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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-10014 ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:16-cv-2419-CEH-AEP
ERIN TONKYRO, DANA STRAUSER, KARA MITCHELL-DAVIS, YENNY HERNANDEZ,
Plaintiff – Appellant,
versus
SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS,
Defendant – Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(April 20, 2021)
Before JORDAN, TJOFLAT, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge: USCA11 Case: 19-10014 Date Filed: 04/20/2021 Page: 2 of 23
We sua sponte vacate our previous opinion and substitute the following in
lieu thereof.
* * *
This appeal arises from a Title VII action filed by four ultrasound
technologists at the James A. Haley VA Healthcare System (“Tampa VA”) against
the Secretary of the Department of Veterans Affairs (“the Secretary”). All
Plaintiffs allege that their supervisors and coworkers retaliated against them and
subjected them to a hostile work environment because they engaged in protected
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) activity. One Plaintiff
also alleges that she was subjected to a hostile work environment based on her sex.
Plaintiffs appeal from the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of
the Secretary.
Because two intervening decisions—one from the Supreme Court and one
from our Court—changed the law applicable to Plaintiffs’ discrete retaliation
claims and retaliatory hostile work environment claims, we remand those claims to
the District Court with the instruction that it analyze the claims consistent with the
intervening decisions. Because the intervening decisions did not, in our judgment,
affect the resolution of the sex-based hostile work environment claim in this case,
we consider that claim alone and affirm the District Court’s decision to enter
summary judgment for the Secretary.
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I.
In 2012, Plaintiffs Erin Tonkyro, Kara Davis, and Dana Strauser filed EEOC
complaints alleging that they were sexually harassed by supervisors and
radiologists at the Tampa VA. An Administrative Investigation Board was formed
to investigate the complaints, and Plaintiff Yenny Hernandez testified in support of
the other three Plaintiffs. The complaints were eventually settled with the VA in
September 2013.
In July 2014, Tonkyro, Davis, and Strauser filed formal EEOC complaints
alleging retaliation for their having filed previous EEOC complaints and the 2013
settlements. Hernandez filed a formal EEOC complaint in September 2016
alleging sexual harassment and retaliation for her participation in the 2012 EEOC
proceedings.
On August 23, 2016, Plaintiffs filed the present action against the Secretary.
Plaintiffs’ third amended complaint alleged three counts. Count One alleged that
Plaintiffs’ supervisors retaliated against them because of their EEOC complaints
and settlements in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq.. Count Two alleged that
Plaintiffs’ supervisors and coworkers subjected them to a hostile work
environment in retaliation for their EEOC activity. And Count Three alleged a
sex-based hostile work environment claim on behalf of Hernandez.
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A.
Because we decide only whether Hernandez’s sex-based hostile work
environment claim should have survived summary judgment, and remand the other
claims to the District Court for reconsideration, we present only the facts relating
to that claim.
On August 27, 2015, Hernandez’s co-worker Angela Geraci pulled up her
blouse to show Hernandez the outline of her breasts through her undershirt. A few
days later, Geraci—during a conversation with Hernandez about transvaginal
ultrasounds—asked Hernandez “Why don’t you just let me borrow your vagina?”
On September 3, 2015, Geraci approached Hernandez and asked “Is the vagina
here?,” and made a gesture of inserting something into her vagina. Hernandez
reported Geraci’s behavior to her supervisor Scott Petrillo, who conducted a fact
finding and gave both Geraci and Hernandez verbal warnings.
On September 10, 2015, Geraci stated that she enjoyed working at the
Tampa VA, but could not stand the fact that she had to work with “dirty vaginas.”
On September 18, 2015, Geraci gave Hernandez “an angry, hostile look.” On
September 21, 2015, Geraci refused to speak with Hernandez when Hernandez
approached her about a patient.
At some time in October 2015, Geraci gave Hernandez a high five and
“chest bumped” her. On multiple occasions in October and November 2015,
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Hernandez saw Geraci scan her own abdomen with an ultrasound transducer. In
November 2015, Geraci told Hernandez, in a “condescending and hostile” tone, to
use Hernandez’s own assigned room. In December 2015, Geraci referred to a
radiology resident as “Dark Chocolate” and described “all the things she would
do” to attract him.
