CARLEY, Justice.
Carol Layfield, as guardian for her son Michael, brought suit against the Department of Transportation (DOT) and Everett Dykes Grassing Company (Dykes). She alleged negligence in the construction and resurfacing of a road where Michael Layfield lost control of a vehicle in a rainstorm and crashed into a tree. After discovery, DOT and Dykes moved for summary judgment. In opposition, Ms.
Layfield presented the testimony of an expert who opined that . . . DOT had not originally constructed the road to [849]*849proper sloping specifications in 1949 and that Dykes’s recent microsurfacing of the road in June 2001 contained irregularities that exacerbated the water accumulation problem. The expert further opined that Michael’s loss of control of his vehicle was caused by encountering the accumulated water on the road.
Layfield v. Dept. of Transp., 271 Ga. App. 806, 807 (611 SE2d 56) (2005).
The trial court concluded that the expert’s conclusions were speculative, and granted summary judgment in favor of DOT and Dykes. On appeal, a divided Court of Appeals affirmed, with the majority holding that,
[bjecause of the speculative basis of the expert’s conclusions, the trial court [properly] granted summary judgment... on the ground that no competent evidence showed a causal link between Michael’s losing control of his vehicle and the presence of the accumulated water on the roadway.
Layfield v. Dept. of Transp., supra at 808. Ms. Layfield applied for certiorari, which we granted in order to determine whether the Court of Appeals correctly held that the opinion of her expert as to causation was speculative and insufficient to withstand the motion for summary judgment.
1. [W]hether proximate cause exists in a given case is a mixed question of law and fact. It requires both factfinding in the “what happened” sense, and an evaluation of whether the facts measure up to the legal standard set by precedent. Ordinarily, both determinations are most appropriately made by a jury upon appropriate instructions from the judge. [Cit.]
Atlanta Ob. & Gyn. Group v. Coleman, 260 Ga. 569, 570 (398 SE2d 16) (1990). Thus, “it is axiomatic that questions regarding proximate cause are ‘undeniably a jury question’ and may only be determined by the courts ‘in plain and undisputed cases.’ [Cit.]” Ontario Sewing Machine Co. v. Smith, 275 Ga. 683, 687 (2) (572 SE2d 533) (2002).
In Georgia, properly qualified expert witnesses “may render an opinion on any matter within their realm of expertise, so long as it is based upon conclusions drawn by the expert that the jury could not ordinarily determine for themselves. [Cits.]” Johnson v. Knebel, 267 Ga. 853, 855 (1) (485 SE2d 451) (1997). The issue raised in this case does not relate to the expertise of Ms. Layfield’s expert witness or to the admissibility, under the circumstances, of an expert opinion on [850]*850what caused the crash of Mr. Layfield’s vehicle. The sole question presented for resolution is whether the opinion that Ms. Layfield’s expert did express on causation was speculative, such that it is “plain and undisputed” that a jury would not be authorized to find that the alleged negligence of DOT and Dykes was the proximate cause of the crash.
The Court of Appeals cited Bankers Health & Life Ins. Co. v. Fryhofer, 114 Ga. App. 107, 111 (1) (150 SE2d 365) (1966) as authority for rejecting the expert’s testimony on causation as speculative. The applicable holding in that case is that,
[wjhile it is true that an expert may give his opinion without stating the facts upon which it is based, yet when the basis of his opinion is given and it appears that it is wholly speculative or conjectural, it must follow that his opinion is without foundation and has no probative value. Speculation and conjecture by an expert is still speculation and conjecture, and will not support a verdict. (Emphasis supplied.)
Bankers Health & Life Ins. Co. v. Fryhofer, supra. Thus, the appropriate standard for assessing the admissibility of the opinion of Ms. Layfield’s expert is not whether it is speculative or conjectural to some degree, but whether it is wholly so. “[A]n expert is not required to prove within a reasonable degree of scientific certainty his opinion of how an accident occurred.” J. B. Hunt Transport v. Brown, 236 Ga. App. 634, 635 (1) (a) (512 SE2d 34) (1999). Moreover,
[tjhis case involves summary judgment, and the non-movant is not required to produce evidence demanding judgment for that party, but only to present evidence which raises a material issue of fact. While the evidence adduced by [Ms. Layfield] in this case might not have been sufficient to persuade a jury that [the cause of the crash was the negligence of DOT and Dykes], that is not the standard to be applied. “ ‘Where the evidence on motion for summary judgment is ambiguous or doubtful, the party opposing the motion must be given the benefit of all reasonable doubts and of all favorable inferences and such evidence construed most favorably to the party opposing the motion.’ (Cit.)” [Cit.] Furthermore, while a movant’s evidence is to be carefully scrutinized, a respondent’s evidence is to be treated with indulgence. [Cit.]
