Prostek v. Lincare Inc.

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: March 21, 2023
• Docket: 1:22-cv-01530
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8 9 JENNIFER PROSTEK, individually and CASE NO. 1:22-CV-1530 AWI BAM on behalf of others similarly situated and 10 aggrieved, ORDER ON DEFENDANTS’ MOTION 11 Plaintiff TO COMPEL ARBITRATION

12 v. (Doc. No. 4) 13 LINCARE INC., LINCARE PHARMACY SERVICES, INC., and DOES 1-50, 14 inclusive,

15 Defendants

16 17 18 This is a putative class action lawsuit brought by Plaintiff Jennifer Prostek against her 19 former employers, Defendants Lincare, Inc. (“LI”) and Lincare Pharmacy Services, Inc. 20 (collectively “Defendants”). Defendants removed this case from the Tulare County Superior 21 Court. Prostek alleges various violations of the California Labor Code (e.g. failure to pay 22 overtime, failure to provide required meal periods, failure to pay minimum wages, etc.), 23 California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”) (Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200), and California’s 24 Private Attorney General Act (“PAGA”) (Cal. Lab. Code § 2699). Currently before the Court is 25 Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration. For the reasons that follow, Defendants’ motion will be 26 granted, all but one cause of action will be sent to arbitration, and the remainder of this case will 27 be stayed. 28 1 FACTUAL BACKGROUND 2 From the Complaint and the declarations of the parties, Defendants co-employed Prostek. 3 Prostek began working for Defendants in May 2021 as a customer service representative. On her 4 first day of employment, Defendants’ office manager Arlene Eaton gave Prostek a stack of 5 paperwork to sign. The stack consisted of numerous documents which Prostek believed she had to 6 sign in order to start working. The stack included training forms on equipment like wheelchairs 7 and oxygen tanks. Prostek has no recollection of seeing or signing an arbitration agreement. 8 Prostek declares that while she was revieing and signing the paperwork, Eaton talked 9 incessantly about her personal life, which distracted Prostek. Prostek declares that Eaton’s talking 10 distracted her and made it impossible for her (Prostek) to properly review the paperwork. Eaton 11 only stopped talking momentarily to instruct Prostek to sign documents, and when Prostek signed 12 one document, Eaton would immediately give her another document. Eaton said that the 13 documents had to be signed that day and remarked at one point that “we need to hurry up.” 14 Prostek declares that this made her feel rushed. No one reviewed any of the paperwork that 15 Prostek was signing or explained to Prostek what any of the paperwork meant, with the exception 16 of a training checklist and safety procedures. Prostek declares that Defendants did not allow her 17 time to carefully review the documents or consult with an attorney before signing and did not 18 provide her with a copy of the paperwork that she signed. 19 Included within the stack of papers was a document entitled “Mutual Agreement to 20 Arbitrate Between [LI] and Employee” (“the Arbitration Agreement”). See Adams Dec. Ex. 1. 21 This Agreement is a ten-page document, is printed in a legible 14-point (or so) font, and contains 22 nine sections and some subsections. See id. In relevant part, the Arbitration Agreement reads: 23 The parties recognize that differences may arise between them in connection with the employment relationship, and the services and consideration to be provided 24 thereby, and wish to adopt a dispute resolution procedure that will avoid the delay, expense and burden of litigation in the civil court system and, by this Agreement, 25 mutually waive their right to pursue “Covered Claims” . . . in civil Court. By entering this Agreement, both Parties intend to gain the advantage of a speedy, 26 economical, and impartial dispute-resolution procedure.

27 1. Binding Arbitration

28 In the event that the Parties are unable to resolve any dispute arising out of, relating 1 in good faith to reach a negotiated resolution, such dispute(s) shall be resolved through binding arbitration conducted in accordance with this Agreement. Each 2 Party hereto hereby consents to the exclusive personal subject matter jurisdiction of the arbitration proceedings provided in this Agreement. 3 This Agreement shall set forth the full and complete agreement between the Parties 4 concerning the matters addressed herein and shall supersede all prior oral or written agreements concerning these matters. 5 …….. 6 3. Covered Claims Subject to Arbitration 7 The term “Covered Claims” includes all claims or disputes arising out of, relating 8 to, or in connection with the employment relationship, and any services and consideration provided thereby, that Lincare may have against the Employee, or 9 that the Employee may have against Lincare . . . . However, Covered Claims does not include those claims set for in the Excluded Claims section of this Agreement.1 10 Covered Claims include, but are not limited to, any dispute of any nature relating to the employment relationship, including . . . failure to pay wages, bonuses or any 11 other form of compensation; failure to provide rest or meal periods; failure to pay or pay on time; wage statement violations . . . . Unless expressly excluded . . ., 12 Covered Claims shall include any and all procedural, substantive and gateway issues, including, without limitation, any dispute between the Parties relating to the 13 scope of the arbitrator’s powers, the interpretation or enforceability of this Agreement or any part thereof, or the arbitrability of any dispute. 14 ……. 15 5. Arbitration Is the Exclusive Remedy 16 Arbitration pursuant to this Agreement shall be the exclusive remedy for resolving 17 any such arbitrable disputes or Covered Claims, and the Parties mutually waive their right to trial before a judge or jury in federal or state court in favor of 18 arbitration under this Agreement. . . .

19 This Agreement shall be governed and construed in accordance with the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), 9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq. . . . 20 6. Class Action Waiver 21 All Covered Claims under this Agreement shall be submitted and arbitrated on an 22 individual basis only. The Parties expressly waive any right to submit, initiate or participate in any class, collective, consolidated, representative, or joint action 23 involving any employee . . . of Lincare, whether as a plaintiff, claimant, or member of an alleged class or group, regardless of whether the action is filed as a lawsuit, 24 arbitration, or any other type of proceeding. In addition, the Parties mutually waive their right to bring, maintain, participate in or receive money from any class, 25 collective or representative proceeding.

26 In the event that a dispute arises with respect to the interpretation or enforceability 27 1 The arbitration agreement excluded disputes relating to the meaning, interpretation, or enforceability of a class 28 action waiver; state or federal disability insurance or workers’ compensation benefits; ERISA claims; administrative 1 competent jurisdiction located in the State of California, and not by arbitration. . . .

2 ….

