Kaufman v. Jesser

884 F. Supp. 2d 943, 2012 WL 2952398, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 100222

• Court: District Court, D. Arizona
• Decided: July 19, 2012
• Docket: No. CV-12-459-PHX-LOA
• Status: Published

Opinion

ORDER

LAWRENCE O. ANDERSON, United States Magistrate Judge.

This attorney malpractice action arises on Defendants Steven and Paula Jesser’s (collectively “Defendants” or “Jesser”) Motion to Dismiss the Complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. (Does. 20-21) Defendants raise four separate grounds for dismissal of this lawsuit pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(6) or Arizona Revised Statute (“A.R.S.”) § 12-2602: 1) Plaintiff has certified that no liability expert is needed in this case, but Arizona law requires a standard-of-care expert in this professional negligence action; 2) the Complaint was untimely filed beyond Arizona’s two-year statute of limitations, A.R.S. § 12-542, for negligence actions; 3) Plaintiff cannot prove that Jesser was the proximate cause of Plaintiffs alleged damages; and 4) Plaintiff cannot prove any allowable damages. (Doc. 21, ¶¶ 4, 7, 11, 14) Because oral argument would not aid the Court’s decisional process and the briefing is adequate, Defendants’ request for oral argument will be denied. Mahon v. Credit Bur. of Placer County, Inc., 171 F.3d 1197, 1200 (9th Cir.1999).

After considering the briefing and applicable law, the Court will deny Defendants’ motion, order Plaintiff to secure a standard-of-care expert witness, provide a preliminary expert opinion affidavit to Defendants consistent with A.R.S. § 12-2602(b) within 30 days, and stay this action pending Plaintiffs filing a notice of compliance with this Order.

I. Background

This is a professional negligence action against a trial attorney, arising out of Plaintiff David Kaufman’s (“Kaufman”) unsuccessful veterinary malpractice lawsuit against William Langhofer, D.V.M., and the Scottsdale Veterinary Clinic over the death of “Salty,” Kaufman’s scarlet macaw. See Kaufman v. Langhofer, 223 Ariz. 249, 222 P.3d 272 (Ariz.Ct.App.2009) (“Kaufman I ”). In a 2007 action in the Maricopa County Superior Court, Kaufman, represented by attorney Steven H. Jesser, asserted claims of professional negligence, wrongful death, negligent misrepresentation, and destruction of Kaufman’s personal property, Salty. A jury allocated 30 percent fault to the veterinarian and percent fault to Kaufman, but awarded Kaufman no damages. Id. Represented by a different attorney,¹ Kaufman appealed. In a published opinion, the Arizona Court of Appeals affirmed, holding that, under Arizona law, a pet owner is not entitled to recover damages for the emotional distress and loss of companionship over the death of his or her pet. Id., 223 Ariz. at 250, 222 P.3d at 273.² According to undisputed information in a public record provided by Kaufman, Kaufman’s petition for review to the Arizona Supreme Court was denied on May 21, 2010. (Doc. 25-1 at 1)

According to the published appellate opinion, Kaufman purchased Salty in late 1996. Id. It was uncontested at trial that Salty was intelligent, affectionate, and playful. Kaufman considered Salty his companion. Salty accompanied Kaufman to work, engaged with customers in Kaufman’s business, and participated in family holidays. Id. On May 1, 2005, a bird breeder diagnosed Salty with a cloacal prolapse.³ Id. Kaufman brought Salty to Dr. Langhofer on May 5, 2005. After multiple consultations, Dr. Langhofer performed two operations, which cured Salty’s cloacal prolapse, but left Salty with a uterine prolapse. Salty never fully recovered from the second operation, began to suffer respiratory distress, and died on June 21, 2005. Id.

Kaufman filed this legal malpractice suit (“Kaufman II”) against his former attorney in the Maricopa County Superior Court, State of Arizona, on December 21, 2011. (Docs. 1, ¶ 1 at 1; 1-1 at 3) Defendants were served on February 7, 2012, and removed this action to this District Court on March 5, 2012. (Id.) Before answering the Complaint, Defendants filed the pending motion.

A. The Allegations

The Complaint alleges multiple failures by Jesser, an Illinois-based attorney admitted to practice law in numerous state courts, including Arizona, to meet the applicable standard of care before and during the trial of Kaufman I. (Doc. 1-1 at 3-16) Kaufman alleges that Jesser “held himself out to the public as an experienced provider of specialized law pertaining to animal litigation.” (Id., ¶ 12 at 5) The Complaint in this lawsuit, Kaufman II, asserts, inter alia, that Jesser:

1. “failed to prepare a ... Rule 26.1 Disclosure Statement, and [Jesser] did not insist that [defendants] provide him one[;]” ⁴

2. failed “to list many of [Kaufman’s] exhibits and witnesses in a joint pretrial statement ... resulting] in the exclusion of several of [Kaufman’s] witnesses and many exhibits [at trial;]”

3. failed to instruct Kaufman to obtain clean copies of exhibits to introduce in evidence at trial, resulting in “[m]any of [Kaufman’s] key exhibits [being] excluded at trial because the documents contained [Kaufman’s] handwritten notes.”

4. “failed to submit any proposed jury instructions relating to recovery of veterinary fees [in excess of $10,000] [and submitted] no instruction on damages of any kind[;]”⁵

5. failed to “request that the court reform or amend the jury verdict to include nominal damages” “[a]fter the jury returned' a verdict in favor of [Kaufman] but awarded him zero dollars in damages[;]”

6. “was aware that Dr. Vaughn [Kaufman’s veterinary expert witness] was charging exorbitant fees [over $107,000] to [Kaufman] for services that were not provided, yet [Jesser] did nothing to intervene with Dr. Vaughn or suggest that another expert be retained[;]”

7. failed to “require [defendants] to answer interrogatories, even after the trial court granted [Kaufman’s] motion to compel [defendants’] response[;] and

8. failed to “request[] that the trial date be set far enough in the future to conclude all necessary discovery.”

