at 102 (holding that the names of third-party individuals within memoranda. were categorically exempt from disclosure absent- compelling evidence of illegal activity, by the BOP).

Pinson argues both that the privacy right of the individuals is lower because these particular individuals are “murderers and terrorists” subject to “public prosecution” and that “[t]he public has an enormous interest in all information concerning individuals engaged in conspiracies to murder our citizens.” PL’s Resp. at 1-2, ECF No. 328. However, as this Court has previously noted, “individuals are not precluded from retaining a privacy interest merely on the basis of their public prosecutions.” Pinson, 202 F.Supp.3d 99-100, ECF No, 306. The D.C. Circuit has likewise concluded that, although “the disclosure of convictions and public pleas is at the lower end of the privacy spectrum[,] ,., [t]his is not to say that a convicted defendant has no privacy interest in the facts of his conviction.” ACLU, 655 F.3d at 7; see also Harrison v. Exec. Office for U.S. Attorneys, 377 F.Supp.2d 141, 148 (D.D.C. 2005) (“The fact that there- might have been prior disclosure of personal information does not eliminate the privacy interest in avoiding further disclosure by the government.”). Inclusion of an individual’s name in the SAMs memoranda, would trigger greater concerns than revealing the name of a convicted individual, because association with the SAMs can be embarrassing and stigmatizing and the context would identify the person as not only having been convicted (or held pretrial), but also thought to be so dangerous that he or she required special security measures that are applied to an extremely small portion of the prison population. See id. Furthermore, the public interest that Pinson articulates is vague and bears little connection to shedding light on what the government is up to. The information withheld concerns the individuals whom Pinson asserts are engaged in conspiracies, not the BOP. The Court therefore concludes, in keeping with the D.C. Circuit’s categorical rule, that Exemption 7(C) was properly applied to withhold the names of the subjects qf the SAMs memoranda and other individuals.

The DOJ also invoked Exemption 7(C) to withhold (1) from the 2010 SAMs memorandum 7 concerning a pretrial inmate, “information regarding the pretrial proceedings,” “where the pretrial inmate and his co-defendants were housed,” and their correctional management, 4th Christenson Decl. ¶¶ 13, 22; (2) from the 2009 SAMs memorandum concerning a convicted inmate, details about the criminal case including “the procedural history of the case, offense conduct, [the individual’s] sentence, ... charges on which the inmate was acquitted,” and “where the sentenced inmate was housed and observations about him,” 4th Christenson Deck ¶ 21; and (3) from both SAMs memoranda, the identity of the prosecuting U.S. Attorney’s Office, 4th Christenson Deck ¶ 15. See Defs.’ Suppl. MSJ at 4-6,8.

Given that the individual’s names are withheld, other information relating to those individuals implicates a privacy interest to the extent that it could be used to identify the individuals. 8 If more information' is released, it is more likely that a particular inmate could be identified as the subject of the SAMs. As discussed previously, even convicted persons 9 still retain a privacy interest under FOIA. The DOJ has thus established that the withheld information implicates privacy interests of the inmates subject to the SAMs, their co-defendants, and third-party individuals. As the DOJ notes, the withheld material is “sufficiently distinctive” to identify individuals because only a small number of inmates are subject to SAMS and most are notorious. See 4th Christenson Deck ¶ 23. In fact, when assessing the portions of the SAMs memoranda subject to withholding, the DOJ “conducted an internet search using the details of the pretrial inmate’s criminal activity ... [and] [t]he first result from the search identified the pretrial in mate and his codefendants.” 4th Christen-son Decl. ¶ 23.

Pinson’s only articulated public interest, again, involves the general right of the public to know information about “Murderers and Terrorists.” Pl.’s Resp. at 2. This vague explanation, which does not in any way implicate the government’s actions or what the government is up to, does not meet the burden of showing a substantial public interest in the withheld information. Furthermore, “there is a vast difference between public records that might be found after a diligent search of courthouse files, county archives, and local police stations ... and a computerized summary” of that information. DOJ v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of Press, 489 U.S. 749, 764, 109 S.Ct. 1468, 103 L.Ed.2d 774 (1989). If, in fact, the information Pinson seeks is freely available to the public as she implies, 10 “there would be no reason to invoke the FOIA to obtain access to the information.” Id.