In December 2015 and January 2016, Geraci gave Hernandez “dirty looks,”
made disparaging remarks about Hernandez’s eating disorder, and told Hernandez
“Oh my God, you are obsessed over the stupidest shit ever.” On multiple
occasions, Geraci gave Hernandez disgusted looks while Hernandez was eating,
and, on one occasion, said “I can’t believe you’re going to eat all that.”
In January 2016, Geraci embraced Hernandez and kissed her on the cheek
after she told Geraci that her patient had cancelled an appointment. On another
occasion, Geraci caused Hernandez to be late for an appointment with a patient
because Geraci took 50 minutes to perform an ultrasound that should have taken 30
minutes.
In February 2016, Geraci entered a room in which Hernandez was
performing an ultrasound and demanded that Hernandez leave the room. On
February 17, 2016, while Geraci was chaperoning Hernandez for a transvaginal
ultrasound, Geraci interrupted Hernandez and told her to “hurry up.” On February
19, 2016, Geraci told Hernandez, in an angry tone, that it was her responsibility to
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close the examination rooms when she was done. That same day, Geraci asked
Hernandez, “in a condescending and angry tone,” whether she completed her
outpatient requests. Hernandez reported these incidents to Petrillo, but Petrillo
took no action.
In March 2016, Hernandez observed Geraci embrace Brent Burton, a male
ultrasound technologist, in an inappropriate manner. Hernandez also observed
Geraci sit on Burton’s lap and wrap her arms around his neck. On multiple
occasions in 2016, Geraci pulled up her shirt to reveal her abs to Hernandez despite
knowing that Hernandez did not want to see them. When Hernandez reported
Geraci’s behavior to Petrillo, he responded that he had more pressing issues to deal
with.
Finally, Hernandez alleged that Petrillo held her to a different standard than
males in the department. According to Hernandez, female ultrasound technologists
were given a greater volume of work and less time off than male ultrasound
technologists. On June 12, 2015, for example, Petrillo denied Hernandez’s request
for leave while granting the request of a more junior male employee.
B.
On November 7, 2018, the District Court entered summary judgment in
favor of the Secretary on all counts. On Count One—Plaintiffs’ retaliation
claims—the Court found that Plaintiffs failed to show that the conduct they
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complained of would not have occurred but for Plaintiffs’ EEOC activity. The
Court also found that the Secretary offered nonretaliatory explanations for the
conduct which Plaintiffs failed to show were pretextual. 1 On Counts Two and
Three—Plaintiffs’ retaliatory hostile work environment claims and Hernandez’s
sex-based hostile work environment claim, respectively—the Court found that the
conduct complained of did not satisfy the “severe or pervasive” standard we
articulated in Gowski v. Peake, 682 F.3d 1299 (11th Cir. 2012). This appeal
followed.
II.
We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.
Crawford v. Carroll, 529 F.3d 961, 964 (11th Cir. 2008). In doing so, we view the
evidence in the light most favorable to, and draw all reasonable inferences in favor
of, the non-moving party. Id. Summary judgment is proper when the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law because of a lack of any genuine
issue of material fact. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
1 We acknowledge that the District Court may have found that the conduct underlying some of Plaintiffs’ retaliation claims failed to rise to the requisite level of material adversity under Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 126 S. Ct. 2405 (2006). To the extent some of the claims were dispatched on that basis, remand would not be necessary since the Supreme Court’s decision in Babb v. Wilkie, 140 S. Ct. 1168, 206 L. Ed. 2d 432 (2020), did not affect that particular requirement. Nonetheless, we find it difficult to discern whether the District Court dismissed any claims under Burlington Northern and we therefore remand the retaliation claims wholesale. 7 USCA11 Case: 19-10014 Date Filed: 04/20/2021 Page: 8 of 23
III.
