Mitchell v. Moore

729 A.2d 1200

• Court: Superior Court of Pennsylvania
• Decided: April 12, 1999
• Status: Published

Opinion

729 A.2d 1200 (1999)

Thomas MITCHELL, Appellee,
v.
William MOORE, III, Appellant.

Superior Court of Pennsylvania.

Argued March 3, 1999. Filed April 12, 1999.

Delores M. Troiani, Paoli, for appellant.

John L. Lachall, West Chester, for appellee.

Before MCEWEN, President Judge, and POPOVICH, J., and CIRILLO, President Judge Emeritus.

William F. Joseph, Philadelphia, for appellant.

Brendan P. McGlynn, Philadelphia, for appellees.

Before JOHNSON, SCHILLER and BROSKY, JJ.

CIRILLO, President Judge Emeritus:

¶ 1 William Moore, III (Moore), appeals from the order entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County denying his post-trial motions and entering judgment on a jury verdict of $130,000.00 awarded to Appellee, Thomas Mitchell (Mitchell). We affirm in part and reverse in part.

¶ 2 Thomas Mitchell and William Moore first met in 1980; the two men quickly developed a romantic relationship. Moore resided in Elverson, Pennsylvania and Mitchell in South Carolina. In the spring of 1981, Mitchell accepted Moore's invitation to spend his "off season"^[1] at Moore's Chester County farm. By 1985, Mitchell had permanently moved to Elverson, where he resided at Moore's farm without paying rent, worked a full-time job with a company located in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and assisted Moore in maintaining his house and farm. Among other things, Mitchell took care of the farm animals, which included aiding in the breeding of sheep and birds. In 1990, Mitchell enrolled at Penn State University for graduate studies. As a result of his academic schedule, he was unable to run the sheep and bird businesses or maintain the farm. Soon thereafter, the parties' relationship soured; Mitchell moved out of Moore's residence in June of 1994.

¶ 3 In 1995, Mitchell brought an action against Moore sounding in fraud, quantum meruit, and implied contract. Specifically, Mitchell sought compensation, in the form of restitution, for the services he rendered to Moore throughout the thirteen years the two men lived together on the farm. In his complaint, Mitchell alleged that Moore had: promised him compensation for his services rendered to maintain and operate his farm; agreed to compensate him for his help in running an antique cooperative (co-op) that Mitchell had purchased; promised him future compensation and the devise of property in a will and codicil; and failed to compensate him for monetary contributions he had made towards Moore's purchase of real estate on Amelia Island, Florida.

¶ 4 In response to Mitchell's action, Moore filed preliminary objections seeking a demurrer. The court granted the objections in part and denied the objections in part, striking Mitchell's claim of fraud for lack of specificity, see Pa.R.C.P. 1019(b), but granting Mitchell leave to file an amended complaint. Mitchell filed an amended complaint, now including only counts for quantum meruit /unjust enrichment ^[2] and implied contract. Moore filed a counterclaim seeking $139,300.00 representing reasonable rent for the 139 months Mitchell lived on his farm rent-free and as compensation for various utility and telephone bills, taxes, car payments, and other miscellaneous expenses paid by Moore on Mitchell's behalf.

¶ 5 After a jury trial, a verdict was rendered in favor of Mitchell on the basis of unjust enrichment and against Moore on the counterclaim. Moore filed post-trial motions seeking, among other remedies, a judgment in his favor; these motions were denied by the trial court. Moore filed a timely appeal, raising the following issues for our consideration:

(1) Whether the verdict was against the weight of the evidence in that:

(a) appellee-plaintiff failed to produce evidence of an express contract;

(b) appellee failed to prove an implied contract;

(c) the nature of the relationship rebutted the presumption of a promise to pay and therefore, appellee failed to prove unjust enrichment; and

(d) appellee failed to prove that appellant wrongfully secured or passively received benefits that would be unconscionable for him to retain?

(2) Whether the trial court committed reversible error by failing to instruct the jury concerning evidence of the will and its codicil?

(3) Whether the trial court committed error requiring the grant of a new trial by permitting the jury to consider claims prior to 1991 that were barred by the statute of limitations?

(4) Whether the trial court committed error in failing to grant appellant's motion for directed verdict based upon public policy (palimony)?

(5) Whether appellant is entitled to remittitur in that the verdict is not supported by the evidence?

(6) Whether appellant is entitled to a new trial on his counterclaim as the verdict was against the weight of the evidence?

¶ 6 In reviewing a denial of judgment notwithstanding the verdict, an appellate court must decide whether there was sufficient evidence to sustain the verdict; our scope of review is very narrow: all evidence and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom must be considered in the light most favorable to the verdict winner. Johnson v. Hyundai Motor America, 698 A.2d 631 (Pa.Super.1997). Judgment notwithstanding the verdict can be entered only if the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law or if evidence is such that no two reasonable minds could disagree that the outcome should have been rendered in favor of the movant. Jara v. Rexworks, Inc., 718 A.2d 788 (Pa.Super.1998) (citations omitted). We will reverse a trial court's grant or denial of a judgment notwithstanding the verdict only when we find an abuse of discretion or an error of law that controlled the outcome of the case. Id., citing Jones v. Constantino, 429 Pa.Super. 73, 631 A.2d 1289 (1993).

¶ 7 Mitchell's claim for restitution for services rendered lies not upon an express contract or written agreement, but, rather, upon the equitable theory of unjust enrichment. Further, we may not make a finding of unjust enrichment, as has the trial court, where a written or express contract between parties exists. See First Wisconsin Trust Co. v. Strausser, 439 Pa.Super. 192, 653 A.2d 688 (1995). We, therefore, confine our review to whether the court properly found Mitchell entitled to compensation under the legal theory of unjust enrichment.

¶ 8 "Unjust enrichment" is essentially an equitable doctrine. Styer v. Hugo, 422 Pa.Super. 262, 619 A.2d 347 (1993), aff'd, 535 Pa. 610, 637 A.2d 276 (1994). Where unjust enrichment is found, the law implies a contract, which requires the defendant to pay to the plaintiff the value of the benefit conferred. Schenck v. K.E. David, Ltd., 446 Pa.Super. 94, 666 A.2d 327 (1995). The elements necessary to prove unjust enrichment are:

(1) benefits conferred on defendant by plaintiff; (2) appreciation of such benefits by defendant; and (3) acceptance and retention of such benefits under such circumstances that it would be inequitable for defendant to retain the benefit without payment of value. (citations omitted). The application of the doctrine depends on the particular factual circumstances of the case at issue. In determining if the doctrine applies, our focus is not on the intention of the parties, but rather on whether the defendant has been unjustly enriched.