{Id., ¶¶ 13-20,- 29, 31, 42) According to Kaufman, the end result in Kaufman I was the jury found for Kaufman, awarded him no damages, the trial court awarded defendants $6,500 in costs as the prevailing party, Kaufman then lost on appeal and defendants were again awarded their costs as the prevailing party. {Id., ¶¶ 21-23; doc. 25 at 4) Kaufman claims he “spent substantial amounts to retain what he understood to be experienced and highly competent council (sic), only to discover that he had purchased representation rid-died with numerous errors committed by Mr. Jesser.” (Doc. 25 at 4)

The Complaint alleges that, as a direct and proximate result of Jesser’s “multiple breaches of his duty owed” to Kaufman, Kaufman “sustained various damages, including, but not limited to, the failure to recover (a) amounts paid for veterinary bills, (b) the value [Kaufman] placed on Salty, ... (c) costs incurred in the action ... [d] payment of [defendant’s] costs, [e] payment of an attorney to appeal the adverse decisions caused by [Jesser’s] actions and/or inactions, [¶] payment of Dr. Vaughn’s excessive expert fees, and [g] payment of [Jesser’s] attorney’s fees of over $120,000.00 for inadequate representation.” (Doc. 1-1, ¶¶ 48-49 at 13-14)

II. Jurisdiction

On March 5, 2012, Defendants removed this action on the basis that jurisdiction exists under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 because the parties’ citizenship is completely diverse and the amount in controversy exceeds the sum of $75,000.00, exclusive of interest and costs. (Doc. 1, ¶¶ 2-4) The Notice of Removal alleges Kaufman is a citizen of the State of Arizona and Defendants are citizens of the State of Illinois. (Id., ¶ 2) All parties have consented in writing to magistrate-judge jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). (Docs. 13-15)

A. Choice of Law

“[F]ederal courts sitting in diversity jurisdiction apply state substantive law and federal procedural law.” Enterprise Bank & Trust n Vintage Ranch Inn, LLC, 2012 WL 1267988, *2 (D.Ariz. April 16, 2012) (quoting Freund v. Nycomed Amersham, 347 F.3d 752, 761 (9th Cir.2003) (internal quotation marks omitted)). Because jurisdiction in this case is based on diversity, Arizona substantive law applies to this action. Nevertheless, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure govern the procedural aspects of this action after removal. Rule 81(c)(1), Fed.R.Civ.P. (“These rules apply to a civil action after it is removed from a state court.”).

B. Substantive Law

Arizona substantive law is one that gives rise to “[state-created] rights and obligations in such a way that its application in federal court is required.” Amor v. Arizona, 2010 WL 960379, *6 (D.Ariz. March 15, 2010) (quoting Byrd v. Blue Ridge Rural Elec. Co-op., 356 U.S. 525, 535, 78 S.Ct. 893, 2 L.Ed.2d 953 (1958)). A law is substantive if it would “significantly affect the result of a litigation for a federal court to disregard a law of a State that would be controlling in an action upon the same claim by the same parties in a State court.” Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460, 466, 85 S.Ct. 1136, 14 L.Ed.2d 8 (1965). The outcome-determinative test must be read with “reference to the twin aims of the Erie rule: discouragement of forum-shopping and avoidance of inequitable administration of the laws.” Id. at 468, 85 S.Ct. 1136 (referring to Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938)). The proper inquiry is “[w]hether the federal policy ... should yield to the state rule in the interest of furthering the objective that the litigation should not come out one way in the federal court and another way in the state court.” Amor, 2010 WL 960379, *6 (quoting Byrd, 356 U.S. at 538, 78 S.Ct. 893). “[Bjecause the Federal Rules [of Civil Procedure] are not sufficiently broad to cover th[is] issue before this Court, and in furtherance of the twin aims of Erie,” the district court in Amor found A.R.S. § 12-2603 was substantive and applicable to a medical negligence action brought in the District Court of Arizona pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act. Id. at *9.

III. Standard of Review

A. Failure to State a Claim

A complaint must contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief[.]” Rule 8(a). Dismissal of a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) may be granted for two reasons: 1) failure to allege a cognizable legal theory, or 2) the facts alleged are insufficient to state a cognizable legal theory. Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep't, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir.1990).

To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion in federal courts, the complaint must not only meet the requirements of Rule 8(a)(2), but it must also provide a defendant “fair notice of what the ... claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (citation omitted).⁶

Although a complaint challenged for failure to state a claim does not need detailed factual allegations, a plaintiffs obligation to provide the grounds for relief requires “more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (internal citations omitted). The factual allegations of the complaint must be sufficient to raise plaintiffs right to relief above a speculative level. Id. Rule 8(a)(2) “requires a ‘showing,’ rather than a blanket assertion, of entitlement to relief. Without some factual allegation in the complaint, it is hard to see how a claimant could satisfy the requirement of providing not only ‘fair notice’ of the nature of the claim, but also ‘grounds’ on which the claim rests.” Id. (citation omitted).

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8’s pleading standard demands more than “an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955). A complaint that offers nothing more than naked assertions will not suffice. To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, which, if accepted as true, states a claim to relief that is “plausible on its face.” Id. Facial plausibility exists if the pleader pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. Id. Plausibility does not equal “probability,” but plausibility requires more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully. Id. “Where a complaint pleads facts that are ‘merely consistent’ with a defendant’s liability, it ‘stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief.’ ” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955).

In deciding whether to grant a motion to dismiss, a district court must accept all “well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint as true, [but courts] are not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955) (internal quotation marks omitted). A court is not “required to accept as true allegations that are merely conelusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir.2001).

