In the
United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 19-1774 STACEY MOONEY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v.
ILLINOIS EDUCATION ASSOCIATION, et al., Defendants-Appellees. ____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. No. 1:18-cv-1439-JBM — Joe Billy McDade, Judge. ____________________
ARGUED SEPTEMBER 20, 2019 — DECIDED NOVEMBER 5, 2019 ____________________
Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and MANION and ROVNER, Cir- cuit Judges. WOOD, Chief Judge. Stacey Mooney is a public-school teacher in Eureka (Illinois) Community School District #140. She is not a member of respondent Illinois Education Associ- ation (“IEA”), the union that serves as the exclusive repre- sentative of her employee unit in collective bargaining with the school district. From the time she started as a public em- ployee until June 2018, the District deducted from her 2 No. 19-1774
paycheck and sent to the union a fair-share fee that contrib- uted to the costs incurred by the union in its labor-manage- ment activities. Both the Illinois Public Relations Act, 5 ILCS § 315/6, and existing Supreme Court precedent, Abood v. De- troit Bd. of Educ., 431 U.S. 209 (1977), authorized this fee ar- rangement. That state of affairs came to an end when, in Janus v. AFSCME, Council 31, 138 S. Ct. 2448 (2018), the Supreme Court overruled Abood and announced that compulsory fair- share fee arrangements violate the First Amendment rights of persons who would prefer not to associate with the union that represents their employee unit. 138 S. Ct. at 2460. Following Janus, state employers in Illinois immediately ceased deduct- ing fair-share fees from the paychecks of nonmembers of pub- lic sector unions. Mooney filed suit in the Central District of Illinois on be- half of herself and a putative class of similarly situated per- sons, seeking restitution pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for the fees that had been deducted from her pay prior to Janus. The district court entered judgment for IEA on April 23, 2019, dis- missing Mooney’s claims with prejudice. In so doing, it joined the consensus across the country concluding that unions that collected fair-share fees prior to Janus, in accordance with state law and Abood, are entitled to assert a good-faith defense to section 1983 liability. We heard oral argument on Mooney’s case on September 20, 2019, in conjunction with Janus v. AFSCME, No. 19-1553. We now affirm the judgment of the district court, largely for the reasons set forth in our opinion of today’s date in Janus v. AFSCME, No. 19-1553. No. 19-1774 3
We write briefly here to address one difference between the claim brought by Mooney and that brought by Mark Ja- nus. On remand from the Supreme Court, Mr. Janus sought damages pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in the amount of the fair-share fees he had paid prior to Janus. Mooney, in contrast, insists that she is not seeking damages, but instead that she is entitled to the equitable remedy of restitution under the same statute. From the point of view of the union, the two requests are identical: each one seeks a refund of the fees that the plain- tiff paid under the ancien régime. Mooney, however, believes that there is something special about restitution that is out- come-determinative. Perhaps that is true in some situations, but as we now explain, in substance Mooney is also seeking damages, and so her claim must fail. Section 1983 allows for remedies either at law or in equity. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“… [covered persons] shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress…”). The district court has dis- cretion to tailor an appropriate remedy for the constitutional violation. See Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678, 684 (1946) (“[I]t is also well settled that where legal rights have been invaded, and a federal statute provides for a general right to sue for such in- vasion, federal courts may use any available remedy to make good the wrong done.”); Lieberman v. Univ. of Chicago, 660 F.2d 1185, 1193 (7th Cir. 1981) (“[F]ederal courts have the role of providing broad and flexible remedies for violations of fed- eral statutory and constitutional rights.”). Mooney would like us to regard her requested relief as restitutionary in nature. She believes that even if she concedes that a good-faith defense protects the union against a dam- ages award, an equitable demand for restitution cannot be 4 No. 19-1774
defeated on good-faith grounds. She argues that there is noth- ing unfair about requiring the union to return monies that, according to Janus, should never have been deducted from her paychecks in the first place. In fact, she concludes, the un- ion would receive a windfall based on its violations of her constitutional rights if no restitution were ordered. IEA responds that Mooney is simply playing with labels, and that calling her claim equitable, or one for restitution, does not make it so. In substance, IEA says, Mooney’s suit is exactly the same as Mr. Janus’s: one for damages flowing from a First Amendment violation. The gravamen of Mooney’s complaint is that her First Amendment rights were violated by the fair-share requirement because she was compelled to furnish financial support to union activities with which she disagreed. As have all other district courts that have faced this ques- tion, the court here agreed with IEA’s position. It concluded that “Plaintiff’s claim lies in law rather than equity, and there is consequently no reason to consider whether the good-faith defense applies where the claim is for equitable restitution.” See also, e.g., Carey v. Inslee, 364 F. Supp. 3d 1220 (W.D. Wash. 2019), appeal pending, No. 19-35290 (9th Cir.); Crockett v. NEA-Alaska, 367 F. Supp. 3d 996 (D. Alaska 2019), appeal pending, No. 19-35299 (9th Cir.); Babb v. California Teachers Ass’n, 378 F. Supp. 3d 857 (C.D. Cal. 2019); Allen v. Santa Clara Cnty. Correctional Peace Officers Ass’n, 2019 WL 4302744 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 11, 2019). The characterization of Mooney’s claim presents a legal question on which our consideration is de novo. That said, we agree with the district court’s analysis, which finds ample support in the law. Indeed, many years ago we held that a No. 19-1774 5
claim for a refund of an agency-fee overcharge under the Abood regime was a legal rather than an equitable claim. Gil- pin v. Am. Fed’n of State, Cnty., & Mun. Employees, AFL-CIO, 875 F.2d 1310, 1314 (7th Cir. 1989) (citing Dobbs, Handbook on the Law of Remedies 224 (1973) (“The damages recovery is to compensate the plaintiff, and it pays him, theoretically, for his losses. The restitution claim, on the other hand, is not aimed at compensating the plaintiff, but at forcing the defend- ant to disgorge benefits that it would be unjust for him to keep.”)). But see Laramie v. Cnty. of Santa Clara, 784 F. Supp. 1492, 1501–02 (N.D. Cal. 1992) (labeling a refund of non- chargeable fees under the Abood regime as restitution).