The Court thus proceeds to balance the private interest in privacy and the public interest in disclosure. Upon consideration of Pinson’s articulated public interest and its own independent evaluation, the Court concludes that the public interest in the disclosure here is likely very small. The disclosed portions of the SAMs memoran-da reveal considerable information about the operation of the SAMs program. The incremental value of revealing the identity of the affected individuals—either directly or indirectly through identifiable information—would provide only a small benefit to the public interest. Cf. Davis, 968 F.2d at 1282 (holding that “even if a particular privacy interest is minor, nondisclosure remains justified where ... the public interest in disclosure is virtually nonexistent”). This conclusion is buttressed by reference to the text of Pinson’s FOIA request, which sought “any correspondence or electronic messages generated after January 21, 2009 by the Attorney General, or staff within the Attorney General’s office, addressed to or intended for the Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.” Brink-mann Decl. ¶ 4, EOF No. 131-1. This request appears to seek information on the types of communications which occurred between the Attorney General and the Director, not on the particular types of inmates subject to SAMs or, indeed, the SAMs process at all. Revealing most of the SAMs memoranda, with redactions, meets this public interest in the communications. The Court thus finds that the privacy interest implicated in the withheld information outweighs any public interest in knowing what the government is up to. This result is in accord with this Court’s previous decision concerning another of Pin-son’s FOIA requests that information about the correctional management of inmates is properly withheld under Exemption 7(C). Mem. Op. at 39-42, Pinson v. Dep’t of Justice, No. 12-1872, 236 F.Supp.3d 338, 366-68, 2017 WL 663523, at *17-18 (D.D.C. Feb. 17, 2017), ECF No. 357; see also Human Rights Watch v. Dep’t of Justice Fed. Bureau of Prisons, No. 13-7360, 2015 WL 5459713, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 16, 2015), (approving several of the BOP’s redactions from SAMs memoranda because “ ‘the incremental value of the specific information being withheld.’ ... [was] of little value to the public. And other redacted information ... would make identification of the inmate in the SAM memo substantially more likely by revealing information specific to the inmate. ... ‘Although under this rationale the public interest might be served, the speculative nature of the result is insufficient to outweigh the [inmates’] privacy-interest in nondisclosure.’” (first quoting Schrecker v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 349 F.3d 657, 661 (D.C. Cir. 2003), then quoting Assoc. Press v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 554 F.3d 274, 290 (2d Cir. 2009)), reconsidered in other part, 2016 WL 3541549 (S.D.N.Y. June 23, 2016). 11 The Court thus grants the BOP summary judgment as to its use of Exemption 7(C).

B. Segregability

FOIA requires that any reasonably segregable portion of a record shall be released, unless the non-exempt portions are inextricably intertwined with exempt portions. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b); see also Johnson v. Exec. Office for U.S. Attorneys, 310 F.3d 771, 776 (D.C. Cir. 2002). “Agencies are entitled to a presumption that they complied with the obligation to disclose reasonably segregable material.” Sussman v. U.S. Marshals Serv., 494 F.3d 1106, 1117 (D.C. Cir. 2007). In order to demonstrate that all reasonably segregable material has been released, the agency must provide a “detailed justification” for its non-segregability. Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of the Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 261 (D.C. Cir. 1977). However, the agency is not required to provide so much detail that the exempt material would be effectively disclosed. Id.

Although Pinson mentions segreg-ability in her reply, PL’s Resp. at 2, her arguments appear addressed toward the applicability of each exemption. The DOJ has provided Pinson with a comprehensive declaration, 12 describing each withholding and the exemption justifying that withholding. See generally 4th Christenson Decl. Ms. Christenson attests to having personally reviewed the official files and released all non-exempt information that could be segregated. 4th Christenson Decl. ¶ 3, 5. The detailed declaration of Ms. Christenson is sufficient to fulfill the agency’s obligation to show with “reasonable specificity” why a document cannot be further segregated. Armstrong v. Exec. Office of the President, 97 F.3d 575, 578-79 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Moreover, a review of the redacted documents clearly shows that the majority of the information in the SAMs memoranda was disclosed and only limited redactions were made. See Memorandum for Harley G. Lappin (Aug. 12, 2009) (the 2009 SAMs memorandum, as released), ECF No. 318-2, Ex. B; Memorandum for Harley G. Lappin (Apr. 1, 2010) (the 2010 SAMs memorandum, as released), ECF No. 318-2, Ex. C. The Court thus finds that the DOJ has met its burden of releasing all reasonably segregable portions.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the DOJ’s motion for summary judgment is GRANTED. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.

1 . Pinson identifies using feminine pronouns. The government and this Court follow suit. See Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss or, Alt., Renewed Mot. Summ. J. at 2 n.l, ECF No. 287. The Court’s use of feminine pronouns is not intended to reflect any substantíve or legal characterization.

2 . OIP assigned .this request FOIA tracking number AG-10/R1351. See Brinkmann Decl. ¶ 5 & Ex. B, ECF No. 131-3.

3 . This Court has also previously held that OIP's search for records responsive to this request was adequate. Mem. Op. át 10-12, Pinson v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 160 F.Supp.3d 285, 293 (D.D.C. 2016), ECF No. 268.