With a few exceptions, when “matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment under Rule 56.” Rule 12(d), Fed.R.Civ.P. Pursuant to Fed. R.Evid. 201, a district court may, however, properly take judicial notice of matters of public record without converting a motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment, as long as the facts noticed are not subject to reasonable dispute. Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 689 (9th Cir.2001) (citation omitted); see also United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 908-09 (9th Cir.2003). Pleadings and orders in other actions are matters of public record; hence, they are properly the subject of judicial notice. See e.g., Reyn’s Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA Inc., 442 F.3d 741, 746 n. 6 (9th Cir.2006) (taking judicial notice, as a matter of public record, “pleadings, memoranda, expert reports, etc., from [earlier] litigation!,]” which were thus “readily verifiable”); Kourtis v. Cameron, 419 F.3d 989, 994 n. 2 (9th Cir.2005) (citation omitted), overruled on other grounds, Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 128 S.Ct. 2161, 171 L.Ed.2d 155 (2008); Williams v. Secretary, Dept. of Corrections, 2009 WL 2147491, *1 (M.D.Fla. July 16, 2009) (taking judicial notice of the date an appellate mandate was issued). “On a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, when a court takes judicial notice of another court’s opinion, it may do so not for the truth of the facts recited therein, but for the existence of the opinion, which is not subject to reasonable dispute over its authenticity.” Lee, 250 F.3d at 690 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

Discussion

The Court finds that Kaufman’s Complaint alleges plausible claims of professional negligence against attorney Jesser committed before and during the trial in Kaufman I. Because the Court must accept all “well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint as true,” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at - 678,- 129 S.Ct. 1937, the Complaint’s factual allegations are sufficiently specific to show Kaufman’s right to relief is plausible and “above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955. Far from relying on “mere labels, conclusions or a formulaic recitation of the elements of his causes of action,” id., the Complaint details Jesser’s alleged errors in judgment and omissions that, if proven by appropriate evidence, fell below the standard of care commonly exercised by trial attorneys in the Phoenix community, causing Kaufman’s damages. For example, the Complaint alleges Jesser failed to file, and make the court aware of defendant’s failure to file, a disclosure statement, resulting in the exclusion of Kaufman’s exhibits and witnesses at trial; failed to identify many of Kaufman’s exhibits and witnesses in a joint pretrial statement, resulting in their exclusion at trial; failed to offer in evidence trial exhibits without handwritten notes (“clean”) written on them, resulting in their exclusion from the jury; failed to submit proposed jury instructions or a damage instruction addressing all damages to which an aggrieved pet owner may be entitled to recover, resulting in the waiver of certain damage arguments on appeal; and failed to make the court aware of defendant’s continued failure to answer interrogatories, even after the trial court granted Kaufman’s motion to compel such answers. (Doc. 1-1 at 3-16) Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted is without merit and denied.

IV. Governing Law

A. Attorney Negligence Law

“In Arizona,’an attorney must act for his client in a reasonably careful and skillful manner in light of his special professional knowledge.’ ” Cecala v. Newman, 532 F.Supp.2d 1118, 1134 (D.Ariz. 2007) (quoting Martin v. Burns, 102 Ariz. 341, 343, 429 P.2d 660, 662 (Ariz.1967)). “Although held to standards of care and loyalty, lawyers are not guarantors of successful litigation outcomes.” Id. (citing Talbot v. Schroeder, 13 Ariz.App. 230, 231, 475 P.2d 520, 521 (Ariz.Ct.App.1970)). “Malpractice liability attaches only when the breach of the applicable standard of care or conduct is the cause in fact and legal cause of a cognizable injury to the client.” Id.

A plaintiff asserting a malpractice claim against an attorney under Arizona law must establish four elements to make out a prima facie case: “(1) the existence of an attorney-client relationship which imposes a duty on the attorney to exercise that degree of skill, care, and knowledge commonly exercised by members of the profession, (2) breach of that duty, (3) that such negligence was the actual and proximate cause of resulting injury, and (4) the nature and extent of damages.” McClure Enters. Inc. v. General Ins. Co. of Am., 2009 WL 73677, *3 (D.Ariz. Jan. 9, 2009) (citing, among others, Glaze v. Larsen, 207 Ariz. 26, 29, 83 P.3d 26, 29 (Ariz.2004); Phillips v. Clancy, 152 Ariz. 415, 418, 733 P.2d 300, 303 (Ariz. Ct.App.1986)). “Expert testimony is generally required ‘to establish the standard of care by which the professional actions of an attorney are measured and to determine whether the attorney deviated from the proper standard.’ ” Wise v. Polis, 2008 WL 4927376 (Ariz.Ct.App. November 18, 2008) (quoting Baird v. Pace, 156 Ariz. 418, 420, 752 P.2d 507, 509 (Ariz.Ct.App. 1987)). A trial for legal malpractice regarding errors occurring before or during a first trial is commonly referred to as a “case within the case.” Phillips, 152 Ariz. at 418, 733 P.2d at 303. Where, however, the attorney’s negligence “is so grossly apparent that a lay person would have no difficulty recognizing it,” expert testimony is not required. Asphalt Eng’rs., Inc. v. Galusha, 160 Ariz. 134, 135-36, 770 P.2d 1180, 1181-82 (Ariz.Ct.App.1989). For example, expert testimony on the standard of care is generally not required where the plaintiff alleges breach of contract rather than conduct that fell below the standard of care or where an accused attorney acknowledges that his conduct constituted malpractice. Id., 160 Ariz. at 136, 770 P.2d at 1182.

“When the malpractice sounds in negligence, ‘the plaintiff must prove that but for the attorney’s negligence, [the plaintiff] would have been successful in the prosecution ... of the original suit.’ ” Cecala, 532 F.Supp.2d at 1136 (quoting Phillips, 152 Ariz. at 418, 733 P.2d at 303) (emphasis added); see also McClure Enters. Inc., 2009 WL 73677, *17 (“While [the attorney] may have admitted that his shortcomings caused damage to [the plaintiff], [the plaintiff] must still prove that but for [the attorney’s] negligence, [the plaintiff] would have succeeded in the original suit.”) (citation omitted). “Conversely, ‘but-for’ causation does not exist if the event would have occurred without the lawyer’s conduct.” Cecala, 532 F.Supp.2d at 1136 (quoting 1 Ronald E. Mallen & Jeffery M. Smith, Legal Malpractice § 8:5 at 984 (2007)). “Where the attorney’s error was an omission, the inquiry is, assuming the attorney performed the act, would the plaintiff have achieved the claimed benefit?” Id. (citation omitted). This case raises this precise issue.

