Jurista v. Amerinox Processing, Inc.

492 B.R. 707, 2013 WL 1405903, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 49515

• Court: District Court, D. New Jersey
• Decided: April 5, 2013
• Docket: Civ. No. 12-3825 (NLH/JS)
• Status: Published

Opinion

AMENDED OPINION

HILLMAN, District Judge.¹

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Factual Background and Procedural History.727

II. Standing.731

A. Constitutional Standing.731

B. Prudential Standing.733

C. In Pan Delicto Defense .735

III. The Motion to Strike .739

A. Standard of Law Under Rule 12(f) .740

B. Discussion of the Motion to Strike.740

IV. The Motion to Dismiss.743

A. Standard of Law Under Rule 12(b)(6).743

B. Discussion of the Motion to Dismiss.745

1. The Fraud Claims.745

i. Counts 1 and 8: Avoidance and Recovery of Fraudulent Transfers under 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(2).745

ii. Counts 2, 4, 9 and 11: Avoidance and Recovery of Fraudulent Transfers under N.J.S.A. §§ 25:2-25(a)(b) and 25:2 — 27(a)(b).746

iii. Counts 3 and 10: Avoidance and Recovery of Fraudulent Transfers Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1) .750

2. Count 5: Conversion.753 to

3. Count 6: Unjust Enrichment .753

4. Count 7: Turnover under 11 U.S.C. § 542 . 755

5. Count 13: Breach of the Implied Covenant of Goo d Faith and Fair Dealing.756 or

6. Count 14: Breaches of Fiduciary Duties.758

i. Fiduciary Duty of Care.760

ii. Fiduciary Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith.761

7. Counts 15,16, 21 and 22: The Aiding and Abetting Claims.762 . t—

8. Count 17: Successor Liability.765 . GO

9. Count 18: Piercing the Corporate Veil.767 . 0>

10. Count 19: Misappropriation of Assets, Trade Secrets, Proprietary Information and Other Assets.770 o i — (

11. Count 20: Constructive Trust.771 h — !

12. Count 23: Avoidance of Post-Petition Transfers.772 c<3 rH

13. Count 24: Avoidance and Recovery of Transfers to Mediate and Immediate Transferees.773 co — I

V. The Cross-Motion for Imposition of Prejudgment Temporary Restraints Against Transfers by Defendants Amerinox, Carter, Young, and Gerwitz 776

A. Likelihood of Success on the Merits. 778

B. Irreparable Harm. 781

C. Balance of the Equities. 782

D. The Public Interest . 783

E. The Bond Requirement. 783

VI. CONCLUSION. 784

Currently pending before the Court are: (1) the Joint Motion to Strike or Dismiss Plaintiffs Complaint by Defendants Amer-inox Processing, Inc., Robert Carter, Seth Young, and Arthur Gerwitz [Docket Nos. 14 & 16.];² (2) Plaintiff Steven Z. Jurista’s Cross-Motion for Imposition of Prejudgment Temporary Restraints Against Transfers by Defendants Amerinox, Carter, Young, and Gerwitz [Docket No. 19.]; and (3) the Motion to Dismiss Any and All Claims Asserted Against Defendant General Electric Capital Corporation [Docket No. 26.] For the reasons set forth below, Defendants Amerinox, Gerwitz, Young, and Carter’s Motion to Strike will be denied, but their Motion to Dismiss will be granted in part and denied in part. Furthermore, Plaintiffs Cross-Motion will be denied, and Defendant General Electric Capital Corporation’s Motion to Dismiss will be granted in part and denied in part.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The instant matter is an adversary proceeding stemming from the bankruptcy filing of Jermax, Inc. (“Jermax” or “Debtor”). Plaintiff Steven Z. Jurista has been appointed as the Disbursing Agent to represent the Debtor’s interests in this suit. Jermax and corporate Defendant Amerinox Processing, Inc. (“Am-erinox”) are stainless steel and aluminum processing corporations based in Camden, New Jersey. Amerinox is a corporate affiliate of and substantially owned by the same shareholders as Jermax. Individual Defendants Carter, Young, and Gerwitz (“individual Defendants” or “Insider Defendants”) are alleged to be the sole shareholders, officers, and directors of both Debtor Jermax and Defendant Am-erinox. Defendant General Electric Capital Corporation (“GE”) previously provided financing for the Debtor.

