J-S29033-23
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
BARBARA ROSS : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA Appellant : : : v. : : : ESTATE OF HELEN F. ROBERTS, : No. 393 MDA 2023 DECEASED :
Appeal from the Order Entered February 8, 2023 In the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County Civil Division at No(s): 17-13294
BEFORE: MURRAY, J., KING, J., and COLINS, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 15, 2023 Appellant, Barbara Ross (Plaintiff), appeals from the order of the Court
of Common Pleas of Berks County (the trial court) that granted summary
judgment against her and in favor of the defendant in an action that Plaintiff
brought against Helen F. Roberts (Decedent) for breach of an implied contract
and unjust enrichment. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the trial
court’s grant of summary judgment with respect to Plaintiff’s implied contract
claim and her unjust enrichment claim for services provided before June 5,
2013 and reverse its grant of summary judgment with respect to Plaintiff’s
unjust enrichment claim for payment for services provided on or after June 5,
2013.
____________________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court. J-S29033-23
Plaintiff commenced this action against Decedent by writ of summons
on June 5, 2017 and filed a complaint on September 18, 2017. Docket Entries
at 1. Because Decedent suffered from severe dementia, appointment of a
guardian ad litem for Decedent was sought and the trial court appointed the
agent under Decedent’s financial power of attorney as guardian ad litem for
Decedent in this action. Petition for Declaration of Incapacity and
Appointment of Guardian ad Litem ¶¶5-6 & Exs. B & C; Koch Dep. at 96;
Plaintiff Dep. at 28; Trial Court Order, 6/27/18. Following preliminary
objections that the trial court sustained in part, Plaintiff filed an amended
complaint that asserted that Decedent owed her $684,217 for home
healthcare services that she provided Decedent from November 2005 to 2017
on the ground that there was a contract implied in fact between her and
Decedent or, alternatively, on the theory of unjust enrichment. Docket Entries
at 1-2; Amended Complaint ¶¶46-55.
In her amended complaint, Plaintiff alleged that she worked as a paid
home healthcare aide for Decedent’s close friend, Marjory Perfect, from 2000
until Ms. Perfect’s death in 2005 and that she developed a relationship with
Decedent while she was working for Ms. Perfect. Amended Complaint ¶¶10-
12, 14. Plaintiff alleged that after Ms. Perfect’s death, Decedent asked Plaintiff
to assist her and Plaintiff began assisting Decedent. Id. ¶¶15-16. Plaintiff
alleged that she showed Decedent a document listing payments that she
received from Ms. Perfect, but admitted that she and Decedent never agreed
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on any amount or hourly rate that she would be paid for assisting Decedent.
Id. ¶¶17-18. Plaintiff alleged that she provided home healthcare services for
Decedent from November 2005 to May 2017, working approximately 30 hours
per week from 2006 through 2008 and 40 hours a week or more from 2009
through May 2017, but admitted that she kept no records of the amount of
time that she spent assisting Decedent prior to 2016. Id. ¶¶20, 23-24, 26-
28; Plaintiff Dep. at 19-29, 112-13.
Plaintiff alleged that the only payments that Decedent made to her prior
to March 2017 were checks in the following amounts: one check for $100 in
2010, three checks totaling $700 in 2011, eight checks totaling $5,100 in
2012, five checks totaling $2,300 in 2013, a check for $20,000 and two other
checks of $500 each in 2014, one check for $5,000 in 2016, and two checks
totaling $14,000 in January 2017. Amended Complaint ¶¶30, 35, 39-40 &
Exs. C, D, E, & F thereto. With the exception of one $500 check in May 2013
that has the notation “Services,” none of these payments referred to any
compensation for services, and most of the checks bore notations such as
“Thank you,” “Merry Christmas,” or references to “kindness.” Id. Exs. C, D,
E, & F. Plaintiff admitted in discovery that she did not report any of the checks
that she received prior to March 2017 as income on her taxes and that she
viewed these payments as gifts. Plaintiff Dep. at 53-77, 118. Plaintiff alleged
that Decedent’s financial power of attorney agent paid her in March 2017 and
May 2017 for home healthcare services that she provided to Decedent in 2017,
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and Plaintiff reported those payments as income. Amended Complaint ¶¶41-
43 & Exs. G & H thereto; Plaintiff Dep. at 67-69, 112; Koch Dep. at 33-34,
66-67, 91-93.
