SCHAUER, J.
In these four consolidated matters petitioner corporation seeks review of awards, made by the Industrial Accident Commission, of increased benefits assessed against it under the provisions of section 4553 of the Labor Code,1 upon the theory that it was guilty of serious and wilful misconduct.2 We have concluded that although we assume the sufficiency of the evidence to support findings which would sustain awards upon the issue of serious and wilful misconduct, petitioner is correct in its contention that the findings made by the commission do not support the awards, in that they disclose that such awards are based upon an erroneous and untenable concept of the law. We conclude further that the individual respondents’ objections to the jurisdiction of this court to entertain these proceedings on their merits cannot be sustained, and that the awards should be annulled.
In June, 1948, four employes of petitioner were injured, two of them (Soden and Epping) fatally, when the prefabricated parts of a building being constructed by the employer collapsed and fell while the employes were working thereon. The record shows that the commission made a conclusional finding that the employer was guilty of serious and wilful misconduct and that this conclusion is based on various primary findings, including a finding that the employer’s general superintendent knowingly and wilfully failed and neglected to properly and adequately brace and guy the prefabricated parts of the building being erected, “so as to prevent” the fall or collapse thereof during the construction. The record also discloses, as will subsequently be shown in some detail, that the commission was of the view that the peti[108]*108tioner was bound under an absolute duty to preserve the safety of the employes, at least to the extent that it was humanly possible to foresee and guard against danger, and that any failure to maintain such standard of safety, whether negligent or otherwise, constituted serious and wilful misconduct.
Petitioner urges that the awards are unreasonable and arbitrary and are not supported by the findings, that the findings are not supported by the evidence, and more particularly that the commission has by the findings and awards unlawfully imposed upon petitioner a responsibility to insure (i.e., preserve absolutely) the safety of its employes or be subject to the increased assessment under section 4553.
It must be recognized at the outset that the statute in question does not make the employer an insurer of safety and that it does not authorize the additional award upon a showing of mere negligence, or even of gross negligence. Under the provisions of section 4553 the awards of increased benefits can be sustained only if the employes were “injured by reason of the serious and wilful misconduct” (italics added) of the employer, and where, as here, the employer is a corporation, such misconduct must be “on the part of an executive, managing officer, or general superintendent” of the employer corporation. (See California Shipbuilding Corp. v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1947), 31 Cal.2d 278, 279 [188 P.2d 32].) Imposition of the increased award upon evidence showing (or a finding of) conduct any less culpable than that specified by the statute would constitute an unlawful taking of the property of one person and an unwarranted giving of it to another. An award of the type here involved, although denominated and regarded for some purposes as “increased compensation,” is actually of the nature of a penalty (Campbell, “Workmen's Compensation,” § 423, p. 381; cf. E. Clemens Horst Co. v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1920), 184 Cal. 180, 192 [193 P. 105, 16 A.L.R. 611]), and cannot be insured against (Ins. Code, § 116613). Such an award, therefore, can be sustained only if the evidence establishes and the commission finds, directly or impliedly, every fact essential to its imposition.
Since in interpreting the law (specifically, the meaning of the words “serious and wilful misconduct”) we must concern [109]*109ourselves with its impact upon employes as well as upon employers, it should be noted that, with certain statutory exceptions, the Legislature has seen fit to penalize employes as well as employers for “serious and wilful misconduct.” “Where the injury is caused by the serious and wilful misconduct of the injured employee, the compensation otherwise recoverable therefor shall be reduced one-half . . .'” (§ 4551). It cannot be seriously disputed that the words “serious and wilful misconduct” must be given the same meaning in section 4551 as they have in section 4553. As has been heretofore declared, “There is no difference in principle between the degree of care required of an employer and that exacted from an employee” in determining whether serious and wilful misconduct occurred (see Campbell, “Workmen's Compensation,” § 393, p. 363; E. Clemens Horst Co. v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1920), supra, 184 Cal. 180, 188; Parkhurst v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1942), 20 Cal.2d 826, 831 [129 P.2d 113]). In other words, acts of the employer, to constitute serious and wilful misconduct which would warrant increased compensation must be of no less moment, in the relative circumstances, than the acts of an employe which would warrant reduction of his normal compensation. In determining, then, whether the managing superintendent of petitioner was guilty of serious and wilful misconduct which would justify increasing the award for other injured employes we must also consider that such misconduct, if the same accident injured the superintendent, would require reducing the normal award to him.
In order that the general principles of the law, which we hereinafter undertake to state with such comprehensiveness as appears practicable, may be clearly understood in their application to this case, it seems desirable to first relate the facts with considerable detail.
The prefabricated wooden structure here involved was one of three units, A, B, and C, being constructed by petitioner for the Hammond Lumber Company. Hammond supplied the materials and hardware and prefabricated the lumber, and petitioner supplied the construction “know-how” and the men for the job. Bach unit, when completed, was to be approximately 500 feet long in a north-south direction and 192 feet wide. Units A and B, standing side by side, were up and all of the bracing, except for the roof panels, was in. The accident occurred during the construction of unit C, which was situated to the north of, and adjacent to, unit A, [110]*110and was to be attached to the latter unit (i.e., the south end of C was to be attached by trusses to the north end of A) to form one continuous building 1,000 feet in length. C was not commenced as an extension of A; rather, petitioner began the erection of C at its most northerly end, raising and extending columns and trusses in a southerly direction until C reached the junction point with A.