Northside Equities v. Hulsey, 275 Ga. 364, 365 (567 SE2d 4) (2002) (dealing, in part, with probity of expert testimony regarding the [851]*851effects of intoxication). Thus, it has long been recognized that “opinion evidence adduced by the respondent is sufficient to preclude the grant of summary judgment ([cit.]).. ..” Harrison v. Tuggle, 225 Ga. 211, 213 (2) (167 SE2d 395) (1969).
Here, the expert’s actual opinion on the cause of the crash was not speculative or conjectural. As recounted by the Court of Appeals, he stated that “loss of control of [the] vehicle was caused by encountering the accumulated water on the road.” Layfield v. Dept. of Transp., supra at 807. Compare Hobday v. Galardi, 266 Ga. App. 780, 783 (598 SE2d 350) (2004) (where the “expert admitted that he did not know what had hit [plaintiff’s] eye or whether ricochet actually had occurred in this case”); Denson Heating & Air Conditioning Co. v. Oglesby, 266 Ga. App. 147, 148 (596 SE2d 685) (2004) (where “[t]he expert could only speculate as to the origin of the explosion and fire and could not testify as to an actual cause”); Drawdy v. Dept. of Transp., 228 Ga. App. 338, 341 (491 SE2d 521) (1997) (where issue was existence of a defect in roadway, not causation, and expert “testified that, in his opinion, the question as to what the construction defect was and how it occurred would best be answered by a road designer”).
The conclusion of the Court of Appeals that the causation testimony was speculative appears to be premised upon a determination that, considering the limited scope of the inquiry undertaken by the expert, he lacked sufficient information from which to reach a probative opinion. Layfield v. Dept. of Transp., supra at 808-809. However, “[i]f the . . . expert’s ‘opinion was based upon inadequate knowledge, this “does not mandate the exclusion of the opinion but, rather, presents a jury question as to the weight which should be assigned the opinion.” ’ [Cit.]” Butgereit v. Enviro-Tech Environmental Services, 262 Ga. App. 754, 759 (4) (586 SE2d 430) (2003). “ ‘If it be developed...
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CARLEY, Justice.
Carol Layfield, as guardian for her son Michael, brought suit against the Department of Transportation (DOT) and Everett Dykes Grassing Company (Dykes). She alleged negligence in the construction and resurfacing of a road where Michael Layfield lost control of a vehicle in a rainstorm and crashed into a tree. After discovery, DOT and Dykes moved for summary judgment. In opposition, Ms.
Layfield presented the testimony of an expert who opined that . . . DOT had not originally constructed the road to [849]*849proper sloping specifications in 1949 and that Dykes’s recent microsurfacing of the road in June 2001 contained irregularities that exacerbated the water accumulation problem. The expert further opined that Michael’s loss of control of his vehicle was caused by encountering the accumulated water on the road.
Layfield v. Dept. of Transp., 271 Ga. App. 806, 807 (611 SE2d 56) (2005).
The trial court concluded that the expert’s conclusions were speculative, and granted summary judgment in favor of DOT and Dykes. On appeal, a divided Court of Appeals affirmed, with the majority holding that,
[bjecause of the speculative basis of the expert’s conclusions, the trial court [properly] granted summary judgment... on the ground that no competent evidence showed a causal link between Michael’s losing control of his vehicle and the presence of the accumulated water on the roadway.
Layfield v. Dept. of Transp., supra at 808. Ms. Layfield applied for certiorari, which we granted in order to determine whether the Court of Appeals correctly held that the opinion of her expert as to causation was speculative and insufficient to withstand the motion for summary judgment.