Decedent’s guardian ad litem filed an answer and new matter to
Plaintiff’s amended complaint denying that Decedent agreed to pay Plaintiff
for assisting her or had any obligation to pay Plaintiff for any assistance
provided by Plaintiff prior to 2017 and raising the defense of the statute of
limitations. Defendant’s Amended Answer and New Matter ¶¶17, 20, 28, 44,
46, 51, 65. Decedent died on May 5, 2020, and her estate (Decedent’s Estate)
was substituted as the defendant. Suggestion of Death; Trial Court Order,
6/8/22.
On October 17, 2022, following discovery, Decedent’s Estate filed a
motion for summary judgment asserting that all of Plaintiff’s claims for
payment for services prior to June 5, 2013 were barred by the applicable four-
year statute of limitations, 42 Pa.C.S. § 5525, and that Plaintiff’s admissions,
deposition testimony, and discovery responses established that Plaintiff could
not prove her claims. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment ¶¶10-39.
Plaintiff filed a response to the motion for summary judgment submitting an
affidavit concerning her claims and arguing that her deposition testimony and
affidavit were sufficient to support her implied contract and unjust enrichment
claims. Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment
¶¶37, 39; Plaintiff’s Brief in Opposition to Summary Judgment at 14-18.
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Plaintiff also argued that her pre-June 5, 2013 claims were not barred by the
statute of limitations because her alleged contract with Decedent was a
continuing contract and because the January 2017 payments of a total of
$14,000 allegedly tolled the statute of limitations. Plaintiff’s Brief in
Opposition to Summary Judgment at 18-20.1
On February 8, 2023, the trial court entered an order granting
Decedent’s Estate’s motion for summary judgment and dismissing Plaintiff’s
action with prejudice. Trial Court Order, 2/8/23. This timely appeal followed.
Plaintiff raises the following issue in this appeal:
Did the Trial Court err by entering summary judgment and dismissing the case where [Plaintiff]’s testimony about the existence of an agreement between [Plaintiff] and [Decedent] created a genuine issue of material fact, and the weight of [Plaintiff]’s testimony and her credibility are for the factfinder to determine?
Appellant’s Amended Brief at 4.
Our standard of review of the trial court’s grant of summary judgment
is de novo and our scope of review is plenary. Pyeritz v. Commonwealth,
32 A.3d 687, 692 (Pa. 2011); American Southern Insurance Co. v.
1 Decedent’s Estate’s motion for summary judgment also asserted that the Dead Man’s Act, 42 Pa.C.S. § 5930, barred Plaintiff’s testimony and Plaintiff in response argued that the Dead Man’s Act was waived because Decedent’s counsel took Plaintiff’s deposition and Decedent’s Estate used it in its summary judgment motion. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment ¶40; Plaintiff’s Brief in Opposition to Summary Judgment at 8-12. The trial court did not rule on this issue, Trial Court Opinion at 9, and Decedent’s Estate does not argue that the Dead Man’s Act bars consideration of Plaintiff’s testimony in this appeal. We therefore do not address that issue.
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Halbert, 203 A.3d 223, 226 (Pa. Super. 2019). Summary judgment is
properly granted in favor of a defendant where the material facts are
undisputed and the defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on
those facts or where, after discovery, the plaintiff has failed to produce
evidence sufficient to prove all elements of her cause of action. Pa.R.C.P.
1035.2; Criswell v. Atlantic Richfield Co., 115 A.3d 906, 909 (Pa. Super.
2015); Krauss v. Trane U.S. Inc., 104 A.3d 556, 563 (Pa. Super. 2014). In
determining whether there is a genuine dispute of material fact that precludes
summary judgment or whether the plaintiff has produced sufficient evidence
to support a cause of action, we must view the record in the light most
favorable to the non-movant plaintiff and all doubts as to the existence of a
genuine issue of material fact must be resolved against the defendant.