Id., 666 A.2d at 328. Accord Torchia v. Torchia, 346 Pa.Super. 229, 499 A.2d 581, 582 (1985) ("[t]o sustain a claim of unjust enrichment, a claimant must show that the party against whom recovery is sought either `wrongfully secured or passively received a benefit that it would be unconscionable for her to retain.'") (citation omitted).

¶ 9 In its opinion, the trial court clearly determines that a benefit was conferred upon Moore as a result of the extensive labor and services Mitchell provided him on his farm and in his home. The critical question, with regard to whether as a result of this benefit Moore was unjustly enriched, was answered in the positive by the court as follows:

Assuming the jury established that a benefit had been conferred by Plaintiff [Mitchell] and received by Defendant [Moore], they only had to determine that Defendant's acceptance of these benefits and failure to compensate Plaintiff resulted in an unconscionable bargain. The jury was aware that Defendant [sic] moved hundreds of miles away from his job, house, friends and family to a different region of the country where he took on a new job and did work on Defendant's [Moore's] farm. It is not unreasonable to suggest that the jury believed Plaintiff [Mitchell] in that he made that life-altering change based on something besides his desire to develop his relationship with Defendant [Moore]. Given this potential scenario, it is likely that the jury could have found that the lack of compensation Plaintiff [Mitchell] received amounted to an unconscionable bargain and therefore, Defendant's [Moore's] unjust enrichment.

¶ 10 "It has been said, an intention to pay for work done will be assumed, except in the case of parent and child. Where, however, it is apparent that the parties, though not so related by blood, in reality bore like connection to each other, the implication does not arise." Brown v. McCurdy, 278 Pa. 19, 22, 122 A. 169, 170 (1923). While it has been held that the presumption of gratuitous services does not automatically arise in a daughter-in-law/mother-in-law context, where a claimant has become "part of the family" the contrary is true. Id.

¶ 11 Both parties concur that when Mitchell moved into Moore's home on a full-time basis, Moore paid many of Mitchell's bills, including car payments, VISA and SEARS card charges, and phone bills. Moreover, Moore claims that Mitchell became part of his own family; Mitchell, himself, admits to having celebrated all the major holidays with Moore's immediate family and received gifts from them on special occasions.

¶ 12 In Brown, supra, the law and facts centered around the issue of whether a presumption of payment, based upon an express contract to pay for services rendered by a daughter-in-law to her mother-in-law, had been successfully established based upon the evidence at trial. The court demanded strict proof of an express contract in order to overcome any presumption that the services were gratuitous. Although the instant case is not based upon either an express contract or written agreement, we find the principles espoused in Brown equally applicable, namely, in order to prove that the defendant in the present case had been unjustly enriched by plaintiff's actions and services, there must be some convincing evidence establishing that plaintiff's services were not gratuitous.

¶ 13 We first note that Mitchell had complete access to a large farm house where he lived rent-free and virtually unencumbered by any utility expenses. The nature and amount of benefits that plaintiff received from living at Moore's farm rebuts any presumption that the benefit conferred upon Moore was unjust. In fact, the advantages plaintiff obtained were compensation enough for all the work he offered to do on the farm; further, Mitchell derived an obvious personal benefit by living with the defendant, his partner for thirteen years, at his farm.^[3]

¶ 14 Having found no evidence which would imply that Moore's services were anything but gratuitous, we cannot agree with the trial court that a theory of unjust enrichment has been proved. While defendant indisputably bequeathed plaintiff his farm (found within the provisions of two wills that were later supplanted by a codicil), the gift was exactly that, an intention to reward the plaintiff through a testamentary provision.^[4]See Wise v. Martin, 232 Pa. 159, 81 A. 184 (1911) ("[l]oose declarations made to outside parties, indefinite understandings, suggested gratuities, anticipated benefactions and testamentary intentions not carried out, about which there is some vague and unconvincing testimony, are not sufficient to establish an express contract, either to pay for the extra services at the death of the testatrix or to provide for such compensation by legacy."). Such bequest is not equivalent to a finding that the defendant intended to compensate the plaintiff for his services and that upon failure to remit such monies the defendant became unjustly enriched. See Meehan v. Cheltenham Township, 410 Pa. 446, 450, 189 A.2d 593, 596 (1963) ("[t]he mere fact that one party benefits from the act of another is not of itself sufficient to justify restitution."); see also Torchia, supra (to sustain a claim of unjust enrichment, the claimant must show that the party against whom recovery is sought either wrongfully secured or passively received a benefit that it would be unconscionable for the party to retain).

¶ 15 Furthermore, the defendant testified that the plaintiff himself suggested that he move in with the defendant because he could not afford to rent an apartment on his own at the time. He, as well as the defendant, thought such potential living arrangement would give the two men more time to foster their relationship. In fact, upon learning of plaintiff's potential job opportunity in nearby Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the defendant anticipated that the two parties would be able to grow closer in a permanent "live-in" situation— another indication that there existed no expectation of payment for plaintiff's voluntary work on the defendant's farm. Moreover, plaintiff testified that he never asked the defendant for compensation for his services and that the defendant never told him he would pay him for his help around the house and the farm.^[5]

¶ 16 To solidify the fact that the plaintiff's actions were gratuitous services rendered during a "close, personal" relationship, the plaintiff testified at trial that after he moved in and began to help around the farm, the defendant told him he "did a great job, that he appreciated what I [plaintiff] did, and it was for — it made the house much better looking, it kept it stable, and that we were building a future together and some day it would all be worth it for me [plaintiff]." While Mitchell would characterize the nature of the parties' relationship as a type of business venture between partners, the evidence at trial indicates a very different aspect of their lives. As Mitchell, himself, testified, he had a "romantic or sexual aspect to his relationship with Dr. Moore." Furthermore, the parties conducted themselves around the home like parties in a loving relationship; they shared household chores, cooked dinners for each other, bestowed gifts upon one another, attended events together, and shared holidays and special occasions with Moore's family. Most potent, however, is the following language used in a letter written by Mitchell to Moore sometime in 1993, "The time I have given you breaking my back with the house and grounds were just that, a gift to our relationship." Moore testified that Mitchell was "his lover and we were living together as partners, and I felt like anything I could do for him, you know, gave me pleasure." To find restitution (compensation) proper for services performed in such a relationship, we would curtail the freedom associated in forming new personal bonds based upon the important facet of mutual dependence.