3 THE EMPLOYEE ACKNOWELDGES THAT: (1) I HAVE CAREFULLY READ THIS MUTUAL AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE; (2) I HAVE BEEN 4 GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY TO REVIEW THIS AGREEMENT WITH MY LEGAL COUNSEL; AND (3) I HAVE AVAILED MYSELF OF THAT 5 OPPORTUNITY OT THE EXTENT I WISH TO DO SO. 6 Id. The Arbitration Agreement was signed by Shiraz Mohammed as LI’s head of human resources 7 and purports to be signed by Prostek on May 11, 2021. See id. 8 Prostek did not draft any of the terms of the Arbitration Agreement and had no ability to 9 negotiate any terms. Prostek declares that she has a high school education, some college, and 10 vocational training, and she had never heard of arbitration. Prostek declares that if she had known 11 what the alleged Arbitration Agreement meant, she would not have signed it. 12 During the course of her employment, Defendants allegedly did not: (1) provide off-duty 13 and uninterrupted meal and rest breaks; (2) compensate for missed meal and rest breaks; (3) 14 provide compliant wage statements; (4) properly maintain employment records; (5) pay for all 15 hours worked by employees; (5) reimburse employees for the employee’s out of pocket business 16 expenses. Prostek’s employment with Defendants ended in April 2022. 17 18 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 19 The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) provides that written agreements to arbitrate disputes 20 arising out of transactions involving interstate commerce “shall be valid, irrevocable, and 21 enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any 22 contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2; Zoller v. GCA Advisors, LLC, 993 F.3d 1198, 1201 (9th Cir. 2021). 23 Further, the FAA permits a party “aggrieved by the alleged . . . refusal to arbitrate” to petition any 24 federal district court for an order compelling arbitration. 9 U.S.C. § 4; Van Dusen v. United States 25 Dist. Court for the Dist. of Ariz., 654 F.3d 838, 842 (9th Cir. 2011). When a party moves to 26 compel arbitration, a district court’s role is limited “to determining (1) whether a valid agreement 27 to arbitrate exists and, if it does, (2) whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at issue.” 28 Johnson v. Walmart Inc., 57 F.4t h 677, 680 (9th Cir. 2023) (quoting Chiron Corp. v. Ortho 1 Diagnostic Sys., Inc., 207 F.3d 1126, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000)). If the answer to both questions is 2 ‘yes,’ the district court must enforce the arbitration agreement in accordance with its terms; there 3 is no place for discretion by the district court. Revitch v. DIRECTV, LLC, 977 F.3d 713, 716 (9th 4 Cir. 2020). Thus, “courts should order arbitration of a dispute only where the court is satisfied 5 that neither the formation of the parties’ arbitration agreement nor (absent a valid provision 6 specifically committing such disputes to an arbitrator) its enforceability or applicability to the 7 dispute is in issue.” Granite Rock Co. v. International Bhd. Of Teamsters, 561 U.S. 287, 299 8 (2010); Revitch, 977 F.3d at 716. Doubts concerning the scope of an arbitration clause are 9 resolved in favor of arbitration, but no presumption exists concerning whether an agreement to 10 arbitrate was made. Johnson, 57 F.4th at 680-81. “When determining whether parties have agreed 11 to submit to arbitration, courts apply state-law principles of contract formation and interpretation.” 12 Suski v. Coinbase, Inc., 55 F.4th 1227, 1230 (9th Cir. 2022). The party seeking to compel 13 arbitration bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the parties formed 14 an agreement to arbitrate. Reichert v. Rapid Invs., Inc., 56 F.4t h 1220, 1227 (9th Cir. 2022); 15 Knutson v. Sirius XM Radio Inc., 771 F.3d 559, 565 (9th Cir. 2014). 16 17 DEFENDANTS’ MOTION 18 Defendants’ Arguments 19 Defendants argue that the Arbitration Agreement was mutually agreed to and supported by 20 sufficient consideration between LI and Prostek. Further, the Arbitration Agreement states that 21 the FAA governs, uses broad language that covers all of the claims alleged in the Complaint, and 22 includes a waiver of the right to participate in, bring, or collect money from a class, representative, 23 collective, joint, or consolidated action. The Arbitration Agreement is not procedurally 24 unconscionable since it is a stand-alone document with normal font and clear language and bold 25 capitalized language at the beginning and end of the document. The Arbitration Agreement is also 26 not substantively unconscionable because it binds both Defendants and Prostek and incorporates 27 the rules of the American Arbitration Association. Under these circumstances, Prostek’s class 28 claims should be dismissed and her individual claims should be submitted to binding arbitration. 1 Additionally, although the Arbitration Agreement does not affect Prostek’s representative 2 PAGA claim, under Viking River Cruises, because the Arbitration Agreement applies to Prostek’s 3 individual PAGA claim, Prostek does not have standing to prosecute a representative PAGA claim 4 in state court. To the extent that Prostek may argue that the Arbitration Agreement’s wholesale 5 waiver of PAGA claims is invalid, the Arbitration Agreement contains a severability clause that 6 would permit excising the improper aspect of the wholesale wavier. 7 Plaintiff’s Opposition 8 Prostek argues that Defendants’ motion should be denied for several reasons. 9 First, the purported Arbitration Agreement has not been adequately authenticated. 10 Defendants’ head of employee relations who submitted an authenticating declaration does not state 11 any facts to show that she actually has personal knowledge of the alleged signing of the 12 Arbitration Agreement, does not assert that the agreement was identified or explained to Prostek, 13 and does not explain how any employees sign documents (if they actually do so). 14 Second, the Arbitration Agreement lacks mutual assent. Prostek argues that she has no 15 recollection of signing the Arbitration Agreement and that she would not have signed it if she 16 knew of its existence. Pursuant to Gamboa v. Northeast Community Clinic and Trinity v. Life Ins. 17 Co. of N. Am., mutual assent is absent and the Arbitration Agreement is unenforceable. 18 Third, the Arbitration Agreement is procedurally and substantively unconscionable. 19 Procedurally, Prostek argues that she had no opportunity to review the Agreement or seek legal 20 advice, she did not know of the Agreement’s existence, she did not draft the Agreement, no one 21 explained the Agreement’s meaning, and she had no opportunity to negotiate the Agreement’s 22 terms or to opt out of it. Further, the Agreement does not sufficiently explain the advantages and 23 disadvantages of arbitration. Courts have found that these circumstances render an agreement 24 procedurally unconscionable. With respect to substantive unconscionability, the Agreement 25 contains an unlawful waiver of PAGA claims, improperly waives the right to receive money or 26 any other form of relief from a class action, collective or representative proceeding in violation of 27 Labor Code § 206.5, and improperly benefits Defendants by primarily requiring arbitration of the 28 types of claims that only employees bring against employers. 