Each unit was erected with 14-inch square timber columns standing vertically on concrete footings. The columns were spaced some 60 feet apart along the length of each unit and 63% feet apart along the width, thus forming rectangular areas (termed bays) throughout the unit. Prefabricated wooden trusses, 60 feet long (designated as longitudinal or wall trusses), were mounted on top of each pair of columns along the length of the unit to span the space between columns, and similar trusses, some 63% feet long (designated as transverse or roof trusses), were mounted on top of each pair of columns across the width of the unit.
According to the design of unit C, the framework when completed would have had longitudinal knee braces connecting the several columns with the longitudinal trusses each column supported. Also each column would have had transverse knee braces and transverse sway braces connecting each column to the transverse trusses which it supported. These braces were designed to give the structure support and stability against the pressure of external forces.
The method of erecting the three units appears to have been as follows: An initial bay or square (defined by the four columns on its four corners) was erected, with each of the four columns “guyed” to erection towers and also “[G]uy lines [were put] out, . . . cross lines. . . . Inside and outside. ... So it was braced in a square. ... [I] t would be crossed inside, criss-crossed, and also externally outside”; longitudinal and transverse trusses were then set on top of the columns; the initial bay was made the “Anchor block for the rest of the building blocks [or bays],” which were not braced the same as the initial bay; in addition to the guying and bracing of the initial bay, guy lines attached to “deadmen” (objects serving as anchors buried in the ground) were secured to columns along the external sides of the structure.
On the day unit C collapsed all of its columns were up except for two bays to be constructed at the northwest corner, and all trusses were in place except the longitudinal [111]*111trusses which were to complete the connection between C and A. Installation of the bracing required by the plans and specifications had been commenced but only one set of four sway braces attached to one column and the two trusses it supported at the north end of C had been completely attached. A crew (including the injured employes Walsh and Epping) working under foreman Hoffman were installing a sway brace at the northern end of C and making roof panels, and another crew (including the employes Soden and MeNabb) under foreman Hatten were installing the longitudinal trusses connecting A and C. C collapsed over its entire length and width.
R. B. McIntosh, superintendent of maintenance and construction and chief engineer for Hammond (the company for which petitioner, Mercer-Fraser, was constructing the building), testified that he is an engineer by profession; that the plans and specifications for the buildings were drawn by an architect and let out for bid by contractors, and that petitioner was awarded the contract to build; on the job site and on an unspecified date prior to collapse of C, the witness, in the presence of Ernest Johnson (construction supervisor for Hammond), told McParlan (petitioner’s construction superintendent) that “because of the type of construction I thought the building needed more guy lines at that stage of construction. ... I believe it was in connection with building ‘0,’ but the same would apply to all the buildings because the type of construction was the same. . . . [T]he gist of [McParlan's reply] . . . was that he considered the building stable enough to stand with the guy lines as they were placed. . . . [H]is statement was to the effect that the construction was good heavy construction and that he thought it would stay up as it was being done, I don’t think that he specifically mentioned we had enough guy wires, but he figured it was all right the way it was, that was the gist of it”; “guy lines in any construction are a form of temporary brace to hold the construction in place until the braces in the design or whatever might be designed into the building to hold it stable are in place”; on the day of the accident, just before the building collapsed about 1 p.m., there “was a pretty stiff wind, but nothing to evoke any great comment as I remember, . . . from the northwest”; it is “good construction practice to follow along in back of the erection of columns and brace them as you’re going along . . . [including] not only guy lines but sway and transverse [112]*112braces . . . [Particularly on this building I would say it was important . . . [T]he particular type of connection of the trusses and columns was somewhat unusual”; my “conclusion was that . . . the collapse of the building was caused by ... a combination of the wind and the inadequacy of bracing ”; at the time of the hearing at which he was testifying (some two years after the accident) the buildings had been completed “and in the same manner as they were being built, except . . . there was some additional [steel] bracing added to the plans and incorporated in the buildings after the [accident] . . . that bracing was in the walls and was not included in the work that Mercer-Fraser was to do . . . [and] was not planned until after the collapse of the building.”
Ernest Johnson, construction supervisor and “expediter of material” for Hammond, testified that he is not an engineer by profession and had had no prior experience “in heavy construction of this particular type . . . before the commencement of” unit A; his job in connection with the construction here involved was to look after Hammond’s interests and “see that the building was constructed as per drawings and specifications”; he had no authority to instruct petitioner’s employes “as to the method they should use to erect” the buildings, “I could just offer my suggestions”; the method of construction used was McFarlan’s (petitioner’s superintendent) “own idea of how it should be done”; the manner of erection and when the bracing was to be installed were left to petitioner’s discretion and were not shown on the plans and specifications. About “a week or ten days before the accident” the witness and his supervisor, McIntosh, discussed the guy lines and the bracing on the three units with Mc-Farlan; “we figured there should be more guy lines . . . Mc-Farlan . . . thought there was enough . . . [W]e didn’t think there was enough bracing on it, that it may collapse”; following this discussion nothing was “done to change the guy line situation” although the witness did not know how many guy lines were on unit C on the day it collapsed (after the accident he saw some at the north end but recalled none in the center of the unit); petitioner’s employes started to put more guy lines on units A and B “shortly after” C collapsed; the witness recalled no “objectionable features concerning the construction” other than the discussion as to the guy lines; units A and C were “almost identical” in construction and plan, the only difference was that C was “slight[113]*113ly higher” than A; A and B did not collapse and were still standing at the time of the hearing.