¶ 17 After a review of the record in this case, including the pivotal testimony of both Mitchell and Moore, we cannot find that the defendant benefited unjustly from plaintiff's services. While we do not attempt to characterize the services rendered in all unmarried couple's relationships as gratuitous, we do believe that such a presumption exists and that in order to recover restitution for services rendered, the presumption must be rebutted by clear and convincing evidence. The basis of this presumption rests on the fact that services provided by plaintiff to the defendant are not of the type for which one would normally expect to be paid, nor did they confer upon the defendant a benefit that is unconscionable for him to retain without making restitution to the plaintiff. See Feingold, supra (Beck, J., concurring).

¶ 18 The circumstances of this case do not require the law to imply a contract in order to avoid an injustice. See Feingold, 654 A.2d at 1095 (Beck, J., concurring) ("unlike true contracts, quasi-contracts are not based on the apparent intention of the parties to undertake the performances in question, nor are they promises. They are obligations created by law for reasons of justice."), citing Schott v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp, 436 Pa. 279, 290-93, 259 A.2d 443, 449 (1969). Accordingly, we reverse the trial court's verdict in favor of plaintiff; the verdict should have been rendered in defendant's favor. Jara, supra. We affirm the court's denial of defendant's counterclaim on the same basis. The various benefits plaintiff received over the parties' thirteen year relationship were also gratuitous in nature; the plaintiff did not "wrongfully secure a benefit that is unconscionable for him to retain." Torchia, supra.

¶ 19 Order reversed in part and affirmed in part.^[6] Jurisdiction relinquished.

SCHILLER, J.:

¶ 1 Appellant, Victor Bailey, appeals from the Order entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County on June 30, 1998, sustaining Appellees' preliminary objections and dismissing the amended complaint for racial and retaliatory discrimination. We reverse.

FACTS:

¶ 2 Appellant, Victor Bailey, was hired at $7.50 an hour in November 1992 by Merit Press as a packager, unloader and driver, a job for which he had prior experience. He was the only African-American at the sixteen employee family printing business, owned and operated by Richard Storlazzi. Appellant asserts that when he was hired, his supervisor told him that Mr. Storlazzi had instructed the supervisor not to teach Appellant how to operate any of the printing machines. Nevertheless, a white employee, who like Appellant had no machine training, was subsequently hired and taught to operate a cutter. Appellant alleges that this employee, during his first six months of employment, was found to have been drinking on the job, but was neither disciplined nor terminated.

¶ 3 Appellant also claims that while he was employed at Merit Press, two employees, Mr. Storlazzi's daughter and his son-in-law, a supervisor, repeatedly used racial slurs and made derogatory racial comments in his presence. These comments were overheard by Mr. Storlazzi. Appellant complained about this behavior to all three individuals on several occasions. No action was taken against the white employees. However, on February 8, 1994, Mr. Storlazzi issued a written warning to Appellant about his repeated complaints. On October 28, 1994, Appellant asked Richard Storlazzi for vacation days without pay during November, his two year anniversary at Merit Press. The days coincided with a period when Mr. Storlazzi would be away. Appellant explained that in Mr. Storlazzi's absence he could not work under the hostile conditions. Appellant was immediately fired. He asserts that other employees who requested vacation days were not discharged. Until this time Appellant's work performance had been excellent.

¶ 4 On November 14, 1994, Appellant filed a complaint with the Pennsylvania Human Rights Commission (PHRC) stating that Merit Press had unlawfully discriminated against him by discharging him because of his race. The claim was also filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC"). Appellant informed the PHRC intake investigator, who prepared the administrative charge, of the disparate treatment to which he was exposed, of the racially offensive comments made by white co-workers and of his repeated complaints to Mr. Storlazzi. He provided documentation to show that he was disciplined for complaining and informed the PHRC that he was terminated because of his race and in retaliation for complaining about the hostile work environment. On May 28, 1996, despite having determined during its investigation that there was evidence "that racially-derogatory remarks had been made in the workplace," the PHRC dismissed Appellant's case.^[1] Appellant requested EEOC review of the PHRC determination. On February 10, 1998, the EEOC issued Appellant a "right to sue" letter.^[2]

¶ 5 On March 9, 1998, Appellant filed a complaint in Philadelphia County alleging that Appellees, Richard Storlazzi and Merit Press, Inc., had violated his rights under the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act ("PHRA"), 43 P.S. §§ 951, et seq., and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Title VII"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e, et seq.^[3] Under both the PHRA and Title VII, Appellant asserted claims of racial and retaliatory discrimination. On March 30, 1998, Appellees filed preliminary objections demurring to the claims of racial discrimination and challenging the court's jurisdiction over the retaliation claims. Appellant filed an amended complaint on April 20, 1998, and Appellees filed new preliminary objections which Appellant opposed.

¶ 6 On June 30, 1998, the Honorable Samuel H. Lehrer sustained Appellees' preliminary objections and dismissed Appellant's complaint. Appellant timely appealed to this Court. On September 16, 1998, Judge Lehrer issued an opinion under Pa.R.A.P 1925(a) in support of his dismissal of Appellant's retaliation claims but asked this Court to reinstate Appellant's racial discrimination claims because the dismissal was "improvidently entered." Trial Court Opinion, 9/16/98, at 2.

DISCUSSION:

¶ 7 On appeal, two issues are before us: 1) whether the trial court erred in dismissing Appellant's complaint for failure to state a claim of racial discrimination; and 2) whether the trial court erred in dismissing Appellant's claim of retaliatory discrimination for failure to exhaust his administrative remedies?