1 Relatedly, severance will not save the Arbitration Agreement. There is no single provision 2 that can be severed to remove the unconscionable taint, and the terms of the Agreement indicate 3 that that it is an impermissible effort to impose arbitration for Defendants’ advantage. 4 Discussion 5 As an initial matter, there is no dispute regarding the scope of the Arbitration Agreement. 6 The Arbitration Agreement covers “all claims or disputes arising out of, relating to or in 7 connection with the employment relationship . . . that [LI] may have against [Prostek], or that 8 [Prostek] may have against [LI] . . . .” This is very broad language. Cape Flattery Ltd. v. Titan 9 Mar., LLC, 647 F.3d 914, 922 (9th Cir. 2011). As such, the claims alleged in the Complaint 10 clearly “arise out of” or “relate to” Prostek’s former employment with Defendants. See id. The 11 issues raised by Prostek involve contract formation and the validity of the Arbitration Agreement. 12 1. Formation 13 Prostek argues that Defendants have failed to show that an agreement to arbitrate was 14 formed because the agreement submitted by Defendants has not been properly authenticated. 15 To authenticate evidence, a party must “produce evidence sufficient to support a finding 16 that the item is what the proponent claims it is.” Fed. R. Evid. 901(a); American Fed’n of 17 Musicians of the U.S. v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 903 F.3d 968, 976 (9th Cir. 2018); see United 18 States v. Workinger, 90 F.3d 1409, 1415 (9th Cir. 1996). The proponent of the evidence “need 19 only make a prima facie showing of authenticity so that a reasonable juror could find in favor of 20 authenticity or identification.” American Fed. of Musicians, 903 F.3d at 976; Workinger, 90 F.3d 21 at 1415. There are many methods of authenticating evidence, see Fed. R. Evid. 901(b), and the 22 proponent’s burden has been characterized as “not high.” United States v. Recio, 884 F.3d 230, 23 236-37 (4th Cir. 2018); Kalasho v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 520 F.Supp.3d 1288, 1293 (S.D. Cal. 24 2021). 25 Here, the Arbitration Agreement purports to have Prostek’s signature, is dated May 11, 26 2021, and has been provided to the Court as Exhibit 1 to the declaration of Paula Adams. Adams 27 declares that she is the Head of Employee Relations for LI and that she has personal knowledge of 28 the facts set forth in her declaration. See Adams Dec. ¶ 1. Adams explains that in her position, 1 she is familiar with the record-keeping requirements and procedures of LI, is familiar with LI’s 2 procedures for maintaining personnel records, and has access to personnel files that reflect dates of 3 employment and positions held. See id. at ¶ 3. Based on her review of the personnel records, 4 Prostek was hired on May 11, 2021 as a customer service representative. See id. at ¶ 4. Finally, 5 Adams declares that Prostek signed the Arbitration Agreement at the beginning of her 6 employment and that the provided Arbitration Agreement signed by Prostek on May 11 is 7 maintained in the ordinary course of business. See id. at ¶ 5. 8 Adams’s declarations demonstrates that, as the head of LI’s employee relations 9 department, she is familiar with and has personal knowledge of LI’s hiring practices, record 10 keeping practices, and personnel files, and has access to those files. The signed Arbitration 11 Agreement was a document that was created at the time Prostek began her employment and it was 12 kept in the ordinary course of LI’s business. Moreover, Prostek’s name and handwritten signature 13 are on the Arbitration Agreement, and Prostek does not deny that it is her signature. Although 14 Prostek points out a number of details that Adams’s declaration does not include, such details are 15 not necessary; all that is necessary is evidence that is “sufficient to support a finding that the item 16 is what the proponent claims it is.” Fed. R. Evid. 901(a); American Fed’n of Musicians, 903 F.3d 17 at 976; Workinger, 90 F.3d at 1415. Therefore, the Court concludes that Defendants have met 18 their “not high” burden of making a prima facie showing that the Arbitration Agreement was a 19 document signed by Prostek. See Fed. R. Evid. 901(a); American Fed. of Musicians, 903 F.3d at 20 976; Recio, 884 F.3d at 236-37; Workinger, 90 F.3d at 1415. 21 Relying principally on Gamboa, Prostek argues that her declaration demonstrates that there 22 was no contract formation and that Adams’s declaration does not adequately authenticate the 23 Arbitration Agreement. In Gamboa, the Court of Appeal determined that an arbitration agreement 24 was not adequately authenticated because the authenticating witness (the defendant’s director of 25 human resources) had failed to demonstrate adequate personal knowledge of key facts. See 26 Gamboa v. Northeast Community Clinic, 72 Cal.App.5th 158, 169 (2021). Further, the Gamboa 27 court concluded that even if the arbitration agreement had been authenticated, the lower court did 28 not err by concluding that the plaintiff had sufficiently challenged the contract formation and that 1 defendants had failed to prove that the agreement was valid by a preponderance of the evidence. 2 See id. at 167. Of note, the plaintiff declared that she did not recall the arbitration agreement and 3 would not have signed the document if she had been aware of it. See id. at 170-71. 4 After consideration, the Court is not persuaded that Gamboa controls. First, Gamboa’s 5 authentication framework and analysis are based on Cal. Evid. Code § 403. See id. at 168-69. In 6 federal court, the federal rules of evidence apply. See Fed. Rs. Evid. 101(a), 1101; In re Taxotere 7 (Docetaxel) Prods. Liab. Litig., 26 F.4t h 256, 265 n.8 (5th Cir. 2022); Primiano v. Cook, 598 F.3d 8 558, 563 (9th Cir. 2010); Park v. City of Chicago, 297 F.3d 606, 611 (7th Cir. 2002); United 9 States v. Yin, 935 F.2d 990, 996 (9th Cir. 1991). In particular, Fed. R. of Evid. 901 sets the 10 applicable federal evidentiary standard for authentication. See Yin, 935 F.2d at 995-96. Because 11 Rule 901(a) controls, neither Cal. Evid. Code § 403 nor Gamboa’s authentication analysis applies 12 to this case. See id.; see also Primiano, 598 F.3d at 563; Park, 297 F.3d at 611. As discussed 13 above, Adams’s declaration was sufficient to meet Rule 901(a)’s standard. 14 Second, Gamboa cited and relied on Ruiz v. Moss Bros. Auto Group, Inc., 232 Cal.App.4th 15 836 (2014) and Fabian v. Renovate Am., Inc., 42 Cal.App.5th 1062 (2019) in finding that the 16 defendant had failed to demonstrate that an agreement to arbitrate existed. See Gamboa, 72 17 Cal.App.5th at 168, 170. The purported arbitration agreements in Ruiz and Fabian contained the 18 plaintiffs’ respective electronic signatures or electronic initials. See Fabian, 42 Cal.App.5th at 19 1065; Ruiz, 232 Cal.App.4th at 840. Further, the Ruiz plaintiff did not recall electronically 20 signing the arbitration agreement, and the Fabian plaintiff stated that she was not provided with 21 any documents to sign and did not in fact electronically sign any arbitration agreement.2 See 22 Fabian, 42 Cal.App.5th at 1065; Ruiz, 232 Cal.App.4th at 840. 23