After the District Court entered summary judgment in this case, two
intervening decisions—one from this Court and one from the Supreme Court—
changed the law applicable to Plaintiffs’ discrete retaliation claims and their
retaliatory hostile work environment claims in two respects. First, the Supreme
Court in Babb v. Wilkie, 140 S. Ct. 1168, 206 L. Ed. 2d 432 (2020)—as we just
recognized in Babb v. Secretary, Department of Veterans Affairs, No. 16–16492,
2021 WL 1219654 (11th Cir. Apr. 1, 2021)—undermined to the point of
abrogation our prior panel precedent and thereby established that retaliation claims
like Plaintiffs’ that are brought under Title VII’s federal-sector provision are not
subject to the but-for causation standard that the District Court applied below.
Second, our decision in Monaghan v. Worldpay U.S. Inc., 955 F.3d 855 (11th Cir.
2020), clarified that retaliatory hostile work environment claims are properly
analyzed under the standard articulated by the Supreme Court in Burlington
Northern and Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 126 S. Ct. 2405 (2006),
rather than the more stringent “severe or pervasive” standard that the District Court
applied. We remand these claims to the District Court for reconsideration in light
of these intervening decisions, but we affirm the entry of summary judgment as to
Hernandez’s sex-based hostile work environment claim, the resolution of which
was not affected by the intervening decisions.
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Part III.A explains the way the Supreme Court in Babb changed the
causation standard applicable to Title VII claims against federal employers.
Part III.B explains Monaghan’s effect on the standard applicable to retaliatory
hostile work environment claims. And part III.C analyzes Hernandez’s sex-based
hostile work environment claim.
Title VII contains separate provisions for private and federal employers, and
although it is generally assumed that Title VII’s federal-sector provision was
intended “to make Title VII applicable in the federal workplace to the same extent
that it was already applicable in the non-federal workplace,” Llampallas v. Mini–
Circuits, Lab, Inc., 163 F.3d 1236, 1243 (11th Cir. 1998), there are significant
textual differences between the provisions that we have until very recently ignored.
The difference that concerns us today has to do with the way the provisions speak
about the necessary causal relationship between an employee’s protected
characteristics and the adverse employment actions taken against her. For present
purposes, we are concerned only with Title VII’s cause of action for discrimination
based on an employee’s EEOC activity—i.e., retaliation—and not with substantive
discrimination based on “race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.”
In the private-sector context, Title VII makes it unlawful for an employer to
discriminate against an employee “because he has opposed any practice made an
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unlawful employment practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a
charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation,
proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter.” § 2000e–3(a) (emphasis added).
The Supreme Court in University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar
interpreted § 2000e–3(a)’s use of the word “because” as requiring “proof that the
desire to retaliate was the but-for cause of the challenged employment action.”
570 U.S. 338, 352, 133 S. Ct. 2517, 2528 (2013). In doing so, it leaned on a
previous decision interpreting the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
(the “ADEA”), which held that “the ordinary meaning of the ADEA’s requirement
that an employer took adverse action ‘because of’ age is that age was the ‘reason’
that the employer decided to act.” Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167,
176, 129 S. Ct. 2343, 2350 (2009).
Now for Title VII’s federal-sector provision, which states:
All personnel actions affecting employees or applicants for employment . . . [in enumerated positions within the federal government] . . . shall be made free from any discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.2 § 2000e–16(a) (emphasis added).
2 It may be noted that § 2000e–16(a) does not expressly provide a cause of action for retaliation. Because the Secretary does not raise the issue, we do not pass judgment on whether § 2000e–16(a) nonetheless provides such a cause of action implicitly. See Gomez-Perez v. Potter, 553 U.S. 474, 488 (2008) (holding that “discrimination based on age” as used in the ADEA includes “retaliation for complaining about age discrimination”). 10 USCA11 Case: 19-10014 Date Filed: 04/20/2021 Page: 11 of 23
The Supreme Court has not directly decided whether the federal-sector
provision requires the same level of causation as the private-sector provision, and
although the textual differences between the provisions are significant, we
implicitly assumed in Trask v. Secretary, Department of Veterans Affairs, 822 F.3d
1179 (11th Cir. 2016), that the differences were immaterial as far as causation was
concerned. Citing Nassar, we said that “Title VII retaliation claims require proof
that ‘[the] protected activity was a but-for cause of the alleged adverse action by
the employer.’” Trask, 822 F.3d at 1194 (quoting Nassar, 570 U.S. at 362, 133 S.