¶ 8 Preliminarily, we note that Appellant did not include his first issue in his "Statement of Questions Involved", thereby failing to comply fully with Pa.R.A.P. 2116 which indicates that the statement of questions in an appellate brief must contain all issues on which Appellant predicates his right to relief. Generally, questions not presented in the "Statement of Questions Involved" are deemed waived. Harkins v. Calumet Realty Co., 418 Pa.Super. 405, 614 A.2d 699, 703 (1992). However, this Court has held that such a defect may be overlooked where appellant's brief suggests the specific issue to be reviewed and appellant's failure does not impede our ability to address the merits of the issue. Larson v. Diveglia, 449 Pa.Super. 545, 674 A.2d 728, 729 n. 1 (1996), rev'd on other grounds, 549 Pa. 118, 700 A.2d 931 (1997); Savoy v. Savoy, 433 Pa.Super. 549, 641 A.2d 596, 598 (1994).

¶ 9 In the instant case, because the appeal is from an order dismissing Appellant's amended complaint for failure to state a claim, there is no ambiguity about the question. Quite simply the issue to be reviewed is whether Appellant's amended complaint states a cause of action for race-based employment discrimination under the PHRA and Title VII. While Appellant did not state the issue, he did specifically incorporate in his appellate brief his argument to the court below on this issue. Moreover, Appellees provide us argument on why the trial court's order dismissing Appellant's racial discrimination claim should be affirmed. Thus, although Appellant seems to have misunderstood the procedural stance of his appeal after the trial court filed its opinion,^[4] on the record before us there is no impediment to our review of Appellant's issue, and we will proceed to the merits of his first question. Larson v. Diveglia, supra; Savoy v. Savoy, supra.

¶ 10 Appellant first argues that he has averred facts in his amended complaint that state a claim of discrimination under the PHRA and Title VII. He claims that he has established the threshold prima facie case necessary to proceed under a "pretext theory" of disparate treatment because of his discriminatory discharge. Appellees, however, contend that Appellant's pleadings are legally insufficient under Pa.R.C.P. 1028(a)(4)^[5] because he has failed to plead with enough specificity that similarly situated white employees were treated more favorably. He asserts that Appellant must not only plead that white employees requested and received vacation without being terminated, but also that they were permitted to take vacation during the exact time period that Appellant requested vacation, and were not fired.

¶ 11 In an appeal from an order sustaining a preliminary objection in the nature of a demurrer, our standard of review is well-settled.

[Our] scope of review is plenary[;] preliminary objections which result in the dismissal of the suit or the denial of the claim should be sustained only in cases which are clear and free from doubt. Further, the facts that are well-pleaded, material, and relevant will be considered as true, together with such reasonable inferences as may be drawn from such facts.

[Moreover,] preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer require the court to resolve the issues solely on the basis of the pleadings; no testimony or other evidence outside of the complaint may be considered to dispose of the legal issues presented by a demurrer. In order to sustain a demurrer, it is essential that the face of the complaint indicate that its claims may not be sustained and that the law will not permit recovery. If there is any doubt, it should be resolved by the overruling of the demurrer.

Hull v. Rose, Schmidt, Hasley & DiSalle, 700 A.2d 996, 998-99 (Pa.Super.1997) (citing Drain v. Covenant Life Ins. Co., 454 Pa.Super. 143, 685 A.2d 119, 121 (1996)). Put simply, the question presented by demurrer is whether, on the facts averred, the law says with certainty that no recovery is possible. Ham v. Sulek, 422 Pa.Super. 615, 620 A.2d 5 (1993).

¶ 12 Unlawful discriminatory practices are clearly defined under the PHRA and Title VII.^[6] Under Section 5(a) of Pennsylvania's Human Relations law, it is unlawful:

for any employer because of the race... of any individual or independent contractor, to refuse to hire or employ or contract with, or to bar or to discharge from employment such individual or independent contractor, or to otherwise discriminate against such individual or independent contractor with respect to compensation, hire, tenure, terms, conditions or privileges of employment or contract, if the individual or independent contractor is the best able and most competent to perform the services required.

43 P.S. § 955(a). Under the federal statute, it is similarly unlawful for an employer to discriminate against any individual with respect to hiring or the terms or conditions of employment "because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex or national origin." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a); Butler v. Elwyn, 765 F.Supp. 243, 246 (E.D.Pa.1991) (citing Wards Cove Packing Co., Inc. v. Atonio, 490 U.S. 642, 645, 109 S.Ct. 2115, 104 L.Ed.2d 733 (1989)). To state a cause of action for discriminatory discharge under either statute, a plaintiff's initial burden is to set forth a prima facie case of discrimination under the analytic framework which has evolved from the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973) and was adopted by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in General Electric Corp. v. Pennsylvania Human Relations Com., 469 Pa. 292, 365 A.2d 649 (1976).

¶ 13 That theory, commonly referred to as the "pretext theory", is used to analyze individual claims of disparate treatment based on an illegitimate motive. It requires a plaintiff first to

... prov[e] by the preponderance of the evidence a prima facie case of discrimination. Second, if the plaintiff succeeds in proving the prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant `to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employee's rejection.' Third, should the defendant carry this burden, the plaintiff must then have an opportunity to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the legitimate reasons offered by the defendant were not its true reasons, but were a pretext for discrimination.

Caterpillar Tractor Co. v. Pennsylvania Human Relations Com., 78 Pa.Cmwlth. 86, 466 A.2d 1129, 1132 (1983)(quoting Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252-53, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981))(emphasis added). This burden is not onerous and is merely intended to eliminate the most common non-discriminatory reasons for an employer's actions. Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981); Allegheny Housing Rehabilitation Corporation v. Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission, 516 Pa. 124, 129, 532 A.2d 315, 319 (1987).

¶ 14 The prima facie standard provides a valuable tool for plaintiffs in employment discrimination cases because direct evidence of discrimination is usually unavailable and the employer has the best access to discover the underlying reasons for the employee's dismissal. Timmons v. Lutheran Children & Family Service of Eastern Pennsylvania, et al, 1993 U.S. Dist. Lexis 18011, 1993 WL 533399 (E.D.Pa.1993) (citing Loeb v. Textron, Inc., 600 F.2d 1003, 1014 (1st Cir.1979)). This is particularly so because the ultimate burden of proving intentional discrimination returns to the plaintiff after the defendant offers a non-discriminatory rationale for the adverse employment action. Caterpillar Tractor Co., supra at 1132. Furthermore, the prima facie model is not to be applied inflexibly, see McDonnell Douglas, supra at 802 n. 13; Timmons, supra at 6, but should be adapted to accommodate the nature of the discrimination alleged. Allegheny Housing, supra at 318.