24 2 A similar factual scenario applies to three cases cited by Prostek, but not Gamboa: Trinity v. Life Ins. Co. of Am., 78 Cal.App.5th 1111 (2022), Bannister v. Marinidence Opco, LLC, 64 Cal.App.5th 541 (2021) and Espejo v. Southern 25 Cal. Permanente Med. Grp., 246 Cal.App.4t h 1047 (2016). Bannister involved a purported electronic signature and an assertion by the plaintiff that she never saw the arbitration agreement and did not affix her electronic signature on 26 the document. See Bannister, 64 Cal.App.5th at 545. Espejo involved an electronic signature and a declaration that the plaintiff did not recall the arbitration agreement and only recalled affixing his electronic signature to a separate 27 employment contract. See Espejo, 246 Cal.App.5th at 1054. Trinity involved electronic “acknowledgments” and clicking a “Done” button, and the plaintiff declared that she never saw, received, agreed, or signed an arbitration 28 agreement. See Trinity, 78 Cal.App.5th at 1116-17. 1 In this case, Prostek states that she does not recall any arbitration agreement and would not 2 have signed one if she had seen and understood it. However, this case does not involve any 3 electronic documents or signature, and Prostek does not deny that the signature on the Arbitration 4 Agreement is hers or claim that the signature was somehow forged. These facts are key. 5 It is true that Gamboa recognized Ruiz and Fabian involved electronic signatures on a 6 purported arbitration agreement and Gamboa’s signature was handwritten. See id. at 168. 7 However, because a handwritten signature and an electronic signature are equally enforceable and 8 have the same legal effect, the Gamboa court found the fact that Gamboa’s signature was 9 handwritten and not electronic was an immaterial distinction. See id. Recently, however, another 10 California Court of Appeal has criticized and declined to follow Gamboa on this point. 11 In Iyere v. Wise Auto Group, 87 Cal.App.5th 747 (2023), the defendant submitted written 12 arbitration agreements that bore the handwritten signatures of the plaintiffs. See Iyere, 87 13 Cal.App.5th at 751. In opposing the motion to compel, the plaintiffs alleged that they were 14 handed a large stack of documents to sign and fill out, they were rushed to sign the documents, 15 and they signed the documents presented to them. See id. at 752. The plaintiffs also stated that 16 they were not given copies of the documents they signed, the first time they saw the arbitration 17 agreement was when a lawyer showed them the documents, they did not recall reading or signing 18 an arbitration agreement, they did not know how their signatures were placed on the agreements, 19 and if they knew they were giving up their right to file a lawsuit, then they would have never 20 signed any arbitration agreement. See id. In relevant part, the trial court found that the defendant 21 failed to meet its burden of proving the authenticity of the plaintiffs’ signatures. See id. at 754. 22 The Court of Appeal reversed and explained: 23 [Plaintiffs’] evidence does not create a factual dispute as to whether plaintiffs signed the agreement. The declarations explicitly acknowledge that plaintiffs 24 signed a “stack of documents” and do not deny that the stack included the agreement. Although plaintiffs state they do not recall signing the agreement, there 25 is no conflict between their having signed a document on which their handwritten signature appears and, two years later, being unable to recall doing so. In the 26 absence of any evidence that their purported signatures were not their own, there was no evidence that plaintiffs did not in fact sign the agreement. 27 Id. at 756. Iyere also distinguished two of the cases cited by Prostek, Ruiz and Bannister, on the 28 1 basis that those cases involved electronic signatures. See id. at 756-57. Iyere observed that an 2 “individual cannot confirm or deny the authenticity of an electronic signature by viewing a 3 computer printout of the person’s printed name followed by the words ‘Electronic Signature.’” Id. 4 at 757. But “an individual is capable of recognizing his or her own personal signature. If the 5 individual does not deny the handwritten personal signature is his or her own, that person’s failure 6 to remember signing is of little or no significance.” Id. Importantly, Iyere also cited and 7 disagreed with Gamboa’s conclusion that there is not a material difference between a handwritten 8 versus an electronic signature. Iyere explained: 9 While handwritten and electronic signatures once authenticated have the same legal effect, there is a considerable difference between the evidence needed to 10 authenticate the two. Authenticating an electronic signature if challenged can be quite daunting. (See, e.g., Espejo, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1061–1062.) An 11 individual cannot affirm or disavow an electronic signature from the face of a computer printout, but an individual normally can recognize or disavow a 12 handwritten signature that purports to be his or her own. (See, e.g., Arkwright Mut. Ins. Co. v. State St. Bank & Trust Co. (1998) 428 Mass. 600, 603–604 [703 N.E.2d 13 217, 220] [time limit for claim against bank based on forged check “‘recognizes that there is little excuse for a customer not detecting an alteration of his own check 14 or a forgery of his own signature’ ”], quoting Official Com. to Uniform Com. Code, § 4–406.5, 2B West's U. Laws Ann. 401 (master ed. 1991).) If a party 15 confronted with his or her handwritten signature on an arbitration agreement is unable to allege that the signature is inauthentic or forged, the fact that that person 16 does not recall signing the agreement neither creates a factual dispute as to the signature's authenticity nor affords an independent basis to find that a contract was 17 not formed. . . . . . 18 Moreover, as indicated above, plaintiffs acknowledged that although they did not 19 read the papers, they did sign those included in the “stack of documents” with which they were presented. It is hornbook law that failing to read an agreement 20 before signing it does not prevent formation of a contract. (Upton, Assignee v. Tribilcock (1875) 91 U.S. 45, 50 [“It will not do for a [person] to enter into a 21 contract, and, when called upon to respond to its obligations, to say that [they] did not read it when [they] signed it, or did not know what it contained.”]; Hawkins v. 22 Hawkins (1875) 50 Cal. 558, 560 [similar]; 1 Williston on Contracts (4th ed. 2007) § 4:19.) That settled rule cannot be evaded by adding, “and if I had read the 23 contract, I wouldn't've signed it.” Plaintiffs' allegation as to why they did not read the contract before signing it—i.e., that they were pressured to sign it quickly and 24 not given time to read it—is material only to whether enforcement of the agreement is barred by the defense of unconscionability, to which we now turn. 25 Id. at 758-59 (emphasis added). 26 The Court finds the analysis of Iyere to be persuasive and more consistent with the prior 27 relevant California authority cited by Gamboa and by Prostek. All of the relevant cases cited by 28 1 Prostek involve an electronic signature. Gamboa is the only case that has found that a lack of 2 recollection and a denial that the person would have signed an arbitration agreement may be 3 sufficient to defeat a motion to compel, even if there is a handwritten signature and no denial of 4 the signature’s authenticity. As Iyere points out, it is a little thing for a person to confirm or deny 5 her signature. That is not necessarily the case with an electronic signature or acknowledgment. 