McNabb, one of the injured workmen, who was a carpenter and a member of the “erection crew” under foreman Hatten, testified that on the day of the accident, he and Soden (who died from injuries received in the accident) were “working on top of” unit C and were engaged in connecting units A and C; no one else was “on the top”; before noon they had installed one of the trusses connecting the two units; in so doing they had discovered that the gap between A and C “was two and a half inches longer than the truss” and “the whole building, the 500-foot from the north had to be pulled two and a half inches over to connect it”; the two workmen “had put a chain block at the top of the truss” on C, and “the post at the bottom” of C and “made this two and a half inches pull to allow us to get our truss in”; after lunch Mc-Nabb and Soden started to install another truss connecting the next succeeding columns of A and 0, but found the gap this time was an inch and a half too short; again using a chain block the two workmen pulled unit C “back an inch and a half to allow this truss to go in”; “about five to ten minutes” later the building collapsed. McNabb further stated that on the evening before the collapse he and Soden had “come down off the roof [of 0] that evening, and at that particular time, there was nothing to hold it except just a box in the air, this thing we could feel it move, and so we . . . told him [foreman Hatten] at that time, in fact I told Mr. Hatten the next day if something wasn’t done I was going to stop, I wasn’t going to work, and so he says, ‘I think we can make her and get her hooked up’ ”; later the same evening McNabb told superintendent MeFarlan that “If there ain’t something done to this building, it won’t be here much longer,” and MeFarlan said, “Oh I think it’s very good, in very good condition, it’s boxed up good and it’s wide and the spans are long, I think it will stand.”
Harold MeFarlan, who had been petitioner’s construction superintendent for 10 years, was the “general superintendent” referred to in the commission’s findings as being guilty of serious and wilful misconduct. His competence and good faith are unquestioned in the record unless we can infer that they are negatived by the commission’s conclusional finding of serious and wilful misconduct. For reasons hereinafter developed we think that such an inference is not reasonable or tenable and that the commission does not, itself, draw it. [114]*114Mr. McFarlan testified that he had been doing heavy construction work for some 40 years; that in this construction of unit C the blueprints were followed, as well as good construction practice and Safety Orders issued by the State of California; that some 10 days before the accident there was a “high wind” and “Mr. McIntosh got worried about the building, and so did I, and” the witness thereupon made “preparations to overcome the deficiency in the bracing”; “we certainly didn’t knowingly erect anything hazardous, we didn’t ask men to work in places if we thought it was dangerous, and I certainly wouldn’t ask anybody to work under that building if I thought it was going to fall down ... I certainly wouldn’t have had my own son and all the other men working underneath that building”; on the day before the' accident he. was told by the engineer and the oiler on a crane that some guy lines were removed from unit C in order to permit moving the crane, and he didn’t know whether they were replaced; following the collapse of C additional bracing was installed in units A and B; the “internal diagonal ‘X’ bracing” was not placed on unit C “identical to what it was on buildings” A and B for the reason that Hammond “requested that we keep the passageway open through that building so that the firefighting equipment could get in there in case of a fire,” but other guy lines placed on C were ‘1 adequate to serve the purpose that the internal diagonal ‘X’ bracing would serve.”
Harold B. Hamill, a consulting structural engineer, testified that in his opinion unit C collapsed “because it didn’t have proper . . . braces to resist forces from the west” and that he was referring to any type of brace “the contractor might have wanted to put on which would have resisted forces from the west. They could have been guy lines from the outside ... or the inside . . . [T]here were none. It wouldn’t have fallen if there had been any.”
In support of the award respondents rely upon the familiar rules (which petitioner does not challenge) that where the evidence is in substantial conflict or is susceptible of conflicting inferences the finding of the commission, whether for or against the applicant, is final and it is our duty to uphold such finding (California Shipbuilding Corp. v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1946), 27 Cal.2d 536, 541-542 [165 P.2d 669]), and that questions as to the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses are for the commission and if there is any evidence, whether direct or by reasonable inference, which will support the commission’s finding, the re[115]*115viewing court has no power to disturb it. (Nielsen v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1934), 220 Cal. 118, 122 [29 P.2d 852, 30 P.2d 995].)
Respondents urge that the evidence is susceptible of the inference that superintendent McFarlan was guilty of serious and wilful misconduct as more particularly specified in the findings, hereinafter quoted or epitomized in some detail, and in this connection cite various general provisions of the Labor Code requiring the employer to maintain safe working conditions. (See §§ 6310, 6311, 6400-6406.)4 Petitioner contends that the evidence would support a finding of nothing more culpable than a mistake in judgment or, at the most, of negligence, by McFarlan on the critical question of adequacy of the guy lines and the bracing in unit C, and that by a process of “hindsight” or “reverse reasoning” the commission has imposed upon petitioner the duty to absolutely preserve the safety of its employes. The evidence does, of course, support the conclusion that the collapse resulted from inadequate guying and bracing. To decide intelligently the controlling issues in these cases we must first understand clearly the essentials for an award.