¶ 15 In McDonnell Douglas, the prima facie model was set forth in the context of a discriminatory hiring allegation. The complainant had to show "that he is a member of a protected minority, that he applied for a job for which he was qualified, that his application was rejected and that the employer continued to seek other applicants of equal qualification." General Electric Corp., supra at 655-56 (citing McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 800, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973)). However, as the Commonwealth Court^[7] has stated with reference to claims of discriminatory discharge:

... strict application of McDonnell-Douglas [sic] would likely prevent a complainant from satisfying his burden of proof as regards a prima facie case because the situation would, in many instances, not involve the employer's seeking of other "applicants" for the position. To obviate this problem, the courts have instead focused on whether the employer retained employees in similar circumstances as those of the complainant other than being a member of the complainant's class.

Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations v. U.S. Steel Corp., 127 Pa.Cmwlth. 646, 562 A.2d 940, 943 (1989) appeal denied, 524 Pa. 631, 574 A.2d 72 (1990) (quoting Reed v. Miller Printing Equipment Division of Western Gear Corp., 75 Pa.Cmwlth. 360, 462 A.2d 292 (1983)). Thus, a prima facie case of discriminatory discharge only requires a plaintiff to show that 1) he is a member of a racial minority; 2) he is qualified for the job from which he was discharged; and 3) others not in the protected class were treated more favorably. Butler v. Elwyn Institute, 765 F.Supp. 243 (E.D.Pa.1991); Burns International Security Services Incorporated v. Pennsylvania Humans Relation Commission, 119 Pa.Cmwlth. 418, 547 A.2d 818, 820 (1988) (stating prima facie case under PHRA is established by showing that complainant is member of protected class, has suffered adverse employment action, and others not in the class have been treated differently). Compare Thomas v. Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission, 106 Pa.Cmwlth. 598, 527 A.2d 602, 605 (1987) (defining prima facie case as whether complainant "was a member of a protected minority, with a desire to remain at his employment, and was discharged").

¶ 16 These formulations require no specificity in the facts to be averred to show the third prong of the prima facie case, and have not been applied to require more. Butler v. Elwyn, 765 F.Supp. 243 (E.D.Pa.1991), provides a useful illustration. The plaintiff in Butler, a black female who was fired from her job after requesting a leave of absence to serve a jail term, brought discrimination claims under Title VII and the PHRA. She was found to have met her prima facie burden, see infra at 1212, on the third prong under both statutes when she "asserted that white employees were granted leaves of absence for personal reasons while she was denied a leave of absence for personal reasons." Id. at 250. Plaintiff was not required to aver that others had been granted leaves when they requested time to serve a prison sentence.

¶ 17 Appellant, in his amended complaint, has clearly stated the facts necessary to establish a prima facie case of discriminatory discharge. Appellant is African-American; he was qualified for his job when hired and served satisfactorily in his position for two years; he requested vacation days and was discharged; other employees at Merit Press requested and received vacation days without being discharged. These statements are found on the face of the complaint and do not require us to draw inferences as we may when reviewing the grant of preliminary objections. Hull, supra; see also Timmons v. Lutheran Children & Family Service of Eastern Pennsylvania, et al, 1993 U.S. Dist. Lexis 18011, 1993 WL 533399 (E.D.Pa.1993) (stating that prima facie standard for Title VII may be met through allegations that imply employer's discriminatory intent and are inferred from other allegations in the complaint.) Furthermore, the facts pled eliminate the most obvious reason for a sudden termination: job performance. Read in the context of Appellant's remaining allegations, his complaint clearly raises a presumption that an impermissible discriminatory reason may have motivated Appellees' sudden decision to fire Appellant. Recovery is possible on these facts; thus, we concur with the trial court which said:

[u]pon a reading of the four corners of the Complaint, we now conclude that Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1028 has been complied with by the Plaintiff. After the close of pleadings and all discovery has taken place, if the facts support Defendant's contention, then other relief might be sought; however, such a conclusion cannot be drawn at this juncture.

Trial Court Opinion, 9/16/98, at 2. We therefore reverse the trial court's order of June 30, 1998, dismissing Appellant's complaint and reinstate his claim for racial discrimination.^[8]

¶ 18 Appellant also makes a retaliatory discrimination claim.^[9] He contends this claim is properly before the courts because it is reasonably related to the allegation of race-based discrimination stated in his PHRA complaint. Furthermore, he asserts that when he, without legal help, filed his administrative complaint, he provided the agency sufficient facts to trigger an investigation of his employer's retaliatory conduct. Appellees counter by asserting that Appellant failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with regard to his retaliation claim, and the trial court, therefore, had no jurisdiction over the claim.^[10] To support this contention they make two specific arguments: 1) Appellant's PHRC complaint states only that his employer discriminated by discharging him on the basis of race and 2) the "race box" but not the "retaliation box" was marked on Appellant's subsequently filed EEOC charge form.