Criswell, 115 A.3d at 908-09; Krauss, 104 A.3d at 563; Petrina v. Allied
Glove Corp., 46 A.3d 795, 798 (Pa. Super. 2012). An inference of fact that
amounts merely to a guess or conjecture, however, is insufficient to defeat
summary judgment. Kornfiend v. New Werner Holding Co., 241 A.3d
1212, 1217-18 (Pa. Super. 2020), aff’d, 280 A.3d 918 (Pa. 2022); Krauss,
104 A.3d at 568.
The trial court granted summary judgment on the ground that Plaintiff
failed to produce evidence sufficient to prove the elements of her implied
contract and unjust enrichment causes of action. Trial Court Opinion at 7-9.
We agree that Plaintiff’s admissions established that summary judgment on
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Plaintiff’s implied contract claim was proper on this ground, but conclude that
the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on this basis on Plaintiff’s
unjust enrichment claim.
To prove a cause of action for breach of a contract implied in fact, the
plaintiff must show an agreement by the parties to the terms of the contract
that she seeks to enforce. Liss & Marion, P.C. v. Recordex Acquisition
Corp., 983 A.2d 652, 659 (Pa. 2009); AmeriPro Search, Inc. v. Fleming
Steel Co., 787 A.2d 988, 991 (Pa. Super. 2001). “A contract implied in fact
is an actual contract which arises where the parties agree upon the obligations
to be incurred, but their intention, instead of being expressed in words, is
inferred from acts in the light of the surrounding circumstances.” Liss &
Marion, P.C., 983 A.2d at 659 (quoting Elias v. Elias, 237 A.2d 215 (Pa.
1968)). Agreement on the price to be paid for products or services can be
inferred from a history of payment of bills that the other party has submitted.
Liss & Marion, P.C., 983 A.2d at 659. No cause of action for breach of a
contract implied in fact exists, however, where there is no agreement to the
fee for the services that are to be provided and there is no evidence of conduct
from which such an agreement can be inferred. AmeriPro Search, Inc., 787
A.2d at 991.
Here, Plaintiff’s admissions showed that she could not prove an
agreement between her and Decedent. Plaintiff admitted in her complaint
that Decedent never agreed to any hourly rate or amount that would be paid
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for Plaintiff’s services. Amended Complaint ¶17. This factual averment is a
judicial admission that is binding on Plaintiff in this action. Estate of
Sacchetti v. Sacchetti, 128 A.3d 273, 283 (Pa. Super. 2015). Plaintiff’s
admissions also show that there is no history of payment by Decedent from
which an hourly rate or an agreement to pay Plaintiff can be inferred. To the
contrary, Plaintiff avers that Decedent did not pay her an hourly rate for her
services and that Decedent paid her nothing at all for more than four years.
Amended Complaint ¶¶20, 30.
In contrast, Plaintiff’s admissions do not bar a cause of action for unjust
enrichment and her evidence is sufficient to support that claim. To prove a
cause of action for unjust enrichment, the plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) that
she conferred benefits on the defendant; (2) that there was an appreciation
of such benefits by defendant; and (3) that the defendant accepted and
retained the benefits under such circumstances that it would be inequitable
for defendant to retain the benefit without payment of value. Meyer,
Darragh, Buckler, Bebenek & Eck, P.L.L.C. v. Law Firm of Malone
Middleman, P.C., 179 A.3d 1093, 1102 (Pa. 2018); Milby v. Pote, 189 A.3d
1065, 1087 (Pa. Super. 2018); AmeriPro Search, Inc., 787 A.2d at 991.
The mere fact that the plaintiff provided unpaid services to the defendant that
benefited the defendant by itself is insufficient to prove an unjust enrichment
claim. AmeriPro Search, Inc., 787 A.2d at 991; Mitchell v. Moore, 729
A.2d 1200, 1203-06 (Pa. Super. 1999). Proof that the plaintiff provided
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services to the defendant, that the defendant accepted those services with
notice that the plaintiff expected to be paid, and that the defendant did not
pay plaintiff, however, is sufficient to support a cause of action for unjust
enrichment. Melmark, Inc. v. Schutt, 206 A.3d 1096, 1109-10 (Pa. 2019);
Commonwealth by Shapiro v. Golden Gate National Senior Care LLC,
194 A.3d 1010, 1034 (Pa. 2018).
Plaintiff’s evidence, if believed, was sufficient to show that she provided
services to Decedent, that Decedent accepted those services and had reason
to know that Plaintiff expected to be paid for those services, and that Decedent
did not pay Plaintiff. Plaintiff testified in her deposition, consistent with her
averments in her complaint, that she provided home healthcare services to
Decedent and that Decedent wanted her to provide those services. Plaintiff
Dep. at 84-87, 99-104, 123-24; Amended Complaint ¶¶15-16, 20-24, 26-27.