6 Theoretically, and depending on the circumstances, anyone can type a name, click a box, or click 7 “done.” In contrast, forging a signature take a more “skill” and is not accomplished by merely 8 typing keys on a keyboard. If a party cannot challenge a handwritten signature, there is no basis to 9 conclude that the signature was skillfully forged or that the party did not actually sign the 10 document. See id. 11 Under Iyere, Prostek’s acknowledgement that she signed a “stack of documents,” 12 combined with her failure to deny the authenticity of her handwritten signature on the Arbitration 13 Agreement is determinative. Prostek’s contrary arguments regarding formation are insufficient 14 under Iyere and provide no “basis to find that a contract was not formed.” Id. Therefore, the 15 Court concludes that the Arbitration Agreement is authentic, see Fed. R. of Evid. 901(a); 16 American Fed. of Musicians, 903 F.3d at 976, and that Defendants and Prostek entered into the 17 Arbitration Agreement. See Iyere, 87 Cal.App.5th at 756-59. 18 2. Unconscionability 19 Unconscionability is a recognized basis to invalidate an arbitration agreement. See Lim v. 20 TForce Logistics, LLC, 8 F.4th 992, 999 (9th Cir. 2021); Poublon v. C.H. Robinson Co., 846 F.3d 21 1251, 1259 (9th Cir. 2017). The party opposing arbitration has the burden of establishing that an 22 arbitration agreement is unconscionable. See Lim, 8 F.4th at 999; Poublon, 974 F.3d at 1060. 23 State law determines whether an agreement is invalid due to unconscionability. See Shivkov v. 24 Artex Risk Sols., Inc., 974 F.3d 1051, 1059 (9th Cir. 2020); Kilgore v. KeyBank Nat’l Ass’n, 718 25 F.3d 1052, 1058 (9th Cir. 2013). Under California law, unconscionability has a procedural 26 element and a substantive element. See OTO, LLC v. Kho, 8 Cal.5th 111, 125 (2019); Iyere, 87 27 Cal.App.5th at 759; see also Lim, 8 F.4th at 1000-01; Poublon, 846 F.3d at 1260-61. The 28 procedural element addresses the circumstances of contract negotiation and formation, focusing on 1 oppression and surprise due to unequal bargaining power, while the substantive element pertains 2 to the fairness of an agreement’s actual terms and to assessments of whether they are overly harsh 3 or one-sided. OTO, 8 Cal.5th at 125; see Lim, 8 F.4th at 1000-01; Poublon, 846 F.3d at 1260-61; 4 Iyere, 87 Cal.App.5th at 759. While both the procedural and substantive elements must be present 5 to establish unconscionability, they need not be present in the same degree. Lim, 8 F.4th at 1000; 6 Poublon, 846 F.3d at 1260; OTO, 8 Cal.5th at 125; Baltazar v. Forever 21, Inc., 62 Cal.4th 1237, 7 1243 (2016). There is essentially a “sliding scale” that applies, and the more one element is 8 present, the less present the other element need be. See Lim, 8 F.4th at 1000; Poublon, 846 F.3d at 9 1260; OTO, 8 Cal.5th at 125-26; Baltazar, 62 Cal.4th at 1243-44; Iyere, 87 Cal.App.5th at 759. 10 a. Procedural Unconscionability 11 The procedural unconscionability analysis begins by determining whether the agreement is 12 a contract of adhesion, which is a standardized contract offered by the party with superior 13 bargaining power on a take-it-or-leave-it basis. OTO, 8 Cal.5th at 126; Beco v. Fast Auto Loans, 14 Inc., 86 Cal.App.5t h 292, 307 (2022); see also Lim, 8 F.4th at 1000-01; Poublon, 846 F.3d at 15 1260-61. If a contract is one of adhesion, courts must assess whether the circumstances of the 16 contract’s formation created such oppression or surprise that closer scrutiny of the contract’s 17 overall fairness is required. See OTO, 8 Cal.5th at 126; Beco, 86 Cal.App.5th at 307. “Oppression 18 occurs where a contract involves lack of negotiation and meaningful choice, surprise where the 19 allegedly unconscionable provision is hidden within a prolix printed form.” OTO, 8 Cal.5th at 20 126; Beco, 86 Cal.App.5th at 307. Employment contracts are typically contracts of adhesion. 21 OTO, 8 Cal.5th at 126; Beco, 86 Cal.App.5th at 307. However, “if an employee must sign a non- 22 negotiable employment agreement as a condition of employment but ‘there is no other indication 23 of oppression or surprise,’ then ‘the agreement will be enforced unless the degree of substantive 24 unconscionability is high.’” Poublon, 846 F.3d at 1261 (quoting Serpa v. Cal. Sur. Investigations, 25 Inc., 215 Cal.App.4th at 695, 704 (2013)) (footnote omitted). 26 Here, there is no dispute that the Arbitration Agreement was a contract of adhesion and 27 that Prostek was required to sign it as a condition of employment. This is sufficient to show at 28 least some procedural unconscionability. See Poublon, 846 F.3d at 1261-62; Ramirez v. Charter 1 Communications, Inc., 75 Cal.App.5th 365, 373 (2022). Further, Prostek declared that she was 2 told that she had to sign all of the documents that day, was handed documents to sign one after the 3 other, and that Eaton remarked that they needed to hurry up because of the time. See Prostek Dec. 4 ¶ 4. The Court agrees that this contributed to a sense of being rushed through the signing process 5 for all documents, including the Arbitration Agreement. Cf. OTO, 8 Cal.5th at 126-27 (indicating 6 that the amount of time given to consider an agreement may be considered in establishing 7 procedural unconscionability). Given these considerations, Prostek has met the procedural 8 unconscionability element. 9 b. Substantive Unconscionability 10 Substantive unconscionability examines the fairness of a contract’s terms and is concerned 11 about terms that are unreasonably favorable to the more powerful party. Lim, 8 F.4th at 1001-02; 12 OTO, 8 Cal.5th at 129. “Unconscionable terms impair the integrity of the bargaining process or 13 otherwise contravene the public interest or a public policy or attempt to impermissibly alter 14 fundamental legal duties. They may include fine-print terms, unreasonably or unexpectedly harsh 15 terms regarding price or other central aspects of the transaction, and terms that undermine the 16 nondrafting party’s reasonable expectations.” OTO, 8 Cal.5th at 130 (quoting Sonic-Calabasas A, 17 Inc. v. Moreno, 57 Cal.4th 1109, 1145 (2013)); see Gostev v. Skillz Platform, Inc., -- Cal.App.5th 18 ---, 2023 Cal.App. LEXIS 139, *20-*21 (2023). “Substantive terms that, in the abstract, might not 19 support an unconscionability finding take on greater weight when imposed by a procedure that is 20 demonstrably oppressive.” OTO, 8 Cal.5th at 130. 21 Here, Prostek argues that the Arbitration Agreement is unconscionable because it contains: 22 (1) an unlawful PAGA waiver; (2) a pre-dispute waiver in violation of Labor Code § 206.5(a) and 23 improperly insulates an employer from equitable relief and paying wages actually owed; and (3) a 24 definition of “covered claims” that is too one-sided. The Court will address each point separately. 25 (i) PAGA Waiver 26 PAGA permits an aggrieved employee,3 on behalf of himself and other current or former 27