¶ 19 Under the PHRA and Title VII, it is well-settled that a plaintiff must exhaust all administrative remedies prior to seeking redress in court. Clay v. Advanced Computer Applications, 522 Pa. 86, 90-91, 559 A.2d 917, 919 (1989); Parsons v. City of Philadelphia Coordinating Office of Drug & Alcohol Abuse Programs, 833 F.Supp. 1108 (E.D.Pa.1993). Underlying this procedure, which postpones a complainant's right to seek action in the courts, is the legislative intent to use the greater expertise of administrative agencies in the area of unlawful discrimination,^[11] to promote voluntary compliance without litigation and to give notice to the charged party. Lukus v. Westinghouse Electric Corp., 276 Pa.Super. 232, 419 A.2d 431, 455 (Pa.Super.1980); Reddinger v. Hospital Central Services, Inc., 4 F.Supp.2d 405, 409 (E.D.Pa.1998). However, once a charge has been filed, the scope of a judicial complaint is not limited to the four corners of the administrative charge. Doe v. Kohn Nast & Graf, 866 F.Supp. 190, 195 (E.D.Pa.1994). See also Reddinger, supra at 409 (stating administrative charge is not blueprint for litigation to follow). The parameters of a subsequent private action in the courts is "defined by the scope of the [agency] investigation which can reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge of discrimination...." Hicks v. ABT Associates, Inc., 572 F.2d 960, 965 (3d Cir.1978) (quoting Ostapowicz v. Johnson Bronze Co., 541 F.2d 394, 398-99 (3d Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1041, 97 S.Ct. 741, 50 L.Ed.2d 753 (1977)); See also Antol v. Perry, 82 F.3d 1291, 1295 (3d Cir.1996). The flexibility of this standard was made explicit by the Hicks court which unequivocally stated that "if the EEOC's investigation is unreasonably narrow or improperly conducted, the plaintiff should not be barred from his statutory right to a civil action." Hicks, supra at 965 (3d Cir.1978).^[12]

¶ 20 Under this standard, when determining the appropriate scope of an agency investigation, the legal analysis turns on whether there is a close nexus between the facts supporting each claim, Hicks, supra at 966, or, as the Ostapowicz court wrote, whether additional charges made in the judicial complaint "may fairly be considered explanations of the original charge and growing out of it." Ostapowicz, supra at 399.^[13] Similarly, where the specifics of an administrative charge do not encompass a subsequent claim, the court has found that the scope of the investigation would properly have been limited to the facts alleged before the agency and the district court is without jurisdiction to consider the subsequent claim. Antol v. Perry, supra at 1296.

¶ 21 Thus, contrary to Appellee's assertion based on Antol v. Perry, supra, courts have not uniformly rejected attempts by plaintiffs to expand litigation to include types of discrimination not alleged in the administrative complaint. Appellees' Brief at 11. Antol does not support that proposition; rather it provides an example of claims where there is no link between the facts supporting the original charge and the claim asserted after agency investigation. Specifically, in Antol, plaintiff sued the Department of Defense alleging, inter alia, gender discrimination under Title VII, despite the fact that his complaint at the agency level and subsequently to the federal office of the EEOC only alleged disability discrimination. The Third Circuit affirmed the district court's grant of summary judgment to defendant on the gender discrimination claim, based on the affidavit of the EEO Manager investigating Antol's disability complaint, who stated that Antol did not raise gender discrimination during informal counseling or the formal administrative process, and Antol's own admission that during the administrative process he did not suspect gender discrimination. The court found in those circumstances that the facts supporting a disability discrimination charge would not have led to awareness or examination of a gender discrimination claim. Thus, in this instance, summary judgment was properly granted: the failure to exhaust administrative remedies defeated the purpose of the administrative procedure because without notice of the gender claim there was no opportunity to settle the dispute through conciliation and avoid unnecessary court action. Antol v. Perry, supra at 1294-95.

¶ 22 We turn then to a determination of whether the facts Appellant alleges he told the agency, which at this preliminary stage we take as true, Mellon v. Fabinyi, 437 Pa.Super. 559, 650 A.2d 895, 899 (1994), would have been part of his charge and reasonably led the PHRC to investigate whether Appellant's discharge was based on retaliation as well as on race.

¶ 23 Appellant's amended complaint indicates that he was fired on October 28, 1994. Almost immediately thereafter he filed a charge with the PHRC stating that Merit Press had unlawfully discriminated against him by discharging him because of his race. The allegations in his complaint also indicate that when Appellant filed the PHRC claim, he was acting without counsel. Appellant, therefore, explained to the agency's intake investigator what had happened to him and the actual charge was prepared by the PHRC. Appellant told the intake investigator not only that his employer treated him differently than his white counterparts but also that he was constantly subjected to derogatory racial comments by co-workers. He also told the administrator that the company owner did nothing to change the conduct of white employees after Appellant complained about this abuse, but did warn Appellant that he was complaining too much. Appellant alleges that he provided documentation of this warning to the PHRC. Finally, Appellant explained that when he asked for vacation because he feared that he could not cope with the racial hostility of his white co-workers while Mr. Storlazzi was on vacation, he was abruptly fired. The complaint also alleges that, although the PHRC did not uphold Appellant's charge of discrimination, as part of its investigation the Commission found that "evidence did substantiate that racial slurs and jokes had been used in the workplace...." Amended Complaint, ¶ 29.

¶ 24 We find that this information from an African-American employee, who has just been fired, should have been sufficient to trigger the possibility of retaliatory discharge in the mind of even an inexperienced PHRC administrator. The gravamen of Appellant's complaint was the racially abusive environment created by certain employees at Merit Press. Appellant tried to alleviate that situation by complaining to his employer, the owner of the business. When his complaints resulted in discipline to him rather than to the employees, who were relatives of the owner, Appellant sought to avoid the hostility by asking for vacation when the owner was going to be away. This request resulted in his sudden discharge. These facts complaints about a discriminatory practice leading to a discharge beg investigation of retaliatory discharge. See supra 1214. When added to the assertion, uncontroverted by Appellees, that the Commission's investigation uncovered evidence of racial slurs and jokes at Merit Press, we find that the facts alleged by Appellant should have reasonably led the PHRC to investigate whether Appellant's discharge was based on retaliation as well as on race.

¶ 25 Since Hicks, evidence that a complainant would have told the administrative investigator about the allegations in question raises an inference that a reasonable agency investigation would have uncovered the claim or claims. Hicks, supra at 966. While we agree with Appellees' assertion that under Lesko v. Clark, 904 F.Supp. 415, 418 (M.D.Pa.1995), it must also be shown that the complainant raised the issue at the agency fact-finding conference, at this stage in the proceedings, we are limited to reviewing the four corners of the complaint. Contrary to Hicks and Lesko, which were both decided on motions for summary judgment, we have no way to ascertain whether such a conference did or did not take place, and what information, if any, complainant and his counsel might have relayed. Nor do we have an affidavit from any official of the PHRC as did the court in Antol.