In addition, Plaintiff both averred in her complaint and testified in her
deposition that she told Decedent that she charged for those services. Plaintiff
Dep. at 83-85, 98; Amended Complaint ¶18. While there was other evidence
that Plaintiff’s relationship with Decedent was a friendship and that the
payments were gifts, Koch Dep. at 23-28, 56, 72-73, 86-88, 97-98; Plaintiff
Dep. at 118; Amended Complaint Exs. C & F, and it could be inferred that
Decedent had reason to believe Plaintiff was providing assistance gratuitously
from the fact that Plaintiff continued providing the assistance for years without
receiving any payment, Amended Complaint ¶¶23-24, 26-27, 30, these are
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disputed facts and inferences which cannot be resolved against Plaintiff on
summary judgment.
The fact that there are disputed issues of fact with respect to Plaintiff’s
unjust enrichment claim does not, however, require that the trial court’s
summary judgment on this claim be reversed in its entirety. Decedent’s
Estate also asserted in its summary judgment motion that Plaintiff’s claims for
services provided more than four years before she filed this action on June 5,
2017 were barred by the statute of limitations and Plaintiff addressed this
issue in her opposition to the motion for summary judgment. Defendant’s
Motion for Summary Judgment ¶¶10-11; Plaintiff’s Brief in Opposition to
Summary Judgment at 18-20. Although the trial court did not rule on whether
Plaintiff’s pre-June 5, 2013 claims were barred by the statute of limitations,
Trial Court Opinion at 9, we may affirm a trial court on grounds different than
those on which it based its decision. Livingston v. Greyhound Lines Inc.,
208 A.3d 1122, 1135 n.8 (Pa. Super. 2019); In re Estate of Rood, 121 A.3d
1104, 1105 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2015).
Unjust enrichment actions are subject to a four-year statute of
limitations. 42 Pa.C.S. § 5525(a)(4); Sevast v. Kakouras, 915 A.2d 1147,
1153 (Pa. 2007). This four-year limitation period begins to run as soon as the
right to institute and maintain the suit arises, unless the plaintiff pleads and
shows a basis for tolling the limitation period. Sevast, 915 A.2d at 1153;
Crouse v. Cyclops Industries, 745 A.2d 606, 611 (Pa. 2000). Whether an
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action is filed within the limitations period is a matter of law for the court to
determine. Sevast, 915 A.2d at 1153.
Plaintiff pleaded in her complaint that Decedent was unjustly enriched
when she provided the services and Decedent failed to pay for them.
Amended Complaint ¶¶51-55. Plaintiff’s right to institute suit for unjust
enrichment therefore arose when Decedent received Plaintiff’s services
without compensating Plaintiff and her claims for services that she provided
to Decedent more than four years before she brought this action are barred
unless Plaintiff has shown a basis on which her right to sue did not arise at
that time or the statute of limitations was tolled.
In response to defendant’s summary judgment motion, Plaintiff argued
that the statute of limitations did not bar her claims for payment for her pre-
June 5, 2013 services because her claims were allegedly under a continuing
contract and because the statute of limitations was allegedly tolled by the
January 2017 checks that she received. Plaintiff’s Brief in Opposition to
Summary Judgment at 18-20. Neither of these claims has merit.
Where the parties have entered into a continuing contract, the statute
of limitations does not begin to run until there is a breach of the contract or
the contract is terminated. Crispo v. Crispo, 909 A.2d 308, 313 (Pa. Super.