According to the facts alleged in the Complaint,³ Jermax formerly operated a profitable business engaged in the distribution of stainless steel coil, sheet, and plate products in Camden, New Jersey. (Compl.1ffl 12, 13.) Jermax was wholly owned and operated by individual Defendants Young, Carter, and Gerwitz during this time. (Id ¶¶ 8-10.) These same individuals also wholly owned and operated Jermax’s affiliate, Defendant Amerinox. (Id. ¶¶ 7, 13.) Amerinox also owns and operates a facility in Camden. (Id. ¶ 13.) Beginning in approximately 2008, the individual Defendants allegedly began to siphon funds from Jermax for the benefit of Amerinox. (Id. ¶¶ 19-63.) Specifically, the Complaint alleges that Amerinox stopped paying rent that it owed to Jer-max for leasing its equipment, discontinued paying interest on loans it owed to Jermax, and transferred valuable equipment from Jermax to Amerinox for essentially no consideration. (Id. ¶¶ 23-26, 30-32, 66(f)-(g).) The Insider Defendants also used Jermax’s funds to pay Amerinox’s bills, including its employee salaries, medical benefits, and costs for repairs. (Id. ¶¶ 66(a)-(i).) These actions placed significant financial strain on Jermax, causing it to become unable to pay its various creditors, default on several of its loans, and eventually become insolvent. (Id. ¶¶ 38-63.) Despite its precarious financial condition, the Insider Defendants nonetheless issued dividends to themselves totaling over $1 million and advanced $250,000 to Amerinox in October of 2008. (Id. ¶¶ 34-37, 49, 62.)

In 2005, Defendant GE had made a loan to Debtor Jermax. (Id. ¶ 186.) By February of 2009, the balance due on the loan was $1,536,918. (Id) Also in February of 2009, Jermax allegedly transferred some of its equipment — alleged to be worth at least $2.5 million on the transfer date — to Defendant Amerinox. (Id ¶¶ 22-27, 186, 190.) GE, however, allegedly conspired with Amerinox to set the purchase price for the equipment at $1,536,918 — the amount that remained outstanding on the GE loan. (Id. ¶¶ 186, 198-99.) In reaching this amount, the parties allegedly did not consider the fair market value of the equipment, nor did they include Jermax in their negotiations as the owner of the property. (Id. ¶ 198.) Jermax, however, apparently paid a fee of $13,172.75 to GE in exchange for its consent to transfer the equipment to Amerinox for this price. (Id. ¶ 27.) Plaintiff asserts that Jermax was insolvent at the point of the transfer, and that GE was fully aware of Jermaxs distressed financial status during this time. (Id. ¶¶ 189,192,199.)

As a result of its mass debt and inability to repay its loans as they became due, Jermax filed a Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of New Jersey on June 24, 2010. On July 11, 2011, Jermax filed its First Amended Liquidating Plan of Reorganization (“the Plan” or “the reorganization plan”). During the course of the Plan confirmation proceedings, one of Jermax’s creditors objected to the Plan’s confirmation on the grounds that certain claims it held against the Debtor were not addressed in the reorganization plan. The creditor and Jermax eventually agreed to the appointment of an Examiner to conduct a limited investigation into whether such causes of action actually exist. Accordingly, on September 12, 2011, the Bankruptcy Court entered an order (“the Examiner Order”) directing the United States Trustee to appoint an Examiner to investigate and report on certain limited matters. On September 23, 2011, the Trastee appointed Alfred T. Giuliano as the Chapter 11 Examiner for the Debtor’s estate. The Bankruptcy Court approved the appointment by order dated September 28, 2011.