¶ 26 Moreover, we do not find it surprising that Appellant signed the administrative charge prepared by the PHRC, which stated he was fired because of his race. The concepts of "protected activity" and "retaliatory discharge", which constitute this additional form of discrimination, are legal terms of art, not necessarily within the ken of laypeople. This is particularly true in a small business such as Merit Press where there are no formal complaint procedures and the "protected activity" is the employee's direct but informal complaint to the employer. If the intake administrator failed to explain these concepts to Appellant, who alleges he was without counsel, he would not have known to check the "retaliation" box. As Appellant validly argues, courts have consistently held that an unrepresented charging party should not be penalized for the technical shortcomings of a charge. Martinez v. Quality Value Convenience, Inc., No. 96-7715, 1998 U.S. Dist. Lexis 15685, at 2, 1998 WL 967377 (M.D.Pa. Sept. 30, 1998). See also Love v. Pullman, 404 U.S. 522, 526, 92 S.Ct. 616, 30 L.Ed.2d 679 (1972) (warning that procedural technicalities are particularly inappropriate in a statutory scheme in which laymen, unassisted by trained lawyers, initiate the process).

¶ 27 We concur; if the facts alleged by a plaintiff claiming discrimination should reasonably have led the agency to investigate a claim, he must not lose his day in court because he stubs his toe on a procedural doorstep. Denying preliminary objections in a PHRC case contesting the trial court's jurisdiction, the late venerable Judge Hoffman noted:

We do not believe that the procedures of Title VII [requiring a plaintiff to exhaust administrative remedies] were intended to serve as a stumbling block to the accomplishment of the statutory objective. To expect a complainant at the administrative stage, usually without aid of counsel, to foresee and handle intricate procedural problems which could arise in subsequent litigation, all at the risk of being cast out of court for procedural error, would place a burden on the complainant which Congress neither anticipated nor intended.

Campanaro v. Pennsylvania Elec. Co., 440 Pa.Super. 519, 656 A.2d 491, 493-94 (1995) appeal denied, 542 Pa. 639, 666 A.2d 1049 (1995) (quoting Evans v. Sheraton Park Hotel, 503 F.2d 177, 183 (D.C.Cir.1974)). Thus, we find that as a matter of law, the trial court improperly granted Appellees' preliminary objections and dismissed Appellant's retaliatory discharge claim for failure to exhaust administrative remedies.

CONCLUSION:

¶ 28 Appellant's amended complaint is legally sufficient to establish a prima facie case of discriminatory discharge. Furthermore, we find that the facts Appellant alleges he provided to the PHRC when he filed his charge should reasonably have led the agency to investigate the charge of retaliatory discrimination he seeks to litigate. We therefore conclude that the trial court improperly dismissed Appellant's complaint for failure to state a claim and failure to exhaust administrative remedies.

¶ 29 Consequently, we reverse the order of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County granting Appellees' preliminary objections and dismissing Appellant's complaint, and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

NOTES

[1] Mitchell was a tobacco broker in South Carolina. He did not work during the winter months.

[2] A cause of action in quasi-contract for quantum meruit, a form of restitution, is made out where one person has been unjustly enriched at the expense of another. Feingold v. Pucello, 439 Pa.Super. 509, 654 A.2d 1093, 1095 (1995) (Beck, J., concurring) (citation omitted). Therefore, a claim of quantum meruit raises the issue of whether a party has been unjustly enriched, and in order to prove such claim a party must successfully prove the elements of unjust enrichment discussed infra.

[3] Plaintiff's own testimony at trial stated that he moved in with the defendant based upon the belief that he would be "provided for" by the defendant; to this end, plaintiff asserts that the defendant drew up a will "mak[ing] sure that [he] was protected for all the things that [he] had done for him in the past." He claims that he relied upon such financial security, thinking that it would be "a forever and forever situation." Such testimony seems to advance a theory of promissory estoppel, not unjust enrichment. Plaintiff, however, did not allege such a theory in his complaint; we, therefore, will not consider such a claim.

[4] Cf. Walls' Appeal, 111 Pa. 460, 464, 5 A. 220 (1886) ("an action will lie against the estate of a decedent for breach of an agreement to make provision by will for one who, at the request of the promis[o]r, has performed services for him .... Such contract may be enforced only when it is clearly proved by direct and positive testimony, and where its terms are definite and certain.").

[5] At trial, Moore characterized Mitchell's work on his farm during the period where he was living there only part-time as "voluntary," stating that "he [Mitchell] said he just couldn't sit around and sun bathe all day, he had to do something."

[6] Having determined that we must reverse the jury's verdict in favor of plaintiff, we need not address the remaining issues raised in appellant's brief based upon trial court error.

[1] Under the PHRA, in cases involving a discrimination claim "if a complainant invokes the procedures set forth in this act, that individual's right of action in the courts of this Commonwealth shall not be foreclosed." 43 P.S. § 962(c)(1). Specifically, "[if] within one (1) year after the filing of a complaint with the Commission, the Commission dismisses the complaint or has not entered into a conciliation agreement to which the complainant is a party, the Commission must so notify the complainant." Id. Thereafter, the complainant has two years from the Commission's date of notice to file an action in the courts of common pleas of the Commonwealth. 43 P.S. § 962(c)(1),(2). Appellant initiated his suit in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia on October 24, 1997, by filing a writ of summons claiming a violation of his civil rights under the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act ("PHRA"), 43 P.S. §§ 951, et seq. and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Title VII"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e, et seq.

[2] Where after investigation, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC"), determines that there is reasonable cause to believe that illegal discrimination has occurred and no acceptable resolution results after mediation, the Commission is empowered to file suit against private parties. If it does not file suit, the charging party will be notified of this decision and informed of his/her right to file a private suit, which must be filed within 90 days. Ostapowicz v. Johnson Bronze Company, 541 F.2d 394, 398 (3d Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1041, 97 S.Ct. 741, 50 L.Ed.2d 753 (1977).

[3] The U.S. Supreme Court has held that state and federal courts have concurrent jurisdiction to adjudicate claims brought under Title VII. Yellow Freight System, Inc. v. Donnelly, 494 U.S. 820, 110 S.Ct. 1566, 108 L.Ed.2d 834 (1990).