Whether in any given case serious and wilful misconduct is shown, inherently presents questions of both fact and law. Insofar as the issues may relate to the credibility of witnesses, the persuasiveness or weight of the evidence and the resolving of conflicting inferences, the questions are of fact. But as to what minimum factual elements must be proven in order to constitute serious and wilful misconduct, and the sufficiency of the evidence to that end, the questions are of law.
The courts of this state have frequently had occasion to discuss and to define the terms “negligence,” “wilful misconduct,” and “serious and wilful misconduct,” and to emphasize the basic and substantial differences between negligence and wilful misconduct. For guidance in stating comprehensively the elements which must control the Industrial Accident Commission and the courts in applying the pertinent statutes [116]*116to the facts of particular cases we have reviewed the decisions in all related types of cases which have come to our attention. We bear in mind that the discussions and definitions in the respective cases ordinarily relate primarily to the term or terms as used in the particular statute with which the court was then concerned and that, for example, it is not necessarily true that “wilful misconduct” under the automobile guest statute (Veh. Code, § 403) has been unvaryingly regarded as being precisely the same as “serious and wilful misconduct” under the Labor Code (§ 4553.) But the discussions and definitions evolved in cases considering these several statutes and related statutes or common law principles are helpful in determining what the Legislature must have meant in phrasing the statute in question.
Thus, in Donnelly v. Southern Pac. Co. (1941), 18 Cal.2d 863 [118 P.2d 465], this court in defining what is meant by “willful and wanton negligence” as that phrase has been used by the federal courts, declared (pp. 869-870):
“Negligence is an unintentional tort, a failure to exercise the degree of care in a given situation that a reasonable man under similar circumstances would exercise to protect others from harm. (Rest. Torts, secs. 282, 283, 284; Prosser, Torts, secs. 30 et seq.) A negligent person has no desire to cause the harm that results from his carelessness, (Rest. Torts, sec. 282(c)), and he must be distinguished from a person guilty of willful misconduct, such as assault and battery, who intends to cause harm. (Prosser, Torts, p. 261.) Willfulness and negligence are contradictory terms. . . . [Citations.] If conduct is negligent, it is not willful; if it is willful, it is not negligent. It is frequently difficult, however, to characterize conduct as willful or negligent. A tort having some of the characteristics of both negligence and willfulness occurs when a person with no intent to cause harm intentionally performs an act so unreasonable and dangerous that he knows, or should know, it is highly probable that harm will result. (Rest. Torts, sec. 500 et seq.; Prosser, Torts, pp. 260, 261.) Such a tort has been labeled ‘willful negligence,’ ‘wanton and willful negligence,’ ‘wanton and willful misconduct,’ and even ‘gross negligence.’ It is most accurately designated as wanton and reckless misconduct. It involves no intention, as does willful misconduct, to do harm, and it differs from negligence in that it does involve an intention to perform an act that the actor knows, or should know, will very probably cause harm. . . . [Citations.] Wanton and reckless misconduct is [117]*117more closely akin to willful misconduct than to negligence, and it has most of the legal consequences of willful misconduct. ’ ’
And as appears from Porter v. Hofman (1938), 12 Cal.2d 445, 447-448 [85 P.2d 447] (a case involving the term “wilful misconduct” as used in the so-called guest statute, Veh. Code, § 403), and cases there cited, this court has approved the following definitions: “Wilful misconduct . . . necessarily involves deliberate, intentional, or wanton conduct in doing or omitting to perform acts, with knowledge or appreciation of the fact, on the part of the culpable person, that danger is likely to result therefrom.”
“Wilfulness necessarily involves the performance of a deliberate or intentional act or omission regardless of the consequences. ’ ’
“ ‘Wilful misconduct’ means something different from and more than negligence, however gross. The term ‘serious and wilful misconduct’ is described ... as being something ‘much more than mere negligence, or even gross or culpable negligence’ and as involving ‘conduct of a quasi criminal nature, the intentional doing of something either with the knowledge that it is likely to result in serious injury, or with a wanton and reckless disregard of its possible consequences’ . . . The mere failure to perform a statutory duty is not, alone, wilful misconduct. It amounts only to simple negligence. To constitute ‘wilful misconduct’ there must be actual knowledge, or that which in the law is esteemed to be the equivalent of actual knowledge, of the peril to be apprehended from the failure to act, coupled with a conscious failure to act to the end of averting injury. ...” Substantially the same principles are stated in Helme v. Great Western Milling Co. (1919), 43 Cal.App. 416, 421 [185 P. 510] ; in James I. Barnes etc. Co. v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1944), 65 Cal.App.2d 249, 254 [150 P.2d 527] ; in Parsons v. Fuller (1937), 8 Cal.2d 463, 468 [66 P.2d 430] ; and in Cope v. Davison (1947), 30 Cal.2d 193, 198 [180 P.2d 873, 171 A.L.R. 965] ; see, also, North Pac. S. S. Co. v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1917), 174 Cal. 500, 502 [163 P. 910] ; Ethel D. Co. v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1934), 219 Cal. 699, 704 [28 P.2d 919] ; Hargrave v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1940), 5 Cal. Comp. Cases 129.
