Natofsky v. City of New York

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Second Circuit
DecidedApril 18, 2019
Docket17-2757
StatusPublished

This text of Natofsky v. City of New York (Natofsky v. City of New York) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Natofsky v. City of New York, (2d Cir. 2019).

Opinion

17-2757 Natofsky v. City of New York 17‐2757‐cv Natofsky v. City of New York

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Second Circuit ________

AUGUST TERM, 2018

ARGUED: SEPTEMBER 21, 2018 DECIDED: APRIL 18, 2019

No. 17‐2757 ________

RICHARD NATOFSKY, Plaintiff‐Appellant,

v.

THE CITY OF NEW YORK, SUSAN POGODA, SHAHEEN ULON, MARK PETERS, and JOHN and JANE DOE, said names being fictitious, the persons intended being those who aided and abetted the unlawful conduct of the named defendants, Defendants‐Appellees. ________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. No. 14 Civ. 5498 – Naomi Reice Buchwald, Judge. ________

Before: WALKER, CHIN, Circuit Judges, and Keenan, District Judge.*

* Judge John F. Keenan, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.

Plaintiff‐Appellant Richard Natofsky appeals from a judgment of

the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Naomi R.

Buchwald, Judge) granting summary judgment to Defendants‐Appellees the City

of New York and certain of its employees (jointly, ʺDefendantsʺ). Natofsky, who

suffers from a hearing disability, brought this action alleging violations of

Section 504 of Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (the ʺRehabilitation Actʺ), codified at 29

U.S.C. § 794(a)‐(d), and state and city law. Natofsky claims that, during his

tenure working for the New York City Department of Investigation (the ʺDOIʺ),

he experienced several adverse employment actions because of his hearing

disability, including his eventual demotion. He also claims that the DOI failed to

accommodate his disability and retaliated against him. The district court held

that no reasonable jury could conclude that Natofsky had experienced any

adverse employment action ʺsolely by reason ofʺ his disability and further held

that Natofsky failed to establish a failure‐to‐accommodate or retaliation claim.

We hold that a plaintiff alleging an employment discrimination claim under

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act must show that the plaintiff’s disability was

a but‐for cause of the employer’s action, not the sole cause. We conclude,

however, that Natofsky failed to demonstrate that the adverse employment

‐ 2 ‐

decisions he experienced would not have been made but for his disability.

Accordingly, the district courtʹs award of summary judgment to Defendants is

AFFIRMED.

Judge Chin dissents in a separate opinion.

________

FOR PLAINTIFF‐APPELLANT: WILLIAM W. COWLES (Samuel O. Maduegbuna, on the brief), Maduegbuna Cooper LLP, New York, New York.

FOR DEFENDANTS‐APPELLEES: MELANIE T. WEST, Assistant Corporation Counsel (Richard Dearing, Claude S. Platton, Of Counsel, on the brief), for Zachary W. Carter, Corporation Counsel of the City of New York, New York, New York. ________

Keenan, District Judge:

Plaintiff Richard Natofsky appeals from a judgment of the United

States District Court for the Southern District of New York granting summary

judgment to Defendants (Buchwald, J.). Natofsky served as the Director of

Budget and Human Resources at the New York City Department of Investigation

(the ʺDOIʺ) from December 2012 until March 2014, when he was demoted. He

resigned from the DOI in June 2014. Natofsky, who suffers from a hearing

‐ 3 ‐

disability, brought this action against the City of New York and three former

high‐ranking employees at the DOI alleging violations of Section 504 of

Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (the ʺRehabilitation Actʺ), codified at 29 U.S.C. §

794(a)‐(d), and state and city law. Natofsky claims that, during his tenure at the

DOI, he experienced several adverse employment actions because of his hearing

disability, including his demotion. He also claims that the DOI failed to

accommodate his disability and retaliated against him.

The district court held that no reasonable jury could conclude that

Natofsky had experienced any adverse employment action ʺsolely by reason ofʺ

his disability and further held that Natofsky failed to establish a failure‐to‐

accommodate or retaliation claim. Accordingly, the district court granted

summary judgment in favor of Defendants.

We hold that a plaintiff alleging an employment discrimination

claim under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act must show that the plaintiff’s

disability was a but‐for cause of the employer’s action, not the sole cause. We

conclude, however, that Natofsky failed to demonstrate that the adverse

employment decisions he experienced would not have been made but for his

disability. Thus, the district courtʹs award of summary judgment to Defendants

is AFFIRMED, albeit on different grounds.

‐ 4 ‐

BACKGROUND

The facts are summarized as follows:

A. Natofskyʹs Disability

Natofsky suffered nerve damage as an infant, leaving him with a

lasting and severe hearing impairment. He wears hearing aids and, to fully

understand what someone is saying, has to focus intently on the speaker and read

lips. He also speaks imperfectly and more slowly than the average person.

B. The DOI Hires Natofsky

The DOI hired Natofsky in December 2012 as the Director of Human

Resources and Budget with a starting salary of $125,000. His direct supervisor

was Shaheen Ulon, the then Deputy Commissioner for Administration. When

the DOI hired Natofsky, Rose Gill Hearn was the Commissioner of the DOI.

In November 2013, Bill de Blasio was elected mayor of New York

City. Shortly before the de Blasio administration came into office, Natofsky

received two awards: one for “going above and beyond” in his job performance

and one for a good record of performance. On December 31, 2013, Natofsky also

received a memo from Hearn informing him that the DOI was increasing his

salary by $4,000 for good performance.

‐ 5 ‐

At the end of 2013, as a result of the mayoral transition, Hearn left

the DOI. In February 2014, Mark Peters assumed the role of Commissioner. He

appointed Susan Pogoda as the DOIʹs Chief of Staff and Deputy Commissioner

for Agency Operations. Natofskyʹs supervisor, Ulon, remained in place.

C. Ulon’s Treatment of Natofsky

Natofsky testified that when he started at the DOI, he informed Ulon

that he had a severe hearing impairment and, consequently, might have trouble

hearing her. He also told her that she would have to face him when speaking

and that background noise made hearing more difficult for him.

Although the first three months of Natofskyʹs employment passed

without significant incident, in or about March 2013, Ulon asked Natofsky to

follow up on e‐mails more quickly. Natofsky replied that he could not respond

to emails as promptly as Ulon wanted because he had to put ʺextraordinary

effort into listeningʺ to a speaker during meetings and, thus, could not multitask

while listening in meetings. He also suggested that ʺif someone has an extremely

urgent or time sensitive issue, he or she contact [a secretary] so that she can alert

me.ʺ Ulon and Natofsky had no further discussions on the topic.

In June 2013, Ulon requested that Natofsky arrive at work between

9:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m., as opposed to between 8:00 a.m. and 8:30 a.m., which

‐ 6 ‐

was when Natofsky usually arrived. She also requested he submit fewer leave

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Natofsky v. City of New York, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/natofsky-v-city-of-new-york-ca2-2019.