[4] Appellant apparently concluded, after the trial court entered its 1925(a) opinion holding that it had erroneously sustained Appellees' preliminary objections to Appellant's claim of race discrimination, that he did not have to raise that issue on appeal. However, the appeal herein is from the order entered by the trial court on June 30, 1998, and not from the court's 1925(a) opinion. See Cohen v. Jenkintown Cab Co., 300 Pa.Super. 528, 446 A.2d 1284, 1289 n. 8 (1982). Because the trial court's opinion was filed on September 16, 1998, more than 30 days after its order was issued and while an appeal was pending in this court, the trial court no longer had jurisdiction to change its order. Pa.R.A.P. 903, 1701; Triffin v. Interstate Funding Co., Inc., 391 Pa.Super. 551, 571 A.2d 1053, 1054 (1990), appeal denied, 527 Pa. 618, 590 A.2d 758 (1991). Recognizing this, the trial court asked this Court to reinstate Appellant's claims. Trial Court Opinion, 9/16/98, at 2. In such circumstances, this Court may exercise its discretion on whether or not to remand the case to the trial court for reconsideration. See Triffin, supra; MNC Corporation v. Mt. Lebanon Medical Center, Inc., 294 Pa.Super. 405, 440 A.2d 528, 529 (1982)(both remanding for reconsideration); Cohen, supra (concluding remand would be inappropriate because of further delay and confusion). In the instant case where resolution of the issue rests solely on the facts presented in Appellant's amended complaint, and the trial court has provided us a 1925(a) opinion, we will review the issue. Not to do so would only delay further the resolution of an important claim which already has been caught for more than three years in a maze of administrative procedures.

[5] Rule 1028 states in pertinent part:

(a) Preliminary objections may be filed by any party to any pleading and are limited to the following grounds:

* * * * *

(4) legal insufficiency of a pleading (demurrer);...

Pa.R.C.P. 1028(a)(4).

[6] The PHRA is generally applied in accordance with Title VII. Dici v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 91 F.3d 542 (3d. Cir.1996). Thus, Pennsylvania courts may look to Title VII precedents when interpreting the Pennsylvania statute. Kryeski v. Schott Glass Technologies, 426 Pa.Super. 105, 626 A.2d 595, 598 (1993), appeal denied, 536 Pa. 643, 639 A.2d 29 (1994).

[7] The Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court is the first line appellate court for all appeals from administrative bodies of state government, including the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission. 42 Pa.C.S. § 763(a). As such, it has extensive experience reviewing claims of racial discrimination on appeal from administrative rulings of the PHRC.

[8] Because we find that Appellant has set forth a cause of action for discriminatory discharge under the relevant sections of the PHRA and Title VII, we do not address whether or not he may also make out a cause of action for other types of racial discrimination under these sections.

[9] Appellant's claim is made under both the PHRA and Title VII. Section 955(d) of the PHRA makes it unlawful "for any person, employer, employment agency or labor organization to discriminate in any manner against any individual because such individual has opposed any practice forbidden by this act, or because such individual has made a charge ... under this act." 43 P.S. § 955(d). The comparable section of Title VII forbids an employer from discriminating against an employee "because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation ... under this subchapter." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). To establish that a discharge was retaliatory, under either statute, a plaintiff must show that (1) he engaged in a protected activity; (2) he was discharged subsequent to or contemporaneously with such activity; and (3) there is a causal link between the protected activity and the discharge. Griffiths v. CIGNA Corp., 988 F.2d 457, 468 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 865, 114 S.Ct. 186, 126 L.Ed.2d 145 (1993). "Protected activity" includes informal protests of discrimination such as complaints to management. Harris v. SmithKline Beecham, 27 F.Supp.2d 569 (E.D.Pa.1998) (citing Barber v. CSX Distribution Services, 68 F.3d 694, 702 (3d Cir.1995)).

[10] We again note that when reviewing preliminary objections, facts that are well-pleaded, material and relevant will be taken as true, together with reasonable inferences which may be drawn from such facts. Mellon v. Fabinyi, 437 Pa.Super. 559, 650 A.2d 895, 899 (1994); King v. Brown, 911 F.Supp. 161, 164 (E.D.Pa.1995). In this instance, Appellees base their motion to dismiss on Pa.R.C.P. 1028(a)(1) — "lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter of the action ...". "When a party uses a preliminary objection in the nature of a petition raising a question of subject matter jurisdiction, the court's function is to determine whether the law will bar recovery due to the lack of such jurisdiction." Kazos v. Diakakis, 443 Pa.Super. 89, 660 A.2d 1359 (1995) (quoting Philadelphia Housing Authority v. Barbour, 405 Pa.Super. 140, 592 A.2d 47 (1991), aff'd 532 Pa. 212, 615 A.2d 339 (1992)).

[11] The Pennsylvania Supreme Court emphasized that:

[T]he Legislature recognized that only an administrative agency with broad remedial powers, exercising particular expertise, could cope effectively with the pervasive problem of unlawful discrimination. Accordingly, the Legislature vested in the Commission, quite properly, maximum flexibility to remedy and hopefully eradicate the `evils' of discrimination....

Clay v. Advanced Computer Applications, 522 Pa. 86, 91, 559 A.2d 917, 919 (1989) (quoting Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission v. Alto-Reste Park Cemetery Ass'n., 453 Pa. 124, 133-34, 306 A.2d 881, 887 (1973)).

[12] The Third Circuit also made clear in Hicks that not only must the court find that any new claims are within the scope of a reasonable investigation but also that any new claims which might be uncovered are within the scope of the charge filed. "Otherwise, the charging party could greatly expand an investigation simply by alleging new and different facts when he was contacted by the Commission following his charge." Hicks, supra at 966.

[13] This was underscored in Doe v. Kohn Nast & Graf, 866 F.Supp. 190 (E.D.Pa.1994), where plaintiff added to his amended complaint two claims which were not raised in his agency charge. The court denied defendant's motion for summary judgment, as to these claims, stating:

The most important consideration in determining whether the plaintiff's judicial complaint is reasonably related to his EEOC charge is the factual statement.... The facts that support plaintiff's claims of improper medical inquiry and intimidation and coercion appear in the administrative charge.... Therefore, one would reasonably expect the claims to have grown out of a proper EEOC investigation. Plaintiff has not failed to exhaust his administrative remedies.

Id. at 196.