In Meek v. Fowler (1935), 3 Cal.2d 420, 425-426 [45 P.2d 194] (a case also involving the so-called guest statute, and quoting in part from Howard v. Howard (1933), 132 Cal. [118]*118App. 124, 128 [22 P.2d 279] [guest statute]; see, also, Weber v. Pinyan (1937), 9 Cal.2d 226, 230-235 [70 P.2d 183, 112 A.L.R. 407] [guest statute]), the pertinent principles are discussed as follows: “While the line between gross negligence and wilful misconduct may not always be easy to draw, a distinction appears ... in that gross negligence is merely such a lack of care as may be presumed to indicate a passive and indifferent attitude toward results, while wilful misconduct involves a more positive intent actually to harm another or to do an act with a positive, active and absolute disregard of its consequences. It seems clear that in excluding all forms of negligence as a basis for recovery in a guest case, the legislature must have intended that to permit a recovery in such a ease the thing done by a defendant must amount to misconduct as distinguished from negligence and that this misconduct must be wilful. While the word ‘wilful’ implies an intent, the intention referred to relates to the misconduct and not merely to the fact that some act was intentionally done. In ordinary negligence, and presumably more so in gross negligence, the element of intent to do the act is present and any negligence might be termed misconduct. But wilful misconduct as used in this statute means neither the sort of misconduct involved in any negligence nor the mere intent to do the act which constitutes negligence. Wilful misconduct implies at least the intentional doing of something either with a knowledge that serious injury is a probable (as distinguished from a possible) result, or the intentional doing of an act with a wanton and reckless disregard of its possible result.
“Such intent and knowledge of probable injury may not be inferred from the facts in every case showing an act or omission constituting negligence for, if this were true, any set of facts sufficient to sustain a finding of negligence would likewise be sufficient to sustain a finding of wilful misconduct. As has been repeatedly declared, ‘ “wilful misconduct” means something more than negligence—more, even, than gross negligence.’ [Citations.]” Manifestly, “serious and wilful misconduct” cannot be established by showing acts any less culpable, any less deliberate, or any less knowing or intentional, than is required to prove wilful misconduct.
The situation here, which involved technical matters and skilled, expert judgment, is quite obviously distinguishable from the cases presented in Bethlehem Steel Co. v. Industrial [119]*119Acc. Com. (1944), 23 Cal.2d 659 [145 P.2d 583], Parkhurst v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1942), supra, 20 Cal.2d 826, and Blue Diamond Plaster Co. v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1922), 188 Cal. 403 [205 P. 678], in each of which it was found that the employer had violated an express statute or safety order framed to protect the employes. (Cf. Simmons Co. v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1945), 70 Cal.App.2d 664, 670 [161 P.2d 702].) Thus, in the Bethlehem Steel ease, the employer violated a specific safety order of the Industrial Accident Commission requiring that loads being transported by trucks “shall be secured against displacement”; in the Parkhurst case the violation was of statutes and of specific orders of health authorities relating to the purity of, and the methods of supplying, drinking water to the employes; and in the Blue Diamond case both “general safety orders of the commission and ... its express and repeated directions . . . with relation to the safeguarding of the belts and pulleys of the plant” were violated. By contrast, in the cases now before us no such specific statute or safety order is involved, but only expert judgment as to the extent of the guying and bracing needed in the course of the particular construction job here involved.
Some attempt has been made to isolate statements from some of the above cited eases which might appear to support the view that any negligent act or omission could be held to constitute serious and wilful misconduct. By way of examples, the following sentences from the indicated cases may be quoted: “The long continued maintenance of these [dangerous] conditions was properly found to constitute serious misconduct” (California Shipbuilding Corp. v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1947), 31 Cal.2d 270, 273 [188 P.2d 27]) ; “It has been held . . . that an employer’s mistake in judgment does not relieve him from liability for serious and willful misconduct” (Parkhurst v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1942), supra, 20 Cal.2d 826, 829-830, 831); “The mere fact the employer did not believe the condition was dangerous does not relieve him from liability” (Bethlehem Steel Co. v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1944), supra, 23 Cal.2d 659, 665).
The above quoted statements as used in their contexts and applied respectively to the cases there under discussion correctly enunciate pertinent principles of law or propositions of fact. But those statements cannot fairly be isolated and understood to support the proposition that conduct which both courts and legislative bodies have traditionally defined [120]*120and considered to be mere negligence, however gross, may be held by the Industrial Accident Commission to be serious and wilful misconduct under the terms of workmen’s compensation statutes. Eather, the true rule is that serious and wilful misconduct is basically the antithesis of negligence, and that the two types of behavior are mutually exclusive; an act which is merely negligent and consequently devoid of either an intention to do harm or of knowledge or appreciation of the fact that danger is likely to result therefrom cannot at the same time constitute wilful misconduct ; conversely an act deliberately done for the express purpose of injuring another, or intentionally performed either with knowledge that serious injury is a probable result or with a positive, active, wanton, reckless and absolute disregard of its possibly damaging consequences, cannot properly be classed as the less culpable conduct which is termed negligence. It follows that a finding of serious and wilful misconduct cannot be sustained upon proof of mere negligence of any degree.