Ct. at 2534) (alteration in original). We ignored the fact that Trask’s status as a
federal employee meant her retaliation claim was governed by § 2000e–16(a)
rather than § 2000e–3(a). We implicitly held the same with respect to Trask’s
claim under the ADEA, which like Title VII, has both federal-sector and private-
sector provisions, the language of which substantially tracks Title VII’s
provisions.3 Id. at 1191.
3 The ADEA’s private-sector provision provides: It shall be unlawful for an employer . . . to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's age. 29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1) (emphasis added). The federal-sector provision, by contrast, states: All personnel actions affecting employees or applicants for employment who are at least 40 years of age . . . shall be made free from any discrimination based on age. § 633a(a) (emphasis added). 11 USCA11 Case: 19-10014 Date Filed: 04/20/2021 Page: 12 of 23
A few years later in Babb v. Secretary, Department of Veterans Affairs, 743
Fed. App’x 280 (11th Cir. 2018), we finally noted that the textual differences
between Title VII’s private- and federal-sector provisions—“because of” versus
“free from any”—might be meaningful. “[I]f we were starting from scratch,” we
said, “we might agree” that a more lenient causation standard applied to federal-
sector retaliation claims. Babb, 743 Fed. App’x at 290. Because Trask stood in
our way as binding precedent, however, we were “constrained to hold that the
district court did not err” in applying a but-for standard to Babb’s retaliation claim
against the VA Secretary. Id. We said the same about Babb’s federal-sector
ADEA claim. Id. at 287–88.
The Supreme Court then granted cert on the ADEA issue only. Babb v.
Wilkie, 139 S. Ct. 2775, 204 L. Ed. 2d 1156 (2019). The question before the Court
was:
Whether the federal-sector provision of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, which provides that personnel actions affecting agency employees aged 40 years or older shall be made free from any “discrimination based on age,” 29 U.S.C. § 633a(a), requires a plaintiff to prove that age was a but-for cause of the challenged personnel action.
Id. According to the Court, the plain meaning of “made free from any
discrimination based on age” goes further than just imposing liability when age is a
but-for cause of the personnel action. Babb v. Wilkie, 140 S. Ct. 1168, 1171
(2020). Instead, it prohibits all but those personnel actions that are “untainted by
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any consideration of age.” Id. As long as age discrimination “plays any part in the
way a decision is made,” then the decision violates the ADEA. Id. at 1174.
On remand from the Supreme Court, we considered what bearing the
Supreme Court’s ADEA analysis had on the substantially identical language of
Title VII’s federal-sector provision, and specifically whether the Supreme Court’s
decision undermined to the point of abrogation our decision in Trask. We
concluded that “the Supreme Court’s decision in Babb’s case undermined Trask to
the point of abrogation and that the standard that the Court articulated there now
controls cases arising under Title VII’s nearly identical text.” Babb, 2021 WL
1219654, at *1. We therefore remanded to the district court with instructions to
analyze Babb’s retaliation claim under the more lenient causation standard
articulated by the Supreme Court. Id.
We do the same here. Because the District Court required Plaintiffs to prove
that their protected activity was a but-for cause of the adverse actions against them,
we vacate the entry of summary judgment and remand to the District Court to
analyze the claims consistent with the standard articulated in Babb.
Title VII prohibits the creation of a hostile work environment in retaliation
for an employee’s engagement in protected activity. Gowski, 682 F.3d at 1312.
When we first recognized a cause of action for retaliatory hostile work
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environment in Gowski, we said such claims are analyzed under the same standard
as substantive hostile work environment claims under § 2000e–2(a)—that is, a
plaintiff must show that “the workplace is permeated with discriminatory
intimidation, ridicule, and insult, that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the
conditions of the victim’s employment and create an abusive working
environment.” Id. at 1311 (quoting Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., 510 U.S. 17,
21, 114 S. Ct. 367, 370 (1993)).
It is understandable, then, that the District Court below applied the “severe
or pervasive” standard to Plaintiffs’ retaliatory hostile work environment claims.
After the District Court entered its order, however, we issued our opinion in
Monaghan rejecting Gowski’s “severe or pervasive” standard as inconsistent with
the Supreme Court’s decision in Burlington Northern and our earlier decision in
Crawford (applying Burlington Northern’s retaliation standard). 955 F.3d at 862.