As set forth above, Arizona’s substantive law applies to this case. Here, the parties mistakenly equate Arizona’s statutory requirements for expert testimony in suits against licensed professionals, A.R.S. §§ 12-2601 to 2605, as State rules on “discovery procedures,” doc. 26 at 2, or “disclosure-based discovery”, doc. 25 at 1, when, in fact, Arizona’s statutory expert disclosure scheme is substantive Arizona law. In Seisinger n Siebel, 220 Ariz. 85, 95, 203 P.3d 483, 493 (Ariz.2009), the Arizona Supreme Court found that Arizona’s statutory requirements for the use of liability experts, such as, § 12-2604(A), is “substantive in much the same sense” as is its codification of the common law for medical malpractice actions in A.R.S. § 12-563.

[B]eeause § 12-563 defines the elements of a cause of action, it is plainly substantive. Section 12-260k(A) is substantive in much the same sense. It “regulates rights,” [citation omitted] by modifying the common law to increase a plaintiffs burden of production with respect to a statutory element of the tort, departure from the standard of care. Before the enactment of § 12-2604(A), [a plaintiff] could satisfy that burden by presenting the testimony of [an expert witness], assuming he qualifies as an expert under Rule 702. After § 12-2604(A) became effective, the same evidence is not sufficient, as a matter of law, to avoid summary judgment. The statute thus did not merely alter court procedures, but rather changed the substantive law as to what a plaintiff must prove in medical malpractice actions, [citation omitted] Legg [v. Chopra ], 286 F.3d [286] at 290 [(6th Cir.2002)] (“State witness competency rules are often intimately intertwined with a state substantive rule. This is especially true with medical malpractice statutes, because expert testimony is usually required to establish the standard of care.”).

220 Ariz. at 95, 203 P.3d at 493 (emphasis added); see also M.M. v. Yuma County, 2011 WL 5519905, *2 (D.Ariz. November 14, 2011) (A.R.S. § 12-2604(A)(3) “is substantive, not procedural.”) (citing Seisinger, 220 Ariz. at 95, 203 P.3d at 493-94). Section 12-2604(A) sets forth the minimum qualifications for an expert to provide testimony on the appropriate standard of care in medical malpractice cases and § 12-2603, like § 12-2602, requires a person bringing a claim against a healthcare professional to file a preliminary expert opinion affidavit, but it also permits the party “a reasonable time to cure any affidavit” if the affidavit is insufficient. See A.R.S. §§ 12-2603(F), -2602(E).⁷ In Jilly v. Rayes, 221 Ariz. 40, 42, 209 P.3d 176, 178 (Ariz.Ct.App.2009), the Arizona Court of Appeals described A.R.S. § 12-2602 as a “similar statute” to its companion statutes, A.R.S. §§ 12-2603 and 12-2604, which deal with liability experts in medical negligence actions.

As it does here, in Mann v. United States, 2012 WL 273690, *7-8 (D.Ariz. January 31, 2012), the undersigned Magistrate Judge adopted the view that Arizona’s statutory expert disclosure scheme against a healthcare professional is substantive Arizona law. Mann was a medical negligence action brought pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act, which, with minor exceptions, is governed in accordance with the law of the place where the act or omission occurred. See Autery v. United States, 424 F.3d 944, 956 (9th Cir.2005); Gil v. Reed, 535 F.3d 551, 558 n. 2 (7th Cir.2008) (“In FTCA cases, state law applies to substantive questions and federal rules govern procedural matters.”). In light of the twin aims of Erie and because it “regulates rights,” Seisinger, 220 Ariz. at 95, 203 P.3d at 493, the Court concludes that A.R.S. § 12-2602 is substantive State law and controlling in this diversity action.

B. Preliminary Expert Opinion Testimony

Arizona has enacted statutes concerning malpractice suits against professionals and healthcare providers. See A.R.S. §§ 12-2601 to 2605. Amended in 1999 by the Arizona Legislature, A.R.S. § 12-2602 outlines the circumstances requiring a plaintiff to disclose preliminary expert opinion evidence for actions against licensed, non-healthcare professionals, including attorneys. A.R.S. § 12-2602 provides, in relevant part, as follows:

A. If a claim against a licensed professional is asserted in a civil action, the claimant or the claimant’s attorney shall certify in a written statement that is filed and served with the claim whether or not expert opinion testimony is necessary to prove the licensed professional’s standard of care or liability for the claim.

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D.If the claimant or the claimant’s attorney certifies that expert testimony is not required for its claim and the licensed professional who is defending the claim disputes that certification in good faith, the licensed professional may apply by motion to the court for an order requiring the claimant to obtain and serve a preliminary expert opinion affidavit under this section. In its motion, the licensed professional shall identify the following:

1. The claim for which it believes expert testimony is needed.

2. The prima facie elements of the claim.

3.The legal or factual basis for its contention that expert opinion testimony is required to establish the standard of care or liability for the claim.

E. After considering the motion and any response, the court shall determine whether the claimant shall comply with this section and, if the court deems that compliance is necessary, shall set a date and terms for compliance. The court shall stay all other proceedings and applicable time periods concerning the claim pending the court’s ruling on the motion to compel compliance with this section.

F. The court, on its own motion or the motion of the licensed professional, shall dismiss the claim against the licensed professional without prejudice if the claimant fails to file and serve a preliminary expert opinion affidavit after the claimant or the claimant’s attorney has certified that an affidavit is necessary or the court has ordered the claimant to file and serve an affidavit.

A.R.S. § 12-2602(A), (D-F) (emphasis added). Unlike § 12-2602’s predecessor declared unconstitutional in 1997 because it required a plaintiff to hire an expert witness even when one was not necessary, Hunter Contracting Co. v. Superior Ct., 190 Ariz. 318, 947 P.2d 892 (Ariz.Ct.App. 1997), the current statute is constitutional and controls the use of standard-of-care experts in an action against an attorney for professional negligence. Bertleson v. Sacks Tierney, PA, 204 Ariz. 124, 127, 60 P.3d 703, 706 (Ariz.Ct.App.2002) (finding § 12-2602 constitutional).