For the purposes of this opinion we assume without holding that the evidence as a matter of law is not insufficient to support a finding that the employers’ superintendent, Mc-Farlan, was guilty of serious and wilful misconduct in deliberately, knowingly, and intentionally failing to sufficiently brace and guy unit C so that it would not have collapsed during the course of construction. As shown above, there is testimony that he was warned on at least two or three different occasions that in the opinions of others5 the building needed additional bracing and was unstable and “won’t be here much longer ... if something wasn’t done”; that it is good construction practice to brace the columns as they are erected, including both permanent bracing (which had not yet been installed when C collapsed) and temporary guying, and that such bracing “particularly on this building . . . was important”; that some 10 days prior to the collapse McFarlan himself became worried and made “preparations to overcome the deficiency in the bracing” (the nature of such preparations and whether they were actually carried to execution, or whether McFarlan deliberately and wantonly refrained from carrying them into execution, does not directly appear although the very fact that he was worried [121]*121would seem to negative, rather than affirm, either an intent to harm or a wanton, positive and absolute disregard of possible harm); that on the day before the collapse MeFarlan was aware that guy lines had been removed to permit moving a crane, and he did not know whether they had been replaced; and that the wind, on the day of the collapse, was “pretty stiff.” We particularly assume, for purposes of the opinion, but without so holding, that such testimony admits of the essential inference (we intend no implication that it is persuasive to that end or that as triers of fact we should so find) that MeFarlan was further aware that unit C was so unstable as to constitute an imminent and probable threat to the safety of the men working on it, and that his failure to properly brace and guy the building went beyond mere negligence and constituted an intentional omission of a criminal or quasi-criminal nature done either with knowledge that serious or fatal injury was a probable result or with a positive, active, absolute, reckless and wanton disregard for the safety , of the workmen.
An award based on such a finding would be within the law. Petitioner would not thereby be required to guarantee or preserve absolutely the safety of its employes, or even be free from negligence, as an alternative to suffering the additional assessment provided for by the terms of section 4553; it would merely have to refrain from such deliberate, knowing and intentional failure to take safety precautions, whereby its employes were intentionally subjected to known, serious, unnecessary and unreasonable hazards, as the Industrial Accident Commission, we are assuming, could have inferred as above suggested. But petitioner’s contention that the commission did not make the subject awards on any such view of either the facts or the law and that the findings on the issue of serious and wilful misconduct do not in truth resolve the crucial issue and, hence, are inadequate and fail to support the awards, presents a quite different question.
In each of these cases the commission’s findings on the issue of serious and wilful misconduct are that (italics added throughout) “The employee was injured, in said employment, by reason of the serious and wilful misconduct of the employer in the manner more particularly as follows: . . . That at, and immediately prior to, the time of injury . . . the employer through its general superintendent, did knowingly and wilfully fail and neglect”:
[122]*122(a) To “furnish employment, and a place of employment, which was safe for the work ...” (As is shown subsequently, it appears that the commission in making this finding was of the view that the mere happening of the accident, coupled with a mistake in judgment on the part of petitioner’s superintendent, supports the finding and warrants the conclusion of serious and wilful misconduct on the part of the superintendent.)
(b) To “furnish and use proper, sufficient and adequate safety devices and safeguards; to wit: the necessary and required securing, bracing, and guying of the pre-fabricated parts of a building, then being erected, so as to prevent the fall or collapse thereof during the construction and thereby render such employment, and construction, and place of employment, and construction, safe for the work ...” (This finding seems to impute an absolute duty “to prevent the fall or collapse . . . during the construction,” and it suggests the view that only by absolute prevention of collapse can the employer avoid being held guilty of serious and wilful misconduct for failing to provide a safe place of employment.)
(c) To “adopt and use those practices, means, methods, and operations, in securing, bracing and guying the prefabricated parts of a building then being erected, so as to prevent the fall or collapse during the construction thereof and thereby render such employment, and construction, and place of employment, and construction, safe for the work . . .” (Again, as in (b), this finding seems to impute an absolute duty “to prevent the fall or collapse during the construction,” and a like absolute standard in respect to the safety of the work.)
(d) To “do those things which a prudent employer would have done, had it turned its mind to the fact, and which were required to secure, brace, and guy the pre-fabricated parts of a building, to protect the life, limb and safety of the employees ...” (This finding obviously shows the view that negligence and serious and wilful misconduct are synonymous.)
(e) To “use and to exercise that degree of prudence, foresight and caution which, under the circumstances, a prudent employer would then and there have used and exercised, had it turned its mind to the fact, in requiring, permitting and directing its employee ... to go, work, and be, in employment. and construction, and place of employment, and [123]*123construction, that was then and there unsafe.” (This finding like (d), imputes no more than negligence as a basis for the conclusion of serious and wilful misconduct.)
(f) To “use and to exercise that degree of prudence and caution which, under the circumstances, a prudent employer would then and there have used and exercised, had it turned its mind to the fact, in requiring and directing its employees, ... to work upon, or in connection with, the erection of prefabricated parts of a building, without first insuring and securing proper, adequate, and necessary bracing and guying so as to prevent the collapse of said structure during, and in the course of, said erection and construction.” (This finding not only defines negligence to constitute serious and wilful misconduct (as do (d) and (e)) but also appears to construe as serious and wilful misconduct any failure to insure absolute safety of the structure.)
(g) To “comply with the requirements of Labor Code, Sections 6400, 6401, 6402, and 6403, and each of them, neglecting, and omitting, to provide, secure, furnish and maintain, in place, and at the place of employment, necessary and adequate bracing and guying of the pre-fabricated parts of a building then being erected so as to prevent its fall or collapse during, and in the course of, said construction.”6 (This finding seems to presuppose that any failure for any reason to install and maintain such guying and bracing as would absolutely “prevent” the fall or collapse of the structure, would amount to a violation of the listed sections and would constitute serious and wilful misconduct.)