Instead, we said retaliatory hostile work environment claims, like retaliation claims
based on discrete acts, prevail if the conduct complained of “well might have
dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of
discrimination.” Id. at 862–63 (quoting Burlington Northern, 548 U.S. at 68, 126
S. Ct. at 2415).
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Because the District Court analyzed Plaintiffs’ retaliatory hostile work
environment claims under Gowski, we vacate that part of the judgment and direct
the Court to instead apply Burlington Northern on remand.
C.
The intervening decisions that affected the disposition of Plaintiffs’ discrete
retaliation claims and retaliatory hostile work environment claims have no bearing
on Hernandez’s sex-based hostile work environment claim.
While we have often said that substantive hostile work environment claims
require proof that the hostile work environment was “based on” the employee’s
protected characteristic, see, e.g., Reeves v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., 594
F.3d 798, 808 (11th Cir. 2010), it is evident that we have not meant that such
claims require but-for causation. Congress expressly precluded a but-for
requirement in the substantive discrimination context when it amended § 2000e–2
by adding a subsection providing that “an unlawful employment practice is
established when the complaining party demonstrates that race, color, religion, sex,
or national origin was a motivating factor for any employment practice, even
though other factors also motivated the practice.” § 2000e–2(m); Civil Rights Act
of 1991, Pub. L. No. 102–166, § 107(a), 105 Stat. 1071, 1075 (1991). When we
have said that an employer’s actions must have been “based on” the employee’s
protected characteristic, therefore, we have really meant that the actions must have
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been “motivated by” that characteristic. We have applied the same standard
regardless of whether the claim arises under Title VII’s private- or federal-sector
provisions. See Trask, 822 F.3d at 1196 (holding that plaintiffs failed to show a
hostile work environment was “based on their protected status” because “there is
no evidence that the[ VA management’s] . . . alleged hostility was in any way
motivated by a discriminatory animus regarding the plaintiffs’ age or gender”).
We perceive no material difference between the motivating-factor standard
we have applied to substantive hostile work environment claims and the standard
articulated by the Supreme Court in Babb. Although the Babb dissent asserts that
the Court’s standard “imposes an even lower bar” than motivating factor, we are
unconvinced. Babb, 140 S. Ct. at 1182 n.2 (Thomas, J. dissenting). Notably,
under the Court’s standard, it is not enough to trigger liability that the employer
simply considered the employee’s protected characteristic; that characteristic must
still “play[] [a] role in the final decision.” Id. at 1174 n.3, 1174. It is difficult to
imagine how an employee’s protected characteristic could play a part in the final
decision without being a motivating factor in that decision. Babb, therefore, did
not alter the causation standard we apply to substantive hostile work environment
claims against federal employers.
Our decision in Monaghan likewise left untouched the standard we apply to
substantive hostile work environment claims as opposed to those based on
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retaliation. See Monaghan, 955 F.3d at 861. Substantive hostile work
environment claims still require plaintiffs to show that “the workplace is permeated
with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult, that is sufficiently severe or
pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment and create an abusive
working environment.” Miller v. Kenworth of Dothan, Inc., 277 F.3d 1269, 1275
(11th. Cir. 2002) (quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 21, 114 S. Ct. at 370). That
intimidation, ridicule, and insult must also bear “the necessary sexual or other
gender-related connotations to be actionable sex discrimination.” Mendoza v.
Borden, Inc., 195 F.3d 1238, 1247 (11th Cir. 1999) (en banc). It is on these two
requirements that Hernandez’s claim founders.
To be sufficiently “severe or pervasive,” the employer’s actions “must result
in both an environment that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive and
an environment that the victim subjectively perceive[s] . . . to be abusive.” Miller,
277 F.3d at 1276 (quotation marks omitted). “In evaluating the objective severity
of the harassment,” we look to the totality of the circumstances, including: “(1) the
frequency of the conduct; (2) the severity of the conduct; (3) whether the conduct
is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and (4)
whether the conduct unreasonably interferes with the employee’s job
performance.” Id.
