United States v. Bradley

47 M.J. 715, 1997 CCA LEXIS 681, 1997 WL 815548
CourtUnited States Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals
DecidedOctober 29, 1997
DocketACM 32387
StatusPublished
Cited by4 cases

This text of 47 M.J. 715 (United States v. Bradley) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering United States Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Bradley, 47 M.J. 715, 1997 CCA LEXIS 681, 1997 WL 815548 (afcca 1997).

Opinion

OPINION OF THE COURT

MORGAN, Judge:

Officer and enlisted court members convicted appellant, contrary to his pleas, of rape and indecent assault. The members sentenced him to a dishonorable discharge, 3 years confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to E-l. Appellant asserts: 1) that the military judge erred by admitting his pretrial admission; 2) that the military judged improperly restricted appellant’s voir dire of a female court member and that the peremptory challenge by trial counsel of that member violated his right to due process of law; 3) that his conviction was the result of unlawful command influence and/or improper actions by the staff judge advocate; and 4) that the evidence is factually insufficient to sustain his conviction. Because we are unable to decide the command influence issue based on the current record, we will return the case for a hearing pursuant to United States v. DuBay, 37 C.M.R. 411, 1967 WL 4276 (C.M.A.1967). We will reserve the issue of factual sufficiency until we receive the results of the DuBay hearing. However, for judicial economy we resolve the issues involving appellant’s admission, voir dire, and the peremptory challenge in this opinion.

Denial of Motion to Suppress Appellant’s Admission

We review the military judge’s decision to admit appellant’s admission under an abuse of discretion standard. United States v. McLaren, 38 M.J. 112, 115 (C.M.A. 1993), cert, denied, 510 U.S. 1112, 114 S.Ct. [717]*7171056, 127 L.Ed.2d 877 (1994). In applying the standard, we defer to the military judge’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous. United States v. French, 38 M.J. 420, 424-25 (C.MA.1993), cert, denied, 510 U.S. 1112, 114 S.Ct. 1056, 127 L.Ed.2d 377 (1994).

Appellant was questioned by civilian police authorities who suspected him of raping ST, a female airman. Major Scafidi described himself as appellant’s “acting commander” at the time. Before speaking with appellant, Major Scafidi met with ST. ST explained to Major Scafidi that she believed appellant had sexual intercourse with her while she was asleep in an intoxicated condition.

Appellant was a cryptologic linguist specialist with a Top Secret security clearance and additional access to special compartmentalized information (SCI). If appellant was arrested or formally charged, Major Scafidi was required to take immediate steps to suspend appellant’s clearance and deny him access to classified materials. Major Scafidi spoke with appellant earlier in the day and asked appellant to call him back after he talked to the police. When appellant called back, Major Scafidi asked him what happened. Major Scafidi testified that he was trying to determine appellant’s status with the civilian authorities, but was not asking appellant to explain the incident itself.

Appellant testified that he knew, based on their prior conversation, that Major Scafidi was asking about his status with the civilian authorities and not about ST’s allegations. Based on this testimony, it is clear from the record that both Major Scafidi and appellant understood that, although Major Scafidi was acting in an official capacity, he was seeking information needed for the proper review of appellant’s security clearance status and was not conducting a criminal investigation. Cf. United States v. Loukas, 29 M.J. 385, 387 (C.M.A.1990) (aircraft crew chiefs questioning of a crew member who appeared to be under the influence of drugs was necessary to fulfill operational safety requirements, but was not a law-enforcement or disciplinary investigation which triggered rights warning requirements). Thus, he was not required to advise appellant of his Article 31, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C.A. § 831, rights or his right to counsel.

Moreover, for a rights warnings to be required, an incriminating response must be sought or be a reasonable consequence of the questioning. Mil.R.Evid. 305(b)(2) and 305(d)(1). Asking appellant “what happened” might have reasonably been expected to produce an incriminating response under different circumstances. However, appellant knew Major Scafidi was only trying to determine his status with civilian authorities. The mutual understanding of the parties in this instance defeats any assertion that an incriminating response was a reasonably expected consequence. Therefore, no rights warning was required. See United States v. Meeks, 41 M.J. 150,162 (C.M.A1994).

Appellant denies he told Major Scafidi that he had touched ST without her permission. Whether or not appellant actually admitted this does not alter the analysis. The military judge correctly concluded: “[a]n incriminating response was not requested, and in the mind of the accused, an incriminating response was neither sought nor given. The issue for the members is what weight to give the statement, if any.” The military judge did not abuse his discretion in denying appellant’s motion to suppress the statement to Major Scafidi.

Voir Dire and Peremptory Challenge of Female Court Member

Trial counsel exercised his peremptory challenge against Major Lemon, a female court member. After that challenge, one female court member, Master Sergeant Bloom, remained on the court. Trial defense counsel asserted that trial counsel’s peremptory challenge of Major Lemon appeared to be based on her gender and asked that trial counsel be required to state the basis for the challenge. Trial counsel stated that “our basis for striking Major Lemon has absolutely nothing do with her gender. It’s related to a prior experience of her serving as an investigating officer on a case involving the 694th Legal Office. It’s totally within our discretion based on that.” The military judge responded that he was satisfied that a “gender neutral reason had been estab[718]*718lished.” Nothing about Major Lemon’s prior investigation of the legal office was raised during group voir dire of the members or during her individual voir dire.

The defense asked permission to conduct additional voir dire of Major Lemon. Trial defense counsel wanted to inquire into the accuracy of trial counsel’s asserted reasons and, “more importantly,” the defense wanted to determine whether the investigation conducted by Major Lemon “would have led her to believe that she could fairly and impartially sit and listen to the evidence in this ease.” The military judge responded that their concern was “one issue for a challenge for cause versus a peremptory challenge.” The judge concluded by stating, “[bjased on the current state of the law which only requires on its face a neutral reason, I believe it has been satisfied, so your request for additional questioning is denied.”

We will not reverse a military judge’s limitation on voir dire unless there has been a clear abuse of discretion which is prejudicial to the appellant. United States v. Williams, 44 M.J. 482, 485 (1996); United States v. Jefferson, 44 M.J. 312, 317 (1996). The nature and scope of examination of the members is within the discretion of the military judge. R.C.M. 912(d). Appellant contends that, by failing to allow additional voir dire of Major Lemon, the military judge prevented the defense from determining whether an investigation of the legal office by Major Lemon had occurred.

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Related

United States v. Bradley
51 M.J. 437 (Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, 1999)
United States v. Cruse
50 M.J. 592 (Army Court of Criminal Appeals, 1999)
United States v. Bradley
48 M.J. 777 (Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals, 1998)
United States v. Plumb
47 M.J. 771 (Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals, 1997)

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Bluebook (online)
47 M.J. 715, 1997 CCA LEXIS 681, 1997 WL 815548, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-bradley-afcca-1997.