The Examiner Order delineated the issues for the Examiner to investigate. Specifically, the Order provided that the Examiner was appointed for the limited purpose of investigating and reporting on the following issues:

1. Whether the Debtor’s officers and directors breached fiduciary duties that they owed to the Debtor and its creditors;

2. Whether the allocation of salaries between the Debtor and Amerinox, including the salaries of Young and Carter, was reasonable;

3. Whether Amerinox should be substantively consolidated with Jermax in accordance with Third Circuit standards for substantive consolidation;

4. Whether the transfer of equipment by Jermax to Amerinox in February of 2009 constituted a fraudulent transfer;

5. Whether Jermax’s $1 million distribution to shareholders in 2008 constituted a breach of any duty owed by the shareholders to the Debtor and its creditors, and whether such a distribution could be set aside as a fraudulent conveyance;

6. Whether any material payments made by Jermax to Amerinox or any other entity in which the shareholders have an interest may be avoided as a fraudulent conveyance; and

7. Whether the shareholders should repay loans that they received from the Debtor.

(Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss, Ex. D, 09/12/11 Examiner Order.) The Examiner Order further provided that: “[t]he Examiner’s [RJeport shall state his conclusions as to each of the issues investigated, and as to each issue, shall indicate whether, in the Examiner’s opinion, it is in the best interest of the estate and its creditors that the claim be pursued.” (Id.) In the event that the Examiner identified issues to be worth pursuing, the Order provided that those claims would be assigned to the Disbursing Agent for appropriate action. (Id.) If the Examiner identified a claim as unworthy of pursuit, the claim would not be assigned to the Disbursing Agent and would extinguish. (Id.) Importantly, the Examiner Order likewise stated that:

The conclusions reached by the Examiner, the Examiner’s report and the Examiner’s testimony shall not be admissible in any court proceeding relating to causes of action that may be pursued by the Disbursing Agent, and shall not be used as proof or accorded any evidential weight in the event of litigation is pursued [sic ] by a Disbursing Agent.

(Id.) The Examiner issued his Report on April 30, 2012.

The Bankruptcy Court confirmed Jer-max’s reorganization plan on September 14, 2011. The Plan appointed Plaintiff Jurista as the Disbursing Agent charged with making distribution payments and pursuing the causes of action identified as worthy of pursuit by the Examiner in his Report. More specifically, Section 111(D)(4) of the Plan, which governs the postconfirmation management process, provides as follows with respect to the appointment of Plaintiff Jurista:

On the Effective Date, Steven Z. Jurista will be deemed appointed as the Disbursing Agent and will be responsible for collecting and objecting to Claims, collecting outstanding accounts receivable and pursuing Causes of Action and Insider Actions, as set forth in the order accompanying the Examiner.

(Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss, Ex. C, 1st Am. Liq. Plan of Reorg. at 13.)

On June 22, 2012, Plaintiff Jurista initiated the instant action on behalf of the Debtor by filing a Complaint seeking monetary and injunctive relief. In his Complaint, Jurista asserts the following twenty-four counts against the Defendants: (1) avoidance and recovery of fraudulent transfers under 11 U.S.C. §§ 548(a)(2) and 550(a); (2) avoidance and recovery of fraudulent transfers pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 544 and 550(a) and N.J.S.A. § 25:2-27(a) & (b); (3) fraudulent transfers under 11 U.S.C. §§ 548(a)(1) and 550(a); (4) avoidance and recovery of fraudulent transfers under 11 U.S.C. §§ 544 and 550(a) and N.J.S.A. § 25:2-25(a) & (b); (5) common law conversion; (6) common law unjust enrichment; (7) turnover pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 542; (8) avoidance and recovery of fraudulent transfers pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 548(a)(2) and 550(a): recovery of shareholder dividends and loans; (9) avoidance and recovery of fraudulent transfers under 11 U.S.C. §§ 544 and 550(a) and N.J.S.A. § 25:2-27(a) & (b): recovery of shareholder dividends and loans; (10) avoidance and recovery of fraudulent transfers under 11 U.S.C. §§ 548(a)(1) and 550(a): recovery of shareholder dividends and loans; (11) avoidance and recovery of fraudulent transfers pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 544 and 550(a) and N.J.S.A. § 25:2-25(a) & (b): recovery of shareholder dividends and loans; (12) collection of shareholder loans receivables; (13) breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; (14) breach of duties owed by the officers, directors and controlling persons of Jermax; (15) aiding and abetting of employees and/or controlling persons of Jermax; (16) aiding and abetting of employees and/or controlling persons of Amerinox; (17) successor liability of corporate Defendant Amerinox; (18) liability of controlling persons through piercing the corporate veil; (19) misappropriation of assets, trade secrets, proprietary information and other assets; (20) constructive trust; (21) fraudulent transfer: underpayment for transfer of assets; (22) aiding and abetting of fraudulent transfer by Defendant GE; (23) avoidance of post-petition transfers; and (24) avoidance and recovery of transfers to mediate and immediate transferees.