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The standards for judging hostility are intended to be “sufficiently
demanding to ensure that Title VII does not become a ‘general civility code.’”
Faragher v. Cty. of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788, 118 S. Ct. 2275, 2283 (1998).
“Properly applied, they will filter out complaints attacking the ordinary tribulations
of the workplace, such as the sporadic use of abusive language, gender-related
jokes, and occasional teasing.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). “[M]ere
utterance of an . . . epithet which engenders offensive feelings in an employee does
not sufficiently affect the conditions of employment to implicate Title VII.”
Harris, 510 U.S. at 21, 114 S. Ct. at 370 (quotation marks omitted) (citation
omitted).
In addition to establishing that the employer’s actions were sufficiently
“severe or pervasive,” a plaintiff must show that the actions were based on her sex
rather than some other unprotected characteristic. Mendoza, 195 F.3d at 1245; see
also Harris, 510 U.S. at 21, 114 S. Ct. at 370. We have noted that “Title VII does
not prohibit profanity alone, however profane . . . [nor] harassment alone, however
severe and pervasive. Instead, Title VII prohibits discrimination, including
harassment that discriminates based on a protected category such as sex.” Baldwin
v. Blue Cross/Blue Shield of Ala., 480 F.3d 1287, 1301–02 (11th Cir. 2007).
Hernandez’s sexual harassment claim is based primarily on Geraci’s
conduct. Hernandez complains of several incidents: Geraci pulled up her blouse to
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show Hernandez the outline of her breasts through her undershirt; Geraci made
inappropriate jokes to Hernandez, using the word “vagina”; Geraci made a gesture
of inserting something into her vagina to Hernandez; Geraci gave Hernandez an
angry look; Geraci ignored Hernandez on multiple occasions; Geraci gave
Hernandez a “chest bump”; Geraci scanned her own abdomen with an ultrasound
transducer in Hernandez’s presence, and revealed her abs to Hernandez multiple
times; Geraci spoke to Hernandez in a “condescending and hostile tone”; Geraci
insulted Hernandez about her eating disorder; Geraci embraced Hernandez and
kissed her on the cheek; and Hernandez observed Geraci interacting with a male
coworker in an inappropriately flirtatious manner. Hernandez also bases her claim
on Petrillo’s failure to remedy the sexually hostile work environment created by
Geraci.
As an initial matter, most of Geraci’s conduct lacks “the necessary sexual or
other gender-related connotations to be actionable sex discrimination.” Mendoza,
195 F.3d at 1247. In making this inquiry, we are guided by the “common-sense
rule that the context of offending words or conduct is essential to the Title VII
analysis.” Id. at 810.
Consider the context in which Geraci revealed the outline of her breasts to
Hernandez. The incident occurred during a conversation about a male doctor to
whom Geraci was attracted. Hernandez told Geraci that the doctor preferred “big
19 USCA11 Case: 19-10014 Date Filed: 04/20/2021 Page: 20 of 23
breasts,” and Geraci proceeded to lift up her shirt to prove that she was the doctor’s
type. Nothing in the record allows the conclusion that Geraci’s conduct had
anything to do with Hernandez’s sex.
Similarly, the context surrounding Geraci’s inappropriate touching of
Hernandez shows that the touching was not sex based. Geraci “chest bumped”
Hernandez after learning of her employment benefits and giving Hernandez a high-
five. Nothing in the record suggests that the bump was anything more than a mere
celebratory gesture, as the context and the definition of the phrase suggest. See
Macmillan Dictionary, Chest Bump,
https://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/chest-bump (last
accessed Dec. 29, 2020) (defining “chest bump” as “an action in which two people
bump their chests together, usually as a celebration”). Geraci’s decision to
embrace Hernandez and kiss her on the cheek was similar—Geraci did so after
Hernandez told her that Geraci’s patient cancelled an appointment.