The primary rule of construing findings is to interpret them liberally in favor of sustaining the award, and even if a finding, by itself, is inadequate for uncertainty it [124]*124will still be upheld if it can be made certain by reference to the record. This court consistently has been liberal in giving effect to such rule (see Vega Aircraft v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1946), 27 Cal.2d 529, 535-536 [165 P.2d 665]; California Shipbuilding Corp. v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1947), supra, 31 Cal.2d 278, 279; Ethel D. Co. v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1934), supra, 219 Cal. 699, 708) and it does not now recede from it. But here the problem is not answered by that rule. Basic justice and common honesty require that the commission and this court be fair to both the employe and the employer. The factual elements which, by the statutory requirement, must be found to exist before an award for serious and wilful misconduct can be sustained are hereinabove declared. The critical question here is: On the whole record can we fairly hold that the commission has found the essential facts to exist? Or, does it appear, rather, that to facts not meeting the legal mínimums the commission has applied a standard stricter than that authorized by the Legislature?
After most careful scrutiny of the entire record we conclude that the findings here lead to perplexity which cannot be cured by reference to the record and that on any reasonable construction such findings do not fairly support the awards. Although, as indicated above, it is not required that findings be specific and detailed it is essential that they be sufficient in form and substance so that by reading them and referring to the record the parties can tell and this court can tell with reasonable certainty not only the theory upon which the commission has arrived at its ultimate finding and conclusion but that the commission has in truth found those facts which as a matter of law are essential to sustain its award.
It is obvious, as indicated above, that certain of the specifications of “fact” contained in the findings are wholly insufficient, in that they include matters which on any view whatsoever are significant of nothing more culpable than negligence, as for example, in paragraph (e) of the quoted findings (see, also, paragraphs (f) and (d)), that the employer, through its general superintendent, failed and neglected to “exercise that degree of prudence, foresight and caution which, under the circumstances, a prudent employer would then and there have” exercised, and so was guilty of serious and wilful misconduct. Such statements concerning what a “prudent employer” would have done [125]*125“had it turned its mind to the fact” obviously do not establish serious and wilful misconduct, which, as has been shown, requires an act or omission to which the employer has “turned its mind.” Rather, as also above suggested, such statements indicate that the commission has held acts and omissions amounting to no more than negligence, to constitute serious and wilful misconduct. Yet, as previously shown, negligence and wilful misconduct are inherently incompatible. The quoted findings of fact, disregarding the ultimate conclusion of serious and wilful misconduct, do not in any respect determine that the employer here, through its general superintendent, was guilty of more than negligence. Such findings do not with any reasonable certainty determine any facts from which this court can conclude that the petitioner was guilty of serious and wilful misconduct or that, in truth, the commission itself has found facts which warrant such ulitimate conclusion.
The findings made do not determine that the general superintendent had knowledge that if he failed to add further guying and bracing a probable result would be the collapse of the building, nor can this court determine that the commission found as a fact that such superintendent did in truth know or believe that the guying and bracing was insufficient and that a possible result would be the collapse and the serious injury of employes and with that knowledge proceeded with reckless, absolute, positive and wanton disregard of the consequences. Rather, the commission’s findings, in paragraphs (d), (e), and (f), on the issue of serious and wilful misconduct demonstrate that the commission has regarded as such serious and wilful misconduct acts and omissions which as a matter of law do not constitute such misconduct, but merely evidence negligence, and as to findings (a), (b), (c), and (g) it appears that the commission has gone even farther than to hold that negligence is serious and wilful misconduct; it seems to have held petitioner to the standard of an insurer.
Even if it can be said that the findings, or any of them, are ambiguous, and that their language might admit of an interpretation which would sustain the awards upon the legal standards which we have enunciated, we are satisfied that the record here precludes interpretation to that end. Such an ambiguity cannot here fairly be resolved in favor of sustaining the awards because reference to the record and to the commission’s formally declared position (its own lan[126]*126guage is hereinafter quoted) seems to demonstrate that the commisson did not in truth find, and does not believe, that all the essentials of wilful and serious misconduct have been proven.
The commission argues that the findings establish serious and wilful misconduct since they state the ultimate conclusion of such misconduct. However, such findings do not specify any facts from which this court can conclude that the basic and essential factual elements, which it is herein-before shown are necessary to support the ultimate conclusion of serious and wilful misconduct, were found to exist. Instead, such findings indicate that, as urged by petitioner, the commission was holding petitioner to the standard of an insurer or guarantor of the safety of its employes, rather than applying to the issue of serious and wilful misconduct the legally essential elements which we have specified in detail herein-above. Thus, in the quoted paragraphs (as more specifically identified above), the words employed by the commission indicate the view that petitioner had an absolute, or substantially an absolute, duty and responsibility to make and keep the employment conditions safe against all hazards and to absolutely prevent (at least, as hereinafter noted from the argument of the commission, “In the absence of circumstances which could not be foreseen,” as, for. example, an act of God) the collapse of the building here involved, and that any failure to meet that standard, whether due to negligence or otherwise, constituted serious and wilful misconduct. Furthermore, the argument made by the commission itself in its answers to the petitions for the writ conclusively establishes that in fairness to the petitioner this court cannot interpret the conelusional findings as being an actual determination of the essential facts. For example, it is declared in such answers that “An employer’s failure to comply with the requirements of Labor Code, Sections 6400 through 6403 [dealing with an employer’s duty to maintain safe working conditions], constitutes serious and wilful misconduct ... In the absence of extraordinary circumstances which could not [apparently meaning in the exercise of the highest degree of care and capability] be foreseen, petitioner was under a duty to employ methods and practices in the erection of the building to insure that it woulds not collapse from the pressure of forces to which it might be subjected during the construction period. Petitioner’s failure to take adequate precautions against the dangers inherent in the erection of the structure [127]*127clearly constitutes serious and wilful misconduct . . . McFarlan’s failure to provide additional bracing was predicated on his belief that his method of construction and the guying provided was adequate to sustain the structure.” (Italics added.)