4 . See Defs.’ Suppl. MSJ at 8, ECF No. 318 ("The BOP applied Exemption 7(C) to withhold the same information as Exemption 6 ...”); Defs.’ Suppl. MSJ at 11 ("The BOP ... applied Exemption 7(F) to a subset of the information withheld under Exemptions 6 and 7(C) ...”).

5 . Because the Court does not reach the issues related to Exemption 7(F), it need not'address Pinson’s contention that the BOP is precluded from raising Exemption 7(F) for the first time in this proceeding. See Pl.’s Resp. at 3, ECF No. 328. However, the Court notes that agencies may claim new exemptions at either "the administrative or district court level. See Shapiro v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 153 F.Supp.3d 253, 269 n.6 (D.D.C. 2016) ("[T]he D.C. Circuit has long implied that an agency may invoke a FOIA exemption for the first time before the district court—but not ‘for the first time in the appellate court.’ ” (quoting Jordan v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 591 F.2d 753, 779 (D.C. Cir. 1978) (enbanc))).

6 . Exemption 7(C) is similar to Exemption 6, as both protect private information, but “Exemption 7(C) is more protective of privacy than Exemption 6 and thus establishes a lower bar for withholding material.” Prison Legal News v. Samuels, 787 F.3d 1142, 1146 n.5 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting ACLU v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 655 F.3d 1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2011)); see also U.S. Dep't of Def. v. Fed. Labor Relations Auth.. 510 U.S. 487. 496 n.6, 114 S.Ct. 1006. 127 L.Ed.2d 325 (1994) ("Exemptions 7(C) and 6 differ in the magnitude of the public interest that is required to override the respective privacy interests protected by the exemptions.”). Given the broad interpretation of Exemption 6, see Prison Legal News v. Samuels, 787 F.3d 1142, 1147 (D.C. Cir. 2015), Exemption 7(C) calls for a less demanding showing of privacy interest. Id. at 1146 n.5.

7 . The BOP also applied Exemption 7(C) to justify withholding the same description of underlying offense conduct and investigation withheld under Exemption 7(E). See Defs.' Suppl. MSJ at 9, ECF No. 318 ("The BOP ... applied Exemption 7(E) to withhold a subset of the information withheld under Exemptions 6 and 7(C), i.e., the detailed description of the underlying offense conduct related to the terrorism charges ... ”). Because the Court concludes that this information was properly withheld under Exemption 7(E), supra, it does not consider whether Exemption 7(C) would also apply.

8 . It is well established that the privacy interests protected by Exemptions 6 and 7(C) apply broadly to information beyond a person’s name. See U.S. Dep't of State v. Wash. Post Co.,456 U.S. 595, 600, 102 S.Ct. 1957, 72 L.Ed.2d 358 (1982) (discussing Exemption 6). See also N.Y. Times Co. v. NASA, 920 F.2d 1002, 1005 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (approving an agency’s withholding of a tape recording under Exemption 6, reasoning that “disclosure ... would reveal the sound and inflection of the crew’s voices,” and thus ”contain[ed] personal information”). All information that "applies to a particular individual” falls within the ambit of Exemption 6, Wash. Post Co., 456 U.S. at 602, 102 S.Ct. 1957, and thus, within Exemption 7(C), see Samuels, 787 F.3d at 1146 n.5.

9 .The 2010 SAMs memorandum dealt with a pretrial inmate, and thus the individual had not been convicted at the time the record was created.

10 . Nor does Pinson meet the stringent requirements of showing that there has been a prior disclosure, because Pinson has not "point[ed] to specific information in the public domain that appears to duplicate that being withheld.” Black v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 69 F.Supp.3d 26, 35 (D.D.C. 2014) (quoting Afshar v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 702 F.2d 1125, 1130 (D.C. Cir. 1983)).

11 . Although the court in Human Rights Watch found that it was appropriate to release the identity of the particular U.S. Attorney’s Office involved in each SAMs memorandum, it did so on a record in which the requester had "described a specific public interest in identifying patterns in the way SAMs are requested by certain U.S. Attorneys’ Offices.” Human Rights Watch, No. 13-7360, 2015 WL 5459713, at *11. Here, Pinson does not describe any public interest in disclosing the particular U.S. Attorney’s Office—nor does the subject of Pinson's initial request suggest any such interest. Pinson has thus not met the requester’s burden to articulate the public interest in disclosure. See Nat’l Archives & Records Admin, v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157, 172, 124 S.Ct. 1570, 158 L.Ed.2d 319 (2004) ("Exemption 7(C) ... requires the person requesting the information to establish .... that the public interest sought to be advanced is a significant one, ... [and] the information is likely to advance that interest.”).

12 . The DOJ did not prepare a Vaughn Index. 4th Christenson Decl. ¶ 8.