Likewise, the record shows that Geraci’s use of the word “vagina” occurred
first in the context of a discussion about transvaginal ultrasounds. Then,
apparently realizing that her talk of vaginas bothered Hernandez, Geraci began
teasing Hernandez with the word. “Even gender-specific terms cannot give rise to
a cognizable Title VII claim if used in a context that plainly has no reference to
gender.” Reeves, 594 F.3d at 810. Although the word “vagina” is plainly gender-
20 USCA11 Case: 19-10014 Date Filed: 04/20/2021 Page: 21 of 23
specific, Geraci’s use of it was not gender-derogatory. Compare id. at 811–12 (a
jury could find that the use of the words “whore,” “bitch,” and “cunt,” together
with “vulgar discussions of women’s breasts, nipples, and buttocks” “contributed
to conditions that were humiliating and degrading to women on account of their
gender”); see also Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 80, 118
S. Ct. 998, 1002 (1998) (“We have never held that workplace harassment, even
harassment between men and women, is automatically discrimination because of
sex merely because the words used have sexual content or connotations.”).
Finally, there is no evidence suggesting that the angry looks, harsh words,
and silent treatment that Geraci gave Hernandez were influenced by Hernandez’s
sex. On the contrary, the record suggests that Geraci was angry at Hernandez
because Hernandez reported Geraci for sexual harassment.
Even if Geraci’s conduct was based on Hernandez’s sex, Hernandez’s claim
would still fail because the conduct is insufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the
terms and conditions of Hernandez’s employment. “We proceed with common
sense, and an appropriate sensitivity to social context, to distinguish between
general office vulgarity and the conduct which a reasonable person in the
plaintiff’s position would find severely hostile or abusive.” Reeves, 594 F.3d at
811 (quotation marks omitted) (alterations adopted).
21 USCA11 Case: 19-10014 Date Filed: 04/20/2021 Page: 22 of 23
In Mendoza, we said that a male supervisor’s conduct was not threatening or
humiliating to a female employee when that conduct included telling the employee
he was “getting fired up,” making sniffing sounds while staring at the employee’s
crotch, brushing his hip against the employee’s hip, and following the employee
around the workplace. 195 F.3d at 1248–49.
In Johnson v. Booker T. Washington Broadcasting Service, Inc., by contrast,
we held that an employee was sexually harassed when her male coworker
repeatedly told her she had a sexy voice, winked at her, exposed the imprint of his
private parts to her through his pants, gazed at her body in a sexual manner,
repeatedly attempted to massage her shoulders, rubbed his body parts against her,
and asked her questions about her sex life, among other things. 234 F.3d 501, 506
(11th Cir. 2000).
Geraci’s conduct toward Hernandez is significantly less severe than the
conduct at issue in Johnson, and likely less severe than the insufficiently severe
conduct in Mendoza, as well. Unlike those cases, some of Geraci’s conduct was
merely witnessed by Hernandez rather than directed at her—namely, Geraci
scanning her own abdomen, embracing a male coworker, and sitting on his lap.
And the physical conduct that Geraci did direct toward Hernandez—pulling up her
shirt, chest bumping, hugging, and kissing Hernandez—is, as explained above,
qualitatively different from the sexually charged conduct in Johnson and Mendoza.
22 USCA11 Case: 19-10014 Date Filed: 04/20/2021 Page: 23 of 23
In sum, Geraci’s conduct is of an entirely different nature from the sexually
predatory conduct at issue in Johnson and Mendoza. Such conduct is insufficiently
severe or pervasive to alter the terms and conditions of Hernandez’s employment.
Finally, Hernandez alleges that Petrillo held her to a different standard than
similarly situated males in the ultrasound department. In particular, Hernandez
complains that Petrillo denied her request for leave, while granting the request of a
male employee with less seniority. This, however, is a quintessential “isolated
incident[]” of the sort that is insufficient to alter the terms and conditions of
employment. Faragher, 524 U.S. at 788, 118 S. Ct. at 2283.
For the foregoing reasons, the District Court properly granted summary
judgment for the Secretary on Hernandez’s sex-based hostile work environment
claim.
IV.
We vacate the District Court’s entry of summary judgment with respect to
Plaintiffs’ discrete retaliation claims and retaliatory hostile work environment
claims and remand with instructions that the Court reconsider those claims in light
of Babb and Monaghan. We affirm the District Court’s decision to enter summary
judgment on Hernandez’s sex-based hostile work environment claim.
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED
WITH INSTRUCTIONS.