1. [W]hether proximate cause exists in a given case is a mixed question of law and fact. It requires both factfinding in the “what happened” sense, and an evaluation of whether the facts measure up to the legal standard set by precedent. Ordinarily, both determinations are most appropriately made by a jury upon appropriate instructions from the judge. [Cit.]
Atlanta Ob. & Gyn. Group v. Coleman, 260 Ga. 569, 570 (398 SE2d 16) (1990). Thus, “it is axiomatic that questions regarding proximate cause are ‘undeniably a jury question’ and may only be determined by the courts ‘in plain and undisputed cases.’ [Cit.]” Ontario Sewing Machine Co. v. Smith, 275 Ga. 683, 687 (2) (572 SE2d 533) (2002).
In Georgia, properly qualified expert witnesses “may render an opinion on any matter within their realm of expertise, so long as it is based upon conclusions drawn by the expert that the jury could not ordinarily determine for themselves. [Cits.]” Johnson v. Knebel, 267 Ga. 853, 855 (1) (485 SE2d 451) (1997). The issue raised in this case does not relate to the expertise of Ms. Layfield’s expert witness or to the admissibility, under the circumstances, of an expert opinion on [850]*850what caused the crash of Mr. Layfield’s vehicle. The sole question presented for resolution is whether the opinion that Ms. Layfield’s expert did express on causation was speculative, such that it is “plain and undisputed” that a jury would not be authorized to find that the alleged negligence of DOT and Dykes was the proximate cause of the crash.
The Court of Appeals cited Bankers Health & Life Ins. Co. v. Fryhofer, 114 Ga. App. 107, 111 (1) (150 SE2d 365) (1966) as authority for rejecting the expert’s testimony on causation as speculative. The applicable holding in that case is that,
[wjhile it is true that an expert may give his opinion without stating the facts upon which it is based, yet when the basis of his opinion is given and it appears that it is wholly speculative or conjectural, it must follow that his opinion is without foundation and has no probative value. Speculation and conjecture by an expert is still speculation and conjecture, and will not support a verdict. (Emphasis supplied.)
Bankers Health & Life Ins. Co. v. Fryhofer, supra. Thus, the appropriate standard for assessing the admissibility of the opinion of Ms. Layfield’s expert is not whether it is speculative or conjectural to some degree, but whether it is wholly so. “[A]n expert is not required to prove within a reasonable degree of scientific certainty his opinion of how an accident occurred.” J. B. Hunt Transport v. Brown, 236 Ga. App. 634, 635 (1) (a) (512 SE2d 34) (1999). Moreover,
[tjhis case involves summary judgment, and the non-movant is not required to produce evidence demanding judgment for that party, but only to present evidence which raises a material issue of fact. While the evidence adduced by [Ms. Layfield] in this case might not have been sufficient to persuade a jury that [the cause of the crash was the negligence of DOT and Dykes], that is not the standard to be applied. “ ‘Where the evidence on motion for summary judgment is ambiguous or doubtful, the party opposing the motion must be given the benefit of all reasonable doubts and of all favorable inferences and such evidence construed most favorably to the party opposing the motion.’ (Cit.)” [Cit.] Furthermore, while a movant’s evidence is to be carefully scrutinized, a respondent’s evidence is to be treated with indulgence. [Cit.]
Northside Equities v. Hulsey, 275 Ga. 364, 365 (567 SE2d 4) (2002) (dealing, in part, with probity of expert testimony regarding the [851]*851effects of intoxication). Thus, it has long been recognized that “opinion evidence adduced by the respondent is sufficient to preclude the grant of summary judgment ([cit.]).. ..” Harrison v. Tuggle, 225 Ga. 211, 213 (2) (167 SE2d 395) (1969).
Here, the expert’s actual opinion on the cause of the crash was not speculative or conjectural. As recounted by the Court of Appeals, he stated that “loss of control of [the] vehicle was caused by encountering the accumulated water on the road.” Layfield v. Dept. of Transp., supra at 807. Compare Hobday v. Galardi, 266 Ga. App. 780, 783 (598 SE2d 350) (2004) (where the “expert admitted that he did not know what had hit [plaintiff’s] eye or whether ricochet actually had occurred in this case”); Denson Heating & Air Conditioning Co. v. Oglesby, 266 Ga. App. 147, 148 (596 SE2d 685) (2004) (where “[t]he expert could only speculate as to the origin of the explosion and fire and could not testify as to an actual cause”); Drawdy v. Dept. of Transp., 228 Ga. App. 338, 341 (491 SE2d 521) (1997) (where issue was existence of a defect in roadway, not causation, and expert “testified that, in his opinion, the question as to what the construction defect was and how it occurred would best be answered by a road designer”).