28 3 An “aggrieved employee” is “any person who was employed by the alleged violator and against whom one or more 1 aggrieved employees, and as a proxy on behalf of the State of California, to bring suit in order to 2 recover various statutory penalties provided under the California Labor Code, see Cal. Lab. Code 3 § 2699(a); Viking River Cruises, Inc. v. Moriana, 142 S.Ct. 1906, 1916 (2022); Arias v. Superior 4 Ct., 46 Cal.4t h 969, 980-81, 986 (2009), with 75% of the recovered penalties going to the 5 California Labor and Workforce Development Agency and 25% of recovered penalties going to 6 all aggrieved employees. See Cal. Lab. Code §§ 2699(i); Arias, 46 Cal.4th at 980-81. Due to 7 FAA preemption, a PAGA claim can be divided into individual and non-individual claims through 8 an agreement to arbitrate. See Viking River, 142 S.Ct. at 1924. A PAGA waiver that waives an 9 employee’s right to recover statutory penalties for Labor Code violations that he personally 10 suffered (often called an “individual PAGA claim”) is valid. See Viking River, 142 S.Ct. at 1924- 11 25; Piplack v. In-N-Out Burgers, --- Cal.App.5th ---, 2023 Cal.App. LEXIS 166, *7-*9 (2023); 12 Galarsa v. Dolgen Cal., LLC, 88 Cal.App.5th 639, 648-52 (2023); Mills v. Facility Solutions Grp., 13 Inc., 84 Cal.App.5th 1035, 1063 (2022). A PAGA waiver that waives an employee’s ability to 14 recover for Labor Code violations suffered by other aggrieved employees (often called a 15 “representative PAGA claim”) is invalid as against California’s public policy. See Viking River, 16 142 S.Ct. at 1924-25; Piplack, 2023 Cal.App. LEXIS 166 at *7-*9; Galarsa, 88 Cal.App.5th at 17 648-52; Mills, 84 Cal.App.5th at 1063. 18 Here, without limitation, the Arbitration Agreement waives Prostek’s right to initiate or 19 participate in any representative action. See Adams Dec. Ex. 1 at ¶ 6. This is a broad waiver that 20 captures representative PAGA claims. See id. Such a waiver is invalid as contrary to California’s 21 public policy. See Viking River, 142 S.Ct. at 1924-25; Piplack, 2023 Cal.App. LEXIS 166 at *7- 22 *9; Galarsa, 88 Cal.App.5th at 648-52; Mills, 84 Cal.App.5th at 1063. Because the representative 23 PAGA waiver violates public policy, inclusion of the waiver is substantively unconscionable. See 24 Navas, 85 Cal.App.5th at 635; Cardenas-Cuevas v. Arbonne Int’l, LLC, 2019 Cal.App. Unpub. 25 LEXIS 1758, *10-*11 (Mar. 14, 2019);4 Brown v. Ralphs Grocery Co., 197 Cal.App.4t h 489, 26 496, 503-04 (2011); see also Brown v. Ralphs Grocery Co., 28 Cal.App.5th 824, 831 (2018). 27 4 Notwithstanding state appellate rules, the Court may consider unpublished California appellate decisions as 28 persuasive authority. See Employers Ins. of Wausau v. Granite State Ins. Co., 330 F.3d 1214, 1220 n.8 (9t h Cir. 1 (ii) Labor Code § 206.5 2 In relevant part, Labor Code § 206.5 reads: 3 An employer shall not require the execution of a release of a claim or right on account of wages due, or to become due, or made as an advance on wages to be 4 earned, unless payment of those wages has been made. A release required or executed in violation of the provisions of this section shall be null and void as 5 between the employer and the employee. 6 Cal. Lab. Code § 260.5(a); Estrada v. Royalty Carpet Mills, Inc., 76 Cal.App.5th 685, 707-08 7 (2022); Pulli v. Pony Int’l, LLC, 206 Cal.App.4th 1507, 1517-18 (2012); Watkins v. Wachovia 8 Corp., 172 Cal.App.4th 1576, 1586 (2009). Section 206.5 is read in conjunction with Labor Code 9 § 206. See Estrada, 76 Cal.App.5th at 708; Pulli, 206 Cal.App.4th at 1519-20; Watkins, 172 10 Cal.App.4th at 1586-87. In relevant part, Labor Code § 206 reads: “In case of a dispute over 11 wages, the employer shall pay, without condition . . . all wages, or parts thereof, conceded by him 12 to be due, leaving to the employee all remedies he might otherwise be entitled to as to any balance 13 claimed.” Cal. Lab. Code § 206(a); Estrada, 76 Cal.App.5th at 708; Pulli, 206 Cal.App.4th at 14 1519; Watkins, 172 Cal.App.4th at 1586. Together, these statutes prohibit an employer form 15 coercing a settlement by withholding wages concededly due. Estrada, 76 Cal.App.5th at 708; 16 Pulli, 206 Cal.App.4th at 1519-20; Watkins, 172 Cal.App.4th at 1587. If there is a bona fide 17 dispute as to whether wages are owed, then the disputed wages are not “due” for purposes of 18 Labor Code § 206.5. Estrada, 76 Cal.App.5th at 708; Watkins, 172 Cal.App.4th at 1587. 19 In this case, Labor Code § 206.5 has no application. There is no indication that there was 20 any dispute, bona fide or otherwise, with respect to wages due to Prostek. Indeed, since Prostek 21 was signing on-boarding paperwork, it is unclear whether any wages would have been due at the 22 time Prostek signed. Moreover, the Arbitration Agreement does not purport to settle and release 23 any claims whatsoever, particularly wages due; it merely determines the forum in which legal 24 disputes will be resolved. Simply put, “[r]equiring an employee to agree to an arbitration 25 provision is not a method of coercing a settlement.” Pulli, 206 Cal.App.4th at 1520. Thus, the 26 Arbitration Agreement is not substantively unconscionable through operation of § 206.5. 27 As part of their arguments regarding Labor Code § 206.5, Plaintiffs contend that the 28 Arbitration Agreement’s release of PAGA penalties and injunctive and equitable relief, including 1 equitable relief under the UCL, are invalid because the seek to insulate Defendants from unlawful 2 business practices and relief that benefits the public. 3 It is true that an arbitration agreement (or any other contract) cannot waive a plaintiff’s 4 right to seek a UCL public injunction in any forum. See Blair v. Rent-A-Center, Inc., 928 F.3d 5 McGill v. Citibank, N.A., 2 Cal.5th 945, 961-62 (2017); Vaughn v. Tesla, Inc., 87 Cal.App.5th 6 208, 227 (2023). That is, an agreement cannot bar a public injunction in every forum. See Mejia 7 v. DACM, Inc., 54 Cal.App.5th 691, 704 (2020); see also McGill, 2 Cal.5th at 956 (arbitration 8 clause prohibited the plaintiff from “seeking public injunctive relief in arbitration, in court, or in 9 any forum.”). A public injunction is an injunction that “by and large benefits the general public 10 and that benefits the plaintiff, if at all, only incidentally and/or as a member of the general public.” 11 McGill, 2 Cal.5th at 955; Vaughn, 87 Cal.App.5th at 227. 12 Here, the Court does not find that the prohibition against public injunctive relief applies. 13 First, Prostek has not identified any provision of the Arbitration Agreement that prohibits her from 14 seeking public injunctive relief under the UCL. Although Prostek cites the Arbitration 15 Agreement’s paragraph that waives “any right to submit, initiate or participate in any class, 16 collective, consolidated, representative or joint action,” as well as the right to “bring, maintain, 17 participate in or receive money from any class, collective or representative proceeding,” those 18 provisions do not pertain to injunctions. The waiver simply does not prohibit the issuance of 19 public injunctions, nor does it prohibit Prostek from attempting to obtain a public injunction 20 through arbitration. Cf. Vaughn, 87 Cal.App.5th at 228 (finding that an agreement that required 21 all covered claims to be arbitrated, but that forbad the arbitrator from granting non-individual 22 relief, prevented the plaintiff from obtaining a public injunction in any forum). Therefore, the 23 Arbitration Agreement does not violate McGill’s prohibition against waiving public injunctions. 24 See McGill, 2 Cal.5th at 955; Vaughn, 87 Cal.App.5th at 228. 25 Second, injunctive relief that primarily redresses or prevents injury to an induvial plaintiff 26 or to a group of individuals similarly situated to the plaintiff is not public injunctive relief. See 27 McGill, 2 Cal.5th at 955; Torrecillas v. Fitness Int’l, Inc., 52 Cal.App.5th 485, 500 (2020); 28 Clifford v. Quest Software, Inc., 38 Cal.App.5th 745, 753 (2019). The wrongful conduct 1 described in the Complaint involves violations of the Labor Code relating to employee-employer 2 relationships and obligations, such as an entitlement to rest periods and wages. Correcting this 3 practice would benefit Defendants’ employees or former employees, who are similarly situated to 4 Prostek. But it is unclear how the general public would benefit from preventing further violations 5 of the alleged Labor Code sections. See Clifford, 38 Cal.App.5th at 753. Thus, since the UCL 6 injunction requested in the Complaint is not a public injunction, the McGill rule does not apply. 