Section 12-2602 requires a plaintiff in a non-healthcare, professional negligence action to file a certificate, stating whether or not expert testimony is necessary to support any claim in the complaint. Id. In the event of a dispute over whether expert testimony is required on liability, the trial court will make the determination. A.R.S. § 12-2602(E). Importantly, if the trial court concludes that an expert opinion is required to establish the appropriate standard of care and the professional breached that standard, § 2602(F) mandates the court, upon motion or sua sponte, to “[djismiss the claim against the licensed professional without prejudice if the claimant fails to file and serve a preliminary expert opinion affidavit after the ... court has ordered the claimant to file and serve an affidavit.” A.R.S. § 12-2602(F) (emphasis added). Clearly, the statute requires fair notice to a plaintiff and an opportunity to cure (“set a date and terms for compliance”) an expert deficiency when a court determines an affidavit is required before dismissal is appropriate. See Warner v. Southwest Desert Images, LLC, 218 Ariz. 121, 129, 180 P.3d 986, 994 (Ariz.Ct.App.2008) (finding trial court abused its discretion in dismissing plaintiffs claims in an action against a licensed professional based on plaintiffs failure to submit a timely expert affidavit to prove the licensed professional’s standard of care without giving plaintiff an opportunity to cure). “Section 12-2602(E) provides that when a trial court determines an affidavit is required, it must ‘set a date and terms for compliance.’ The court did not do so here.” Id.

Most of the Arizona and District of Arizona cases which discuss Arizona’s statutory scheme for using standard-of-care witnesses are suits against doctors and other healthcare professionals. See e.g., Seisinger, 220 Ariz. 85, 203 P.3d 483; Baker v. University Physicians Healthcare, 228 Ariz. 587, 269 P.3d 1211 (Ariz.Ct.App.2012); Hardy v. Catholic Healthcare West, 2010 WL 5059602 (Ariz.Ct.App. December 7, 2010); Sanchez v. Old Pueblo Anesthesia, P.C., 218 Ariz. 317, 183 P.3d 1285 (Ariz.Ct.App.2008); Estate of Cook ex rel. Weniger v. Scottsdale Residential Care, 2008 WL 4667316 (Ariz.Ct.App. October 16, 2008); Amor, 2010 WL 960379; Wright v. United States, 2008 WL 820557 (D.Ariz. March 25, 2008); Scoins v. Goddard, 2007 WL 1063168 (D.Ariz. April 6, 2007); Moreland v. Barrette, 2006 WL 3147651 (D.Ariz. October 31, 2006); Byrd v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 2006 WL 2228829 (D.Ariz. August 1, 2006). There are far fewer reported cases of malpractice actions against attorneys since 1999 when § 12-2602 was amended. See Dommisse v. Jaburg & Wilk, P.C., 2009 WL 296162 (Ariz.Ct.App. February 6, 2009); Sakthiveil v. Casler, 2008 WL 5244925 (Ariz.Ct.App. December 16, 2008); Club Vista Fin. Servs., LLC v. Maslon Edelman Borman & Brand, LLP, 2010 WL 2231926 (D.Ariz. June 2, 2010); Cecala v. Newman, 532 F.Supp.2d 1118 (D.Ariz.2007). One post-1999 case provides some meaningful guidance on § 2602’s requirements in a malpractice action against an attorney.

In Wise, a former client sued his divorce attorney, contending that expert opinion was not required to prove his former attorney’s representation fell below the professional standard of care. Wise, 2008 WL 4927376 at *1. Specifically, Wise claimed that his former attorney “failed to meet the standard of care by exercising poor judgment when handling negotiations over the distribution of the marital estate or by failing to communicate with Wise about matters that were material to the dissolution litigation.” Id. at *2. The trial court disagreed and, instead of granting Polis’ motion for summary judgment, ordered Wise to provide, within 30 days, full disclosure of Wise’s expert witness evidence in the form of a report that included the expert’s legal opinions and the material facts upon which the expert was relying without general references. Id. at *1, *4. When Wise failed to comply with the disclosure order, Polis then re-urged his summary judgment motion, which the court granted and dismissed the complaint. Id.

Affirming the granting of the attorney’s summary judgment motion, the Arizona Court of Appeals agreed with the trial court and concluded that expert testimony was required regarding:

1. “at the very least to determine the pertinent standard of care for conceding well-established facts during negotiations. Whether Polis fell below the standard of care in entering into this agreement is not so apparent that a lay person could recognize negligence[,]” citing Asphalt Eng’rs, 160 Ariz. at 135-36, 770 P.2d at 1181-82;

2. “for dealing with the client’s own damaging testimony[;]”

3. for “explain[ing] the factors that go into striking a judge for cause or peremptorily, [,]” citing Ariz.R.Civ.P. 42(f); and

4. explaining the parties’ interests in property and division of multiple forms of assets; Arizona law regarding real property, personal property, business ventures, and bank accounts that had been acquired, owned or dissipated over varying time periods before and during the marriage; and how such laws and concepts apply to the attorney’s alleged substandard practice.

Id. at **3-4. The appellate court’s explanations why a standard-of-care expert in Wise is instructive.

Here, Plaintiff certified “that expert opinion testimony is not necessary to prove the licensed professional’s standard of care or liability for the professional liability claim in this case.” (Docs. 21, ¶ 4 at 2; 1-1 at 15) Plaintiffs Certification on Expert Testimony was filed with the Complaint on December 21, 2011, claiming “it is obvious under the facts of this case that Defendant’s performance fell far below any reasonable standard of care that may be applied.” (Doc. 1-1 at 15) Rather that seeking an order compelling Plaintiff to disclose preliminary expert opinion evidence, Defendants moved to dismiss this action, asserting “Plaintiffs Complaint at Law must be dismissed pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-2602(f)(sic).” (Doc. 21, ¶ 6 at 3) Defendants fail, however, to explain or “identify ... [t]he legal or factual basis for [their] contention that expert opinion testimony is required to establish the standard of care or liability for [Kaufman’s] elaim[,]” contrary to § 12-2602(D). Nevertheless, the Court agrees that this case requires standard-of-care testimony, but Defendants’ request for dismissal is premature.