The conclusion of the Court of Appeals that the causation testimony was speculative appears to be premised upon a determination that, considering the limited scope of the inquiry undertaken by the expert, he lacked sufficient information from which to reach a probative opinion. Layfield v. Dept. of Transp., supra at 808-809. However, “[i]f the . . . expert’s ‘opinion was based upon inadequate knowledge, this “does not mandate the exclusion of the opinion but, rather, presents a jury question as to the weight which should be assigned the opinion.” ’ [Cit.]” Butgereit v. Enviro-Tech Environmental Services, 262 Ga. App. 754, 759 (4) (586 SE2d 430) (2003). “ ‘If it be developed... that the opinion is based on inadequate knowledge, this goes to the credibility of the witness rather than to the admissibility of the evidence.’ ” Jones v. Ray, 159 Ga. App. 734, 736 (4) (285 SE2d 42) (1981). “The weight given to expert testimony in [negligence] cases is for the trier of fact who [can, but] is not required to give it controlling influence.” Self v. Exec. Committee of the Ga. Baptist Convention, 245 Ga. 548, 549 (266 SE2d 168) (1980).
The Court of Appeals also noted that “[t]he present case closely approximates the facts and circumstances set forth in Johnson v. Dept. of Transp., [245 Ga. App. 839 (538 SE2d 879) (2000)], in which [that Court] affirmed summary judgment in favor of . . . DOT.” Layfield v. Dept. of Transp., supra at 810. However, the only evidence as to causation in Johnson was the testimony of lay witnesses, “[n] one of [whom] stated the necessary facts or had the required expertise to determine the manner in which the incident occurred, its cause, or [852]*852whether that cause was attributable to a breach of duty on the part of... DOT.” Johnson v. Dept. of Transp., supra at 840. Thus, summary judgment was proper there because “the record contained] ... no expert testimony as to how and why the incident occurred . . . .” Johnson v. Dept. of Transp., supra at 841. In contrast, the record in this case does contain the opinion of an expert as to how and why the crash occurred. In affirming the trial court’s grant of summary judgment, the Court of Appeals did not discount that opinion based upon the witness’ lack of expertise, but upon the basis that the opinion itself was speculative. That determination was erroneous, because the credibility of the expert and the weight to be given to his opinion were matters to be addressed by the jury.
2. It is urged that summary judgment was proper because Ms. Layfield’s expert was not qualified to express the opinion that “DOT had not originally constructed the road to proper sloping specifications in 1949 and that Dykes’s recent microsurfacing of the road in June 2001 contained irregularities that exacerbated the water accumulation problem.” Layfield v. Dept. of Transp., supra at 807. However, the Court of Appeals did not base its ruling on the qualification of the expert to express an opinion as to existence of a defect in the roadway attributable to the work performed by DOT and Dykes. Compare Drawdy v. Dept. of Transp., supra. Whether, as a consequence of DOT’s and Dykes’ negligence, a defect existed that caused an accumulation of water is an entirely different issue from whether the accumulation of water on the roadway was the proximate cause of the crash. Regardless of whether DOT’s alleged use of improper sloping specifications and Dykes’ alleged negligence in microsurfacing the roadway were factors in the accumulation of water, neither could be found liable unless the crash was caused by that defect.
Affirmance of the trial court’s grant of summary judgment was predicated solely on the speculative nature of the expert’s opinion as to whether the crash was caused by an accumulation of water on the roadway. Compare Drawdy v. Dept. of Transp., supra. For the reasons discussed in Division 1, summary judgment on that ground was not authorized. Accordingly, the judgment is reversed and the .case is remanded to the Court of Appeals for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion, including consideration of any alternative grounds set forth by the trial court for granting the motion.
Judgment reversed and case remanded with direction.
All the Justices concur, except Sears, C. J., Hines and Melton, JJ., who dissent.