7 See McGill, 2 Cal.5t h at 955; Torrecillas, 52 Cal.App.5th at 500; Clifford, 38 Cal.App.5th at 753. 8 In sum, Prostek has not demonstrate substantive unconscionability through operation of 9 either Labor Code § 206.5 or the McGill rule. 10 (iii) One-Sided Claims 11 It is true that courts have found that arbitration agreements that apply to disputes arising 12 out of a termination and that expressly limit the claims and conduct of employees are unduly one- 13 sided and thus, unconscionable. See Zullo Superior Ct., 197 Cal.App.4t h 477, 486 (2011); Stirlen 14 v. Supercuts, Inc., 51 Cal.App.4th 1519, 1540-41 (1997) (finding that arbitration agreement would 15 apply primarily if not exclusively to claims arising out of termination and that such claims were 16 “virtually certain” to be applied against the employer). However, that is not the case here. 17 In this case, the Arbitration Agreement requires that “covered claims” be arbitrated. 18 Adams Dec. Ex. 1. “Covered claims” are defined as “all claims or disputes arising out of, relating 19 to or in connection with the employment relationship, and any services and consideration provided 20 thereby, that [LI] may have against the Employee, or that the Employee may have against [LI].” 21 Id. at ¶ 3. A number of non-exclusive causes of action/claims are then identified. See id. By its 22 express terms, the Arbitration Agreement, which was signed at the beginning of an employment 23 relationship, applies to all claims that Defendants and Prostek could have against each other that 24 arise out of Prostek’s employment with Defendants. This is not in the least one-sided.5 25 Prostek relies heavily on Navas v. Fresh Venture Foods, LLC, 85 Cal.App.5t h 626, 636 26 (2022). In Navas, the arbitration agreement applied to “all legal claims between [employer] and 27 5 As noted above, there are four claims that are excepted from the Arbitration Agreement. See Footnote 1, supra. 28 Those claims would most likely be ones brought by Prostek. Thus, the excepted claims would not make the 1 [employee],” and listed nine “covered claims” as examples. See Navas, 85 Cal.App.5th at 636. 2 The covered claims were: termination of the employment relationship, federal and state wage and 3 hour claims, break and rest period claims, training claims, employee claims of discrimination, 4 employee claims about compensation, employee claims about harassment, and claims under state 5 and federal statutory and common law relating to similar matters. See id. Because the listed 6 claims were “the type of claims that only employees bring against employers,” the agreement was 7 unfair to and unduly one-sided against employees. See id. 8 Admittedly, the Arbitration Agreement also contains a “Covered Claims” section that is 9 very similar to Navas. Like Navas, the Arbitration Agreement’s Covered Claims section lists 10 claims of discrimination, harassment, compensation, and meal and rest breaks, as well as other 11 claims such as wage statement violations and retaliatory discharge. See Adams Dec. Ex. 1 at ¶ 3. 12 These are claims likely to be brought by employees against employers. However, the Court is not 13 persuaded by Navas. 14 First, the Arbitration Agreement’s “Covered Claims” section is broader than the provision 15 in Navas. The Arbitration Agreement’s “Covered Claims” is expressly non-exclusive and 16 illustrative as it states that covered claims “include, but are not limited to, any claims or dispute of 17 any nature relating to the employment relationship, including . . . .” Id. More to the point, the 18 Arbitration Agreement also covers claims based on contract and violations of any common law or 19 statute, without limitation. Such claims could equally be brought by an employer or an employee. 20 Second, and relatedly, Navas does not appear to be consistent with controlling California 21 Supreme Court authority. In Baltazar, the employee argued that the agreement was substantively 22 unconscionable because inter alia it listed “only employee claims as examples of the types of 23 claims that are subject to arbitration.” Baltazar, 62 Cal.4th at 1248. The California Supreme 24 Court rejected this argument and explained: 25 The arbitration agreement at issue here makes clear that the parties mutually agree to arbitrate all employment-related claims: that is, “any claim or action arising out 26 of or in any way related to the hire, employment, remuneration, separation or termination of Employee.” That provision clearly covers claims an employer might 27 bring as well as those an employee might bring. The illustrative list of claims subject to the agreement is just that; the agreement specifically states that such 28 claims “include but are not limited to” the enumerated claims, thus making clear 1 comprehensive reach of the arbitration agreement. It is not particularly remarkable that the agreement's list of examples might highlight certain types of claims that 2 employees often bring, since part of the purpose of the agreement is to put employees such as Baltazar on notice regarding the scope of the agreement, thus 3 eliminating any possible surprise. The examples do not alter the substantive scope of the agreement, nor do they render the agreement sufficiently unfair as to make 4 its enforcement unconscionable. 5 Id. at 1249. The Court detects no material distinction between the Arbitration Agreement and the 6 agreement in Baltazar.6 Therefore, Baltazar, not Navas, controls. 7 Pursuant to Baltazar, the Arbitration Agreement’s broad “Covered Claims” sections covers 8 all claims arising out of the employment relationship that could be brought by either Defendants or 9 Prostek. The illustrative examples in the “Covered Claims” section are non-exclusive illustrations 10 that do not in any way limit the claims that may be brought by Prostek. Therefore, there is no 11 substantive unconscionability due to “one-sidedness.” See id. 12 3. Severance 13 Prostek has demonstrated procedural and substantive unconscionability. The Arbitration 14 Agreement, however, contains a severability clause. Under the Arbitration Agreement, if “any 15 paragraph or provision within a paragraph . . . is determined to be illegal or unenforceable, such 16 determination shall not affect the validity or enforceability of the remaining paragraphs or 17 provisions within paragraphs . . . .” Doc. No. 4-2 at ¶ 8. The Arbitration Agreement then directs 18 that a court “should reform this Agreement” in order to effectuate the intent of the parties. 