Kaufman’s claims of negligence are not “so grossly apparent that a lay person would have no difficulty recognizing [them].” Asphalt Eng’rs, 160 Ariz. at 135-36, 770 P.2d at 1181-82. Much like explaining Arizona’s laws regarding community property, separate property, contribution, co-mingling of assets, applicable presumptions and how they may be rebutted in a malpractice action against a divorce attorney, as Wise instructs, an expert witness in an action against a trial attorney must explain to the jury the rules of procedure and the possible consequences of, and risks associated with, failing to timely with discovery or other deadlines. For example, an attorney expert must explain, during a plaintiffs case-in-chief, the appropriate standard for disclosing a Rule 26.1 disclosure statement and the possible consequences of failing to timely provide one or not insisting that one be provided by an adverse party; the appropriate standard and consequences of failing to identify important exhibits and witnesses in a joint pretrial statement supportive of a client’s claim; the appropriate standard and consequences of failing to offer in evidence unaltered exhibits at trial, and the appropriate standard and consequences of failing to submit proposed jury instructions, especially a special damage instruction on a novel issue of law, such as, whether a pet owner is entitled to recover value-to-owner damages for the wrongful death of a pet. Additionally, an attorney expert is required to explain at trial a client’s options, including the right to request the entry of a default judgment or other sanctions under. Rule 37(b)(2)(C), Ariz.R.Civ.P, if an adverse party wilfully fails to answer interrogatories, especially after that party has been ordered to do so;⁸ and the considerations of the continued use of a high-priced veterinary expert, the risks associated with disclosing a different liability expert late in the litigation, or not using one at all. The Court finds that Kaufman must use a standard-of-care expert in this case in order to establish a prima facie case on Jesser’s duty to Kaufman, any breach of that duty and causation.

C. Statute of Limitations

Arizona Revised Statute § 12-542(1), (3) prescribe a two-year limitations period “[flor injuries done to the person of another including causes of action for ... malpractiee[,]” and “[flor trespass for injury done to ... the property of another.” Kiley v. Jennings, Strouss & Salmon, 187 Ariz. 136, 139, 927 P.2d 796, 799 (Ariz.Ct. App.1996). “The determination of when a cause of action accrues on a claim for legal malpractice is governed by the discovery rule.” Commercial Union Ins. Co. v. Lewis & Roca, 183 Ariz. 250, 254, 902 P.2d 1354, 1358 (Ariz.Ct.App.1995). A statute of limitations, however, does not begin to run until a plaintiff has actual or constructive knowledge that he has suffered an “actionable wrong,” defined as a “tort that results in appreciable non-speculative harm.” Manterola v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 200 Ariz. 572, 576, 30 P.3d 639, 643 (Ariz.Ct.App.2001) (citations and internal quotations omitted). Usually, “[c]ommencement of the statute of limitations will not be put off until one learns the full extent of his damages.” Commercial Union, 183 Ariz. at 255, 902 P.2d at 1359 (citations omitted). “Rather, the statute commences to run when the plaintiff incurs some injury or damaging effect from the malpractice.” Id. (citation omitted). There are, however, exceptions when a statute of limitations begins to run.

When an attorney’s misconduct occurs in the context of litigation, Arizona courts have held that the resulting malpractice claim does not accrue until the appellate process has been either fully exhausted or waived. Mackenzie v. Leonard, Collins and Gillespie, P.C., 2010 WL 46789, *3 (D.Ariz. January 4, 2010) (citing Amfac Distrib. Corp. v. Miller, 138 Ariz. 155, 156, 673 P.2d 795, 796 (Ariz.Ct.App. 1983) (“Amfac I ”) (“[I]n legal malpractice cases, the injury or damaging effect on the unsuccessful party is not ascertainable until the appellate process is completed or is waived by a failure to appeal.”), approved as supplemented by, 138 Ariz. 152, 673 P.2d 792 (Ariz.1983) (“Amfac II”)). In affirming Amfac I, the Arizona Supreme Court held that a claim for legal malpractice “accrues when the plaintiff knew or should reasonably have known of the malpractice and when the plaintiffs damages are certain and not contingent upon the outcome of an appeal.” Amfac II, 138 Ariz. at 153, 673 P.2d at 793 (internal quotation omitted). “In so holding, the court noted that an unsuccessful party’s damages are [not] certain, fixed, or irreversible upon entry of judgment by the trial court because such damages may be considerably lessened or possibly eliminated if the plaintiff is successful on appeal.” Id., 2010 WL 46789 at *3 (citing Amfac II, 138 Ariz. at 154 n. 2, 673 P.2d at 794 n. 2) (internal quotation marks omitted). Because the “apparent damage may vanish with successful prosecution of an appeal and ultimate vindication of the attorney’s conduct by an appellate court,” and in order to “preserve the essential element of trust in the attorney-client relationship,” a cause of action for malpractice in the litigation context does not accrue until judicial review is exhausted or waived. Amfac I, 138 Ariz. at 156, 159, 673 P.2d at 796, 799; see also Glaze v. Larsen, 207 Ariz. 26, 83 P.3d 26 (Ariz.2004) (articulating the practical and policy rationale for the “errors-in-litigation” rule of accrual).

Defendants argue that “Plaintiff knew or should have known of his cause of action on or before July 10, 2008, when the trial court entered a final judgment in favor of KAUFMAN.” (Doc. 21 at 4) “Thus, since the Plaintiff in the instant matter was allegedly ‘injured’ by the July 10, 2008, (sic) judgment and on that date knew, or reasonably should have known, of the alleged professional negligence, the statute of limitation in this matter expired on July 10, 2010, and, therefore, the instant action was not timely filed.” (Id. at 5) The Court disagrees.