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In the
United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 19-1774 STACEY MOONEY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v.
ILLINOIS EDUCATION ASSOCIATION, et al., Defendants-Appellees. ____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. No. 1:18-cv-1439-JBM — Joe Billy McDade, Judge. ____________________
ARGUED SEPTEMBER 20, 2019 — DECIDED NOVEMBER 5, 2019 ____________________
Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and MANION and ROVNER, Cir- cuit Judges. WOOD, Chief Judge. Stacey Mooney is a public-school teacher in Eureka (Illinois) Community School District #140. She is not a member of respondent Illinois Education Associ- ation (“IEA”), the union that serves as the exclusive repre- sentative of her employee unit in collective bargaining with the school district. From the time she started as a public em- ployee until June 2018, the District deducted from her 2 No. 19-1774
paycheck and sent to the union a fair-share fee that contrib- uted to the costs incurred by the union in its labor-manage- ment activities. Both the Illinois Public Relations Act, 5 ILCS § 315/6, and existing Supreme Court precedent, Abood v. De- troit Bd. of Educ., 431 U.S. 209 (1977), authorized this fee ar- rangement. That state of affairs came to an end when, in Janus v. AFSCME, Council 31, 138 S. Ct. 2448 (2018), the Supreme Court overruled Abood and announced that compulsory fair- share fee arrangements violate the First Amendment rights of persons who would prefer not to associate with the union that represents their employee unit. 138 S. Ct. at 2460. Following Janus, state employers in Illinois immediately ceased deduct- ing fair-share fees from the paychecks of nonmembers of pub- lic sector unions. Mooney filed suit in the Central District of Illinois on be- half of herself and a putative class of similarly situated per- sons, seeking restitution pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for the fees that had been deducted from her pay prior to Janus. The district court entered judgment for IEA on April 23, 2019, dis- missing Mooney’s claims with prejudice. In so doing, it joined the consensus across the country concluding that unions that collected fair-share fees prior to Janus, in accordance with state law and Abood, are entitled to assert a good-faith defense to section 1983 liability. We heard oral argument on Mooney’s case on September 20, 2019, in conjunction with Janus v. AFSCME, No. 19-1553. We now affirm the judgment of the district court, largely for the reasons set forth in our opinion of today’s date in Janus v. AFSCME, No. 19-1553. No. 19-1774 3
We write briefly here to address one difference between the claim brought by Mooney and that brought by Mark Ja- nus. On remand from the Supreme Court, Mr. Janus sought damages pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in the amount of the fair-share fees he had paid prior to Janus. Mooney, in contrast, insists that she is not seeking damages, but instead that she is entitled to the equitable remedy of restitution under the same statute. From the point of view of the union, the two requests are identical: each one seeks a refund of the fees that the plain- tiff paid under the ancien régime. Mooney, however, believes that there is something special about restitution that is out- come-determinative. Perhaps that is true in some situations, but as we now explain, in substance Mooney is also seeking damages, and so her claim must fail. Section 1983 allows for remedies either at law or in equity. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“… [covered persons] shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress…”). The district court has dis- cretion to tailor an appropriate remedy for the constitutional violation. See Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678, 684 (1946) (“[I]t is also well settled that where legal rights have been invaded, and a federal statute provides for a general right to sue for such in- vasion, federal courts may use any available remedy to make good the wrong done.”); Lieberman v. Univ. of Chicago, 660 F.2d 1185, 1193 (7th Cir. 1981) (“[F]ederal courts have the role of providing broad and flexible remedies for violations of fed- eral statutory and constitutional rights.”). Mooney would like us to regard her requested relief as restitutionary in nature. She believes that even if she concedes that a good-faith defense protects the union against a dam- ages award, an equitable demand for restitution cannot be 4 No. 19-1774