19 Such severance provisions are enforceable and may be used to excise invalid provisions of 20 an agreement to arbitrate. See Viking River, 142 S.Ct. 1925; Grabowski v. C.H. Robinson Co., 21 817 F.Supp.2d 1159, 1179-80 (S.D. Cal. 2011); Little v. Auto Stiegler, Inc., 29 Cal.4th 1064, 1076 22 (2003); Farrar v. Direct Commerce, Inc., 9 Cal.App.5th 1257, 1275 (2017). “If the central purpose 23 of the contract is tainted with illegality, then the contract as a whole cannot be enforced. If the 24 illegality is collateral to the main purpose of the contract, the illegal provision can be extirpated 25 from the contract by means of severance or restriction, then such severance or restriction are 26 6 Navas relied on Zullo and Stirlen to find that the “covered claims” section was too one-sided. See Navas, 84 27 Cal.App.5th at 636. However, the arbitration agreements in Zullo and Stirlen contained additional limitations and exceptions that were absent in Navas. See Zullo, 197 Cal.App.4th at 481; Stirlen, 51 Cal.App.4th at 1528-29. In 28 contrast, the agreement in Baltazar is very similar to the agreement in Navas and the Arbitration Agreement. Cf. 1 appropriate.” Little, 29 Cal.4th at 1074 (quoting Armendariz v. Foundation Health Psychare 2 Servs., Inc., 24 Cal.4th 83, 123-24 (2000)); Murrey v. Superior Ct., 87 Cal.App.5th 1223, 1255 3 (2023). Unconscionable contractual terms may be severed and the remaining agreement enforced, 4 unless the agreement is permeated by an unlawful purpose, or severance would require the court to 5 augment the agreement with additional terms. Ramirez v. Charter Commc'ns, Inc., 75 Cal. App. 6 5th 365, 386 (2022). “There is no magic number of unconscionable provisions that will preclude a 7 court from deeming the entire agreement unenforceable.” Murrey, 87 Cal.App.5th at 1255; see 8 also Grabowski, 817 F.Supp.2d at 1180 (severing three substantively unconscionable clauses). 9 Here, severance is appropriate. The central purpose of the Arbitration Agreement is to 10 have nearly all employment related disputes resolved through arbitration. Prostek has 11 demonstrated a single substantively unconscionable provision that affects one cause of action – a 12 representative PAGA claim. Faced with an identical situation, the United States Supreme Court 13 had no difficulty in first severing a clause that waived the plaintiff’s right to bring a representative 14 PAGA claim, and then enforcing the remainder of the arbitration agreement. See Viking River, 15 142 S.Ct. at 1925. The Court will follow the same course. Therefore, the provision of the 16 Arbitration Agreement that attempts to waive Prostek’s right to bring a representative PAGA 17 claim (i.e. a claim that is based on Labor Code violations experienced by other aggrieved 18 employees) will be severed and the remainder of the Arbitration Agreement will be enforced. See 19 id.; Little, 29 Cal.4th at 1076. 20 4. Representative PAGA Claim 21 Defendants argue that the Court should continue to follow Viking River and dismiss 22 Prostek’s representative PAGA claim for lack of standing. Once the Viking River majority 23 severed the representative PAGA claim waiver, it examined California law and held that the 24 waiver of the individual PAGA claim resulted in the loss of the plaintiff’s standing to pursue a 25 PAGA representative claim. Citing Kim v. Reins Int’l, 9 Cal.5th 73 (2020), Viking River 26 explained: “When an employee’s own dispute is pared away from a PAGA action, the employee 27 is no different from a member of the general public, and PAGA does not allow such persons to 28 maintain suit. As a result, [plaintiff] lacks statutory standing to maintain her [representative 1 claims], and the correct course is to dismiss her remaining claims.” Viking River, 142 S.Ct. at 2 1925. In her concurring opinion, Justice Sotomayor noted that the dismissal of the representative 3 PAGA claim was based on the Supreme Court’s reading of California law, and that if the 4 understanding was wrong, “California courts, in an appropriate case, will have the last word.” Id. 5 (Sotomayor, J., concurring). 6 Since Viking River was issued, at least two California appellate courts have concluded that 7 Viking River’s understanding of California law is incorrect. See Piplack, 2023 Cal.App. LEXIS 8 166 at *14-*19; Galarsa, 88 Cal.App.5th at 652-55. Additionally, the California Supreme Court is 9 currently considering PAGA standing requirements in the context of Viking River. See Adolph v. 10 Uber Techs., Inc., No. S274671, 2022 Cal. LEXIS 5021. It is because of Adolph’s pendency that 11 Prostek requests that the Court stay or send her representative PAGA claim to arbitration. For 12 their part, Defendants acknowledge the significance of the pending Adolph decision and do not 13 oppose staying Prostek’s representative PAGA claim. Given the parties agreement, the pendency 14 of Adolph, and the reasoning of Piplack and Galarsa, the Court finds that the appropriate course is 15 to stay the pendency of Prostek’s representative PAGA claims. Dhaliwal v. Ace Hardware Corp., 16 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 45492, *24 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 16, 2023); Valencia v. Mattress Firm, Inc., 17 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26863, *10 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 16, 2023). 18 5. Class Action Waiver 19 The Arbitration Agreement requires that all covered claims be submitted and arbitrated on 20 an individual basis and expressly waives Prostek’s rights to initiate or participate in any class 21 action. See Doc. No. 4-2 at ¶ 6. An arbitration agreement may contain an enforceable waiver that 22 waives the right to initiate or participate in a class action. See AT&T Mobility v. Concepion, 563 23 U.S. 333, 351 (2011); Dhaliwal, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 45492 at *20, *24; Mills, 84 Cal.App.5th 24 at 1061; Evenskaas v. California Transit, Inc., 81 Cal.App.5th 285, 290, 297-98 (2022). Apart 25 from arguing that the Arbitration Agreement as a whole is unconscionable, Prostek does not 26 contend that the class action waiver is unenforceable. Therefore, the Court will give effect to the 27 Agreement’s class action waiver and dismiss all of Prostek’s class claims. Concepion, 563 U.S. at 28 351; Dhaliwal, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 45492 at *24; Evenskaas, 81 Cal.App.5th at 297-98. 1 6. Conclusion 2 Defendants have moved to compel arbitration Prostek’s claims. As discussed above, the 3 | Court has found procedural and substantive unconscionability. The substantive unconscionability, 4 | however, can be excised from the Arbitration Agreement through severance. As a result of the 5 | severance, all claims save for Prostek’s representative PAGA claims (i.e. claims based on Labor 6 | Code violations experienced by other aggrieved employees) are subject to arbitration. Particularly 7 |in light of the parties’ agreement and the pendency of Adolph, Prostek’s representative PAGA 8 |claim will not be sent to arbitration, but will remain pending but stayed in this case until Adolph is 9 | decided. 10 11 ORDER 12 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 13 Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration (Doc. No. 4) is GRANTED; 14 The parties SHALL SUBMIT all claims pending in this matter, except for Plaintiffs 15 representative PAGA claim, to arbitration in accordance with the Arbitration Agreement; 16 Plaintiff's representative PAGA claim shall remain pending in this case until the California 17 Supreme Court issues a decision in Adolph v. Uber Techs., Inc.; 18 Within thirty-days (30) of issuance of the decision in Adolph v. Uber Techs., Inc., the 19 parties shall file a notice of decision regarding Adolph, a joint request to lift the stay, and 20 either a joint status report or stipulation regarding how the case should proceed in light of 21 the Adolph decision;’ and 22 The Clerk shall STAY this case. 23 IT IS SO ORDERED. 95 | Dated: _March 21, 2023 — 7 Sz 7 Cb Lec — SENIOR DISTRICT JUDGE 26 27 2g |’ The failure of the parties to comply with this notice requirement will likely result in an order to show cause why sanctions and/or dismissal should not occur. 42