2006); S.T. Hudson Engineers, Inc. v. Camden Hotel Development
Associates, 747 A.2d 931, 934 (Pa. Super. 2000); Thorpe v. Schoenbrun,
195 A.2d 870, 872 (Pa. Super. 1963). A continuing contract is an agreement
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which does not fix a time for payment or for termination of services, such as
a contract for an extended period of interdependent and related professional
services concerning treatment of a medical condition or handling of a lawsuit,
or a contract, such as a postnuptial agreement, that imposes continuing
obligations. Crispo, 909 A.2d at 315; Thorpe, 195 A.2d at 872-74. Plaintiff’s
unjust enrichment claim, however, is not a claim under a contract or
agreement at all, let alone a claim under continuing contract. Rather, an
unjust enrichment claim is not predicted on an agreement and exists because
there is no enforceable contract between the parties. Wilson v. Parker, 227
A.3d 343, 353 (Pa. Super. 2020); AmeriPro Search, Inc., 787 A.2d at 991;
see also Meyer, Darragh, Buckler, Bebenek & Eck, P.L.L.C., 179 A.3d at
1103 (focus of unjust enrichment claim is not on what the parties intended,
but rather on whether a party has been unjustly enriched).
Plaintiff’s argument that the January 2017 checks tolled the statute of
limitations likewise fails. A clear, distinct, and unequivocal acknowledgement
of a debt as an existing obligation can toll or waive the statute of limitations.
K.A.R. v. T.G.L., 107 A.3d 770, 781 (Pa. Super. 2014); Crispo, 909 A.2d at
313; Huntingdon Finance Corp. v. Newtown Artesian Water Co., 659
A.2d 1052, 1054 (Pa. Super. 1995). A payment or other acknowledgement,
however, can toll or waive the statute of limitations only where it shows an
unequivocal commitment to pay the full debt. K.A.R., 107 A.3d at 781–82;
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Huntingdon Finance Corp., 659 A.2d at 1054; Gurenlian v. Gurenlian,
595 A.2d 145, 151 (Pa. Super. 1991).
There must … be no uncertainty either in the acknowledgement or in the identification of the debt; and the acknowledgement must be plainly referable to the very debt upon which the action is based; and also must be consistent with a promise to pay on demand and not accompanied by other expressions indicating a mere willingness to pay at a future time. A simple declaration of an intention to discharge an obligation is not the equivalent of a promise to pay, but is more in the nature of a desire to do so, from which there is no implication of a promise.
Huntingdon Finance Corp., 659 A.2d at 1054 (quoting Gurenlian).
Plaintiff’s evidence concerning the January 2017 payments, viewed the
in the light most favorable to Plaintiff and resolving all doubts in her favor,
falls woefully short of showing a clear and unequivocal acknowledgement that
Decedent owed Plaintiff compensation for all of her past services or for
services provided before June 2013. In her complaint, deposition, and
affidavit, Plaintiff averred and testified that Decedent’s financial power of
attorney agent told her with respect to the January 2017 checks that he would
“try” to pay her for past services and “wanted to have [Decedent] start paying”
for Plaintiff’s past services and that he told her that the payments would be
by gift checks. Amended Complaint ¶¶37-40; Plaintiff Dep. at 110-11;
Plaintiff’s Affidavit ¶¶37, 39. None of these statements is an unequivocal
commitment to pay for Plaintiff’s past services or even references the amount
that Plaintiff claims for these services or concedes that Decedent owed the
amount that Plaintiff claims. The January 2017 payments were therefore not
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a sufficient acknowledgement to toll or waive the statute of limitations.
K.A.R., 107 A.3d at 781–82; Huntingdon Finance Corp., 659 A.2d at 1054-
55.
Because the trial court correctly concluded that Plaintiff could not prove
a contract implied in fact between her and Decedent, we affirm its grant of
summary judgment on Plaintiff’s implied contract claim. As explained above,
while the trial court erred in holding that there were no genuine issues of fact
as to whether Plaintiff could prove a cause of action for unjust enrichment,
the undisputed facts show that her unjust enrichment claim for services that
she provided to Decedent before June 5, 2013 is barred by the statute of
limitations. We accordingly affirm the trial court’s summary judgment as to
Plaintiff’s unjust enrichment claim for her pre-June 5, 2013 services to
Decedent, reverse its grant of summary judgment with respect to Plaintiff’s
unjust enrichment claim insofar as it seeks to recover for services provided by
Plaintiff on or after June 5, 2013, and remand this case to the trial court for
further proceedings limited to Plaintiff’s unjust enrichment claim for services
that she provided to Decedent on or after June 5, 2013.
Order affirmed in part and reversed in part. Case remanded for further
proceedings. Jurisdiction relinquished.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 09/15/2023
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