defeated on good-faith grounds. She argues that there is noth- ing unfair about requiring the union to return monies that, according to Janus, should never have been deducted from her paychecks in the first place. In fact, she concludes, the un- ion would receive a windfall based on its violations of her constitutional rights if no restitution were ordered. IEA responds that Mooney is simply playing with labels, and that calling her claim equitable, or one for restitution, does not make it so. In substance, IEA says, Mooney’s suit is exactly the same as Mr. Janus’s: one for damages flowing from a First Amendment violation. The gravamen of Mooney’s complaint is that her First Amendment rights were violated by the fair-share requirement because she was compelled to furnish financial support to union activities with which she disagreed. As have all other district courts that have faced this ques- tion, the court here agreed with IEA’s position. It concluded that “Plaintiff’s claim lies in law rather than equity, and there is consequently no reason to consider whether the good-faith defense applies where the claim is for equitable restitution.” See also, e.g., Carey v. Inslee, 364 F. Supp. 3d 1220 (W.D. Wash. 2019), appeal pending, No. 19-35290 (9th Cir.); Crockett v. NEA-Alaska, 367 F. Supp. 3d 996 (D. Alaska 2019), appeal pending, No. 19-35299 (9th Cir.); Babb v. California Teachers Ass’n, 378 F. Supp. 3d 857 (C.D. Cal. 2019); Allen v. Santa Clara Cnty. Correctional Peace Officers Ass’n, 2019 WL 4302744 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 11, 2019). The characterization of Mooney’s claim presents a legal question on which our consideration is de novo. That said, we agree with the district court’s analysis, which finds ample support in the law. Indeed, many years ago we held that a No. 19-1774 5
claim for a refund of an agency-fee overcharge under the Abood regime was a legal rather than an equitable claim. Gil- pin v. Am. Fed’n of State, Cnty., & Mun. Employees, AFL-CIO, 875 F.2d 1310, 1314 (7th Cir. 1989) (citing Dobbs, Handbook on the Law of Remedies 224 (1973) (“The damages recovery is to compensate the plaintiff, and it pays him, theoretically, for his losses. The restitution claim, on the other hand, is not aimed at compensating the plaintiff, but at forcing the defend- ant to disgorge benefits that it would be unjust for him to keep.”)). But see Laramie v. Cnty. of Santa Clara, 784 F. Supp. 1492, 1501–02 (N.D. Cal. 1992) (labeling a refund of non- chargeable fees under the Abood regime as restitution). Furthermore, as the Supreme Court explained in Mon- tanile v. Bd. of Trustees of Nat. Elevator Indust. Health Benefit Plan, 136 S. Ct. 651 (2016), “restitution in equity typically in- volved enforcement of a ‘constructive trust or an equitable lien, where money or property identified as belonging in good conscience to the plaintiff could clearly be traced to par- ticular funds or property in the defendant’s possession.’” Id. at 657 (citing Great-West Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v. Knudson, 534 U.S. 204, 217 (2002)). Where a plaintiff seeks “recovery from the beneficiaries’ assets generally” because her specific prop- erty has dissipated or is otherwise no longer traceable, the claim “is a legal remedy, not an equitable one.” Id. at 658 (em- phasis in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). Mooney is bringing just such a claim—that is, one against the union’s treasury generally, not one against an identifiable fund or asset. She attempts to escape this conclusion with the argument that the entire treasury is an identifiable fund against which she can pursue an equitable lien, but that proves too much. Every defendant will always have a “fund” 6 No. 19-1774
consisting of all of its assets, but that is not what the Supreme Court was talking about in Great-West Life and Montanile. It is not enough that Mooney’s fees once contributed to IEA’s overall assets. According to Montanile, she must point to an identifiable fund and show that her fees specifically are still in the union’s possession. 136 S. Ct. at 657–59. This she has not done. Her claim is against the general assets of the union, held in its treasury, and can only be characterized as legal. In substance, then, Mooney’s claim is one for damages. For the reasons we set forth in more detail in Janus v. AFSCME, No. 19-1553, decided today, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment. No. 19-1774 7
MANION, Circuit Judge, concurring. I concur with the court’s ultimate conclusion. I write separately here for the same reason I write separately in Janus v. AFSCME, Council 31, No. 19-1553, also decided today. Janus II recognized Abood gave unions a windfall for 41 years. But Janus II also implied unions need not disgorge this windfall.