Defendants Amerinox, Carter, and Young filed the instant Motion to Strike and/or Dismiss the Complaint on August 21, 2012. [Docket No. 14.] Defendant Gerwitz joined this Motion on August 22, 2012. [Docket No. 16.] Plaintiff Jurista responded in opposition on August 31, 2012 [Docket No. 17]. Subsumed within his Response in Opposition, Jurista filed a Cross-Motion for Imposition of Prejudgment Restraints Against Transfer of Assets by Defendants. [Docket Nos. 17 & 19.] Defendants filed a Reply to Jurista’s opposition brief on September 10, 2012, [Docket No. 20], and a Response in Opposition to the Cross-Motion on September 18, 2012. [Docket No. 22.] Jurista replied to Defendants’ Response in Opposition on September 24, 2012. [Docket No. 23.] On November 19, 2012, Defendant GE filed its own Motion to Dismiss Any and All Claims asserted against it. [Docket No. 26.] Jur-ista filed his Response in Opposition on December 27, 2012 [Docket No. 30], and GE filed its Reply on January 15, 2013. [Docket Nos. 33 & 34.] Accordingly, these Motions are now ripe for judicial consideration.

II. STANDING

Before the Court engages in a discussion of the merits of the parties’ arguments, it must initially address whether Jurista has standing to bring this suit in the first instance. Defendant GE argues that Jur-ista, as the Disbursing Agent appointed to represent the Debtor’s interests in this case, lacks standing to pursue the claims asserted against Defendants. Specifically, GE asserts that, to the extent Jurista attempts to represent the rights of Jermax’s creditors in this action, he is precluded from doing so under the Bankruptcy Code. GE further argues that, to the extent that Jurista sues the Defendants on behalf of the Debtor, the doctrine of in pari delicto prevents him from doing so.

As an initial matter, the Court notes that GE’s argument conflates the threshold requirement of standing with an analysis of an equitable defense doctrine. Whether a party has the ability to bring a lawsuit in the first instance is an entirely distinct concept from whether an equitable defense shields the opposing party from suit. The Third Circuit has expressly recognized that: “[a]n analysis of standing does not include an analysis of equitable defenses such as in pari delicto. Whether a party has standing to bring claims and whether a party’s claims are barred by an equitable defense are two separate questions, to be addressed on their own terms.” Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors v. R.F. Lafferty & Co., Inc., 267 F.3d 340, 346 (3d Cir.2001) (citing In re Dublin Secs., Inc., 133 F.3d 377, 380 (6th Cir.1997)). As such, the Court considers Disbursing Agent Jurista’s standing to bring his claims separately from Defendants’ potential use of the equitable defense doctrine of in pari delicto below.