Arizona law is clearly established that when an attorney’s misconduct occurs in the context of litigation, a resulting malpractice claim does not accrue until the appellate process has been either fully exhausted or waived because the “injury or damaging effect on the unsuccessful party is not ascertainable until the appellate process is completed or is waived by a failure to appeal.” Cannon v. Hirsch Law Office, P. C., 222 Ariz. 171, 174, 213 P.3d 320, 323 (Ariz.Ct.App.2009) (quoting Amfac II, 138 Ariz. at 154, 673 P.2d at 794); see also Keonjian v. Olcott, 216 Ariz. 563, 566, 169 P.3d 927, 930 (Ariz.Ct.App.2007); Meenan v. March, 2007 WL 5463488, *3 (Ariz.Ct.App. December 4, 2007); Glaze, 207 Ariz. at 29, 83 P.3d at 29; Commercial Union, 183 Ariz. at 256, 902 P.2d at 1360; Lansford v. Harris, 174 Ariz. 413, 418, 850 P.2d 126, 131 (Ariz.Ct.App.1992). The parties do not dispute that Kaufman’s petition for review to the Arizona Supreme Court was denied on either May 20 or 21, 2010 in Kaufman I. (Docs. 25-1 at 1; 26 at 8) Nineteen months later, Plaintiff filed the Complaint in Kaufman II on December 21, 2011. Kaufman II was timely filed and is not barred by Arizona’s two-year statute of limitations.

D. Causation

“The general rule is that the question of causation is one of fact for a jury except in those instances where no reasonable persons could disagree.” Energex Enters., Inc. v. Shughart, Thomson & Kilroy, P. C., 2006 WL 2401245, *3 (D.Ariz. August 17, 2006) (quoting Molever v. Roush, 152 Ariz. 367, 732 P.2d 1105, 1112 (Ariz.Ct.App.1987)) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Ordinarily, the question of proximate cause is a question of fact for the jury. Only when plaintiffs evidence does not establish a causal connection, leaving causation to the jury’s speculation, or where reasonable persons could not differ on the inference derived from the evidence, may the court properly enter a directed verdict.” Robertson v. Sixpence Inns of Am., Inc., 163 Ariz. 539, 546, 789 P.2d 1040, 1047 (Ariz.1990). Several Arizona courts have relied on the principle that the issue of causation in malpractice cases against lawyers is usually a jury question. In Reed v. Mitchell & Timbanard, P.C., 183 Ariz. 313, 903 P.2d (Ariz.Ct.App.1995), plaintiff claimed that her divorce attorneys’ failure to secure a promissory note on all available assets prevented her from collecting on the note against her ex-husband’s assets, which constituted malpractice. Defendants asserted that plaintiffs expert, an attorney, could only speculate that the trial court would have approved and signed the proposed judgment. Defendants argued that plaintiffs argument was speculative and insufficient, as a matter of law, to establish that plaintiff would have prevailed. Noting that “[t]he judge who handled the dissolution is the only one who could give a definitive answer on this issue, and his testimony is precluded as a matter of public policy[,]” Phillips, 152 Ariz. at 420, 733 P.2d at 305, the Arizona appellate court held that the plaintiff presented sufficient evidence that the attorneys’ omissions caused plaintiffs harm and causation was a fact issue for the jury. Reed, 183 Ariz. at 318, 903 P.2d at 626 (“The jury, as the trier of fact, has the duty to determine what a reasonable judge would have done.”).

In Tennen v. Lane, 149 Ariz. 94, 97, 716 P.2d 1031, 1034 (Ariz.Ct.App.1986), another malpractice action against an attorney, the Arizona appellate court reversed a directed verdict in favor of the attorney, finding that a question of fact for jury resolution existed whether the attorney’s actions were “a proximate cause of damage to the [plaintiff],” regardless of the potentially more culpable actions by the ex-husband. “The question of proximate cause is usually for the jury and it is only when reasonable persons could not differ that the court may direct a verdict on the issue[,]” citing Markowitz v. Arizona Parks Board and State of Arizona, 146 Ariz. 352, 358, 706 P.2d 364, 370 (Ariz. 1985); see also McClure Enters., Inc. v. General Ins. Co. of Am., 2009 WL 73677, *17 (D.Ariz. January 9, 2009) (in a legal malpractice case, the trial court found the causation question was one of fact for the jury).

Defendants claim that because Kaufman asked Jesser to step aside and allow attorney Blake Gunn to finish the trial, “[i]t will be impossible to prove the necessary element of proximately caused damages. Any assertions about how'the underlying trial would have concluded if JESSER would have been allowed to complete the trial are pure speculation.” (Doc. 21, ¶ 13 at 5) The Court rejects this argument.

Because the Court must accept all “well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint as true,” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, the Complaint’s causation allegations are sufficiently specific to show Kaufman’s right to relief is plausible and “above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955. Defendant’s arguments that the Complaint should be dismissed on the issue of causation are rejected.

E. Damages

“In Arizona, ‘[a]s a general rule, a plaintiff in a tort action is entitled to recover such sums as will reasonably compensate him for all damages sustained by him as the direct, natural and proximate result of [the defendant’s] negligence, provided they are established with reasonable certainty.’ ” Nunsuch ex rel. Nunsuch v. U.S., 221 F.Supp.2d 1027, 1034 (D.Ariz.2001) (quoting Continental Life & Accident Co. v. Songer, 124 Ariz. 294, 304, 603 P.2d 921, 931 (Ariz.Ct.App.1979)). “It is well established that certainty in amount of damages is not essential to recovery when the fact of damage is proven.” Surowiec v. Capital Title Agency, Inc., 790 F.Supp.2d 997, 1001-02 (D.Ariz.2011) (quoting Gilmore v. Cohen, 95 Ariz. 34, 386 (Ariz.1963)) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted; emphasis in original). This rule is “simply a recognition that doubts as to the extent of injury should be resolved in favor of the innocent plaintiff and against the wrongdoer.” Id. at 1002. “The plaintiff in every ease, however, should supply some reasonable basis for computing the amount of damage and must do so with such precision as, from the nature of his claim and the available evidence, is possible.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