It is manifest from what has been said that if Mc-Farlan in good faith believed (and the commission says he did believe) that the method of construction being employed was sound and sufficient for the safety of all concerned then he was guilty of no more than a mistake in judgment. His mistake in judgment on a technical matter of construction practice is his only “misconduct.” In the light of these circumstances and the commission’s statement, it seems unthinkable that the commission actually intended to hold, or has held, that McFarlan was guilty of serious and wilful misconduct within the true meaning of that term as defined hereinabove; a meaning, as already pointed out, which would require that if he had been injured in the building collapse, the normal award to him would have to be reduced. There is no suggestion that McFarlan was incompetent or inexperienced or that his employer (the petitioner) was itself guilty of misconduct in employing McFarlan for the job at hand. Under the circumstances here appearing, annulment of the awards is compelled.
As previously indicated, in each of the four cases the individual respondent has filecj. a ‘ ‘ Special Appearance in Answer to” the petition for the writ and for hearing in this court, in which it is urged that the court is without jurisdiction to consider such petition by reason of the failure of the petitioner to serve a copy of the petition for the writ upon the individual respondent either prior to filing such petition or within the 30-day period specified by section 59507 during which the petition may be filed. On the date (April 13, 1951) of filing of the petitions for review the Rules on Appeal provided, in rule 57, that “ (a) A petition to review an order or award of the Industrial Accident Commission shall be accompanied by proof of service of 2 copies thereof on the In[128]*128dustrial Accident Commission . . and petitioner complied with this rule. A copy of the petition was not, however, served upon the individual respondents or their attorneys until July 20, 1951, and the respondents contend that this failure to comply earlier with the provisions of section 59548 precludes our consideration of the petition.
Counsel for petitioner state that the delay in serving respondents’ attorneys resulted from their complete reliance upon the Rules on Appeal, and that they inadvertently overlooked the service provisions of section 5954 until after the filing of the “Special Appearance” of each individual respondent.9 We are not disposed, however, to accept the view that such service provisions can properly be interpreted as excluding jurisdiction under the circumstances shown here. It is to be noted that no time limitations appear in section 5954. In section 5905 the Legislature has directed that a copy of a petition to the commission for reconsideration (“rehearing” prior to 1951 amendment) of an award be served “forthwith” (apparently after filing, see §§ 5903, 5904) upon all adverse parties, and if a definite time limit was intended to apply to service of a copy of a petition for a writ of review it could-easily have been included in section 5954.
Respondents rely upon statements that “The right to be present at any hearing necessarily includes the right to have notice of such hearing in time to attend” (Carstens v. Pillsbury (1916), 172 Cal. 572, 577 [158 P. 218]), and that “The real adverse party in interest [in a certiorari proceeding] ... is the one in whose favor the act complained of has been done” (Lee v. Small Claims Court (1939), 34 Cal.App.2d 1, 5 [92 P.2d 937]), and also upon the holding in Lyydikainen v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1939), 36 Cal.App.2d 298 [97 P.2d 993], annulling an order of the commission where failure to [129]*129comply with, statutory provisions for service of a petition for an order terminating liability resulted in an award terminating compensation payments to an injured employe without an opportunity to the employe to be heard. In the present cases, however, the individual respondents have not been denied notice or opportunity to be heard and to file answers to the petitions for writs of review; on the contrary they admit being served on June 16, 1951, with copies of the answers (on the merits) filed by the commission to the petitions for the writ and on July 20, 1951, with copies of the petitions for the writ. Moreover, as observed by the court in Peter v. Board of Supervisors (1947), 78 Cal.App.2d 515, 521 [178 P.2d 73], “The requirements as to service when the petition [for the issuance of any prerogative writ, including certiorari] is filed, in section 1107 of the Code of Civil Procedure, would seem to be more directory than mandatory as the court may act on the petition without any service if it decides to do so. Under these circumstances it would seem that service might be made after the petition is filed if the court should decline to proceed in the matter without service. The provisions as to service and points and authorities in opposition to the issuance of a writ under the prayer of a petition would seem to be more for the benefit of the court than for the advantage of the parties.” (See, also, Code Civ. Proc., § 1069.) We believe the same observation is appropriate with reference to the service provisions of section 5954 of the Labor Code, and hold respondents’ contentions on this point to be without merit.
For the reasons above stated, the subject awards are annulled.
Gibson, C. J., Edmonds, J., Traynor, J., Spence, J., and Wood (Parker), J. pro tern., concurred.