A. Constitutional Standing

Standing is a “threshold question in every federal case, determining the power of the court to entertain suit.” Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498, 95 S.Ct. 2197, 45 L.Ed.2d 343 (1975). In order to have standing under Article III of the Constitution, a party must first satisfy three requirements. See Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 167, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997); Ne. Fl. Chapter of the Assoc. Gen. Contractors of Am. v. City of Jacksonville, FI, 508 U.S. 656, 663, 113 S.Ct. 2297, 124 L.Ed.2d 586 (1993). Specifically, the party must show that: (1) it suffered an “injury in fact” that is “real and immediate” and not merely “conjectural or hypothetical,” City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 102, 103 S.Ct. 1660, 75 L.Ed.2d 675 (1983) (citations omitted); Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992); (2) that the injury is fairly traceable to the defendant’s conduct, Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 751, 104 S.Ct. 3315, 82 L.Ed.2d 556 (1984); United States v. Hays, 515 U.S. 737, 743, 115 S.Ct. 2431, 132 L.Ed.2d 635 (1995); and (3) that a favorable federal court decision is likely to redress the injury. Linda R.S. v. Richard D., 410 U.S. 614, 617-18, 93 S.Ct. 1146, 35 L.Ed.2d 536 (1973); Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 505-06, 95 S.Ct. 2197, 45 L.Ed.2d 343 (1975); Simon v. E. Ky. Welfare Rights Org., 426 U.S. 26, 45-46, 96 S.Ct. 1917, 48 L.Ed.2d 450 (1976).

With regard to the first element of standing, it is well recognized in bankruptcy that an entity such as a trustee, examiner, disbursing agent, or committee may step into the shoes of the debtor to represent its interests in suit on behalf of the bankruptcy estate. Here, Jermax was appointed as the Disbursing Agent under the terms of the reorganization plan to represent the Debtor’s interests, object to claims, and pursue all meritorious causes of action. (See Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss, Ex. C., 1st Am. Liq. Plan of Reorg. at 13.) The gravamen of his Complaint is that the Defendants injured Jermax’s bankruptcy estate when they fraudulently transferred assets from the Debtor to Defendant Am-erinox, and when the Insider Defendants unlawfully declared a dividend to themselves at a time when Jermax was on the brink of insolvency and inundated with debt. According to Plaintiff, Jermax’s debt was significantly expanded and its corporate viability substantially undercut as a result of this conduct. This type of injury — known as “deepening insolvency” — has been recognized as a cognizable theory of injury for standing purposes by the Third Circuit, federal courts in New Jersey, and New Jersey state courts. See Lafferty, 267 F.3d at 349-50 (recognizing deepening insolvency as theory of injury under Pennsylvania law); In re Norvergence, Inc., 405 B.R. 709, 750 (Bankr.D.N.J.2009) (recognizing deepening insolvency as theory of injury under New Jersey law); NCP Litig. Trust v. KPMG, LLP, 187 N.J. 353, 381, 901 A.2d 871 (N.J.2006) (“[W]e find that inflating a corporation’s revenues and enabling a corporation to continue in business past the point of insolvency cannot be considered a benefit to the corporation.”). As such, the Court finds that Plaintiff has satisfied the first element of Article III standing.

The second and third elements of constitutional standing provide that the party’s injury must be fairly traceable to the defendant’s conduct, and that a favorable decision from the court is likely to alleviate the injury. See Pa. Prison Soc’y v. Cortes, 622 F.3d 215, 228 (3d Cir.2010) (citing Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envt’l Serv. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180-81, 120 S.Ct. 693, 145 L.Ed.2d 610 (2000)). These two elements are “closely related,” and therefore “often overlap.” Toll Bros., Inc. v. Twp. of Readington, 555 F.3d 131, 142 (3d Cir.2009) (citing Pub. Interest Research Grp. of N.J., Inc. v. Powell Duffryn Terminals, Inc., 913 F.2d 64, 73 (3d Cir.1990)). The Third Circuit has held that under these two elements, “[i]t is sufficient for the plaintiff to establish a ‘substantial likelihood that the requested relief will remedy the alleged injury in fact.’ ” Toll Bros., 555 F.3d at 143 (quoting Vt. Agency of Natural Res. v. U.S. ex rel. Stevens, 529 U.S. 765, 771, 120 S.Ct. 1858, 146 L.Ed.2d 836 (2000)). Here, Jurista avers that the financial viability of Jermax and its eventual decline into bankruptcy were directly related to the Defendants’ unlawful conduct. As such, the second element of standing is satisfied. The third element has likewise been fulfilled because, if the Court ultimately determines that the Defendants’ actions were unlawful, then the transfers may be avoided, and the subject property or its equivalent value returned to the Debtor’s estate. Therefore, it is evident that Jurista has constitutional standing to bring this suit on behalf