The Complaint alleges that Kaufman sustained various monetary damages as a result of Jesser’s alleged negligence: (a) the failure to recover amounts paid for veterinary bills, (b) the value Kaufman placed on Salty, (c) the costs incurred in Kaufman I, (d) the payment of defendant’s costs, (e) the payment of an attorney to appeal the adverse decisions caused by Jesser’s alleged negligence, (f) the payment of Dr. Vaughn’s excessive expert’s fees, and (g) the payment of Jesser’s attorney’s fees over $120,000.00 for substandard representation. (Doc. 1-1, ¶¶ 48^49 at 13-14)

Defendants argue that “Plaintiff cannot state what additional damages he would have been entitled to. It appears that the Plaintiff is attempting to find another way to recover his sentimental damages, but the majority [of] those states that apply the value-to-owner measure of damages for an injured or killed animal do not include the pet’s sentimental value to its owner as a part of that calculation.” (Doc. 21, ¶ 14 at 6)

Again, because the Court must accept all “well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint as true,” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, the Court will assume the damage allegations can be proven at trial. Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, a jury could reasonably conclude that Plaintiff has suffered more than $75,000 in compensatory damages as a result of Jesser’s alleged professional negligence. The Court rejects Defendants’ argument that the Complaint should be dismissed on the basis of Plaintiff cannot prove his damage allegations.

Based on the foregoing,

IT IS ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss the Complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, docs. 20-21, is DENIED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff must provide a preliminary expert opinion affidavit to Defendants, consistent with A.R.S. § 12-2602(B), on or before Wednesday, August 22, 2012. Plaintiffs preliminary expert opinion affidavit must disclose, at a minimum, the following: 1) the expert’s qualifications to express an opinion on the licensed professional’s standard of care or liability for the claim; 2) the factual basis for each claim against Jesser; 3) Jesser’s professional acts, errors or omissions that the expert considers to be a violation of the applicable standard of care resulting in liability; and, 4) the manner in which Jesser’s professional acts, errors or omissions allegedly caused or contributed to Kaufman’s damages. A.R.S. § 12-2602(B). Plaintiffs expert affidavit regarding Jesser’s alleged substandard conduct and the factual basis upon which the expert relies must be specific in nature, not merely generalities.

The Court stays this action pending Plaintiffs filing a notice of compliance with this Order on or before Wednesday, August 22, 2012. Absent a showing of good cause, the failure to timely comply with A.R.S. § 12-2602(B) and this Order may result in sanctions, including but not limited to, the dismissal of this action or the preclusion of Plaintiffs standard-of-care expert in this lawsuit.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that, because the briefing is adequate and oral argument would not aid the Court, Defendants’ request for oral argument is DENIED.

1 . Defendants represent that "[d]uring the trial of the underlying matter, the Plaintiff asked [Jesser] to step aside and allowed Attorney Blake Gunn to try the end of the case.” (Doc. 21, ¶ 13 at 5) Attorney Blake Gunn also represented Kaufman in the appeal.

2 . In a separate memorandum decision, Kaufman v. Langhofer, 223 Ariz. 249, 222 P.3d 272 (Ariz.Ct.App.2009), filed simultaneously with the published opinion, the appellate court addressed the other issues Kaufman unsuccessfully raised on appeal. See Kaufman, 223 Ariz. at 250 n. 1, 222 P.3d at 273 n. 1.

3 . “A condition by which an internal sac, used primarily for storing bodily waste, is forced out of the body.” Kaufman I, 223 Ariz. at 250 n. 2, 222 P.3d at 273 n. 2.

4 .Under Rule 26.1, Ariz.R.Civ.P., litigants in a civil case have a duty to promptly disclose, among others, the following:

(1) The factual basis of the claim or defense. In the event of multiple claims or defenses, the factual basis for each claim or defense.

(2) The legal theory upon which each claim or defense is based including, where necessary for a reasonable understanding of the claim or defense, citations of pertinent legal or case authorities.

(3) The names, addresses, and telephone numbers of any witnesses whom the disclosing party expects to call at trial with a fair description of the substance of each witness' expected testimony.

(4) The names and addresses of all persons whom the party believes may have knowledge or information relevant to the events, transactions, or occurrences that gave rise to the action, and the nature of the knowledge or information each such individual is believed to possess.

(5) The names and addresses of all persons who have given statements, whether written or recorded, signed or unsigned, and the custodian of the copies of those statements.

(6) The name and address of each person whom the disclosing party expects to call as an expert witness at trial, the subject matter on which the expert is expected to testily, the substance of the facts and opinions to which the expert is expected to testify, a summary of the grounds for each opinion, the qualifications of the witness and the name and address of the custodian of copies of any reports prepared by the expert. Rule 26.1, Ariz.R.Civ.P. A party who fails to timely disclose information required by Rule 26.1, unless such failure is harmless, is subject to sanctions, including striking the pleadings and entry of a default judgment. Rule 37(c)(1), Ariz.R.Civ.P.

5 . The Arizona appellate court refused to address whether Kaufman was entitled to recover damages under a value-to-owner theory or whether, under this theory, a pet owner may recover for the sentimental value of his or her pet because "[Kjaufman did not identify that theory as an issue to be tried in the parties' joint pretrial statement and, indeed, never requested the court to instruct the jury on that theory.” Kaufman, 223 Ariz. at 254, 222 P.3d at 277. "Further, although Kaufman preserved his objection to the court's pretrial dismissal of his emotional distress damage claims, he raised no other objection to the court’s instruction limiting his damages to Salty’s fair market value. Having failed to raise the value to owner damage theory at trial, Kaufman may not raise it here.” Id. (Doc. 1-1, ¶ 29 at 9)

6 . The Arizona Supreme Court has rejected the Twombly and Iqbal standard for determining whether a complaint states a claim upon which relief can be granted. Cullen v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 218 Ariz. 417, 189 P.3d 344 (Ariz.2008); see also Wapniarski v. Allstate Ins. Co., 2010 WL 2534167, *1 n. 1 (D.Ariz. June 18, 2010).

7 . A.R.S. § 12-2602(E) mandates that if the trial court determines that expert testimony is required in a suit against a non-healthcare professional, the court must give the plaintiff an opportunity to comply with the statute.

8 . See Roberts v. City of Phoenix, 225 Ariz. 112, 235 P.3d 265 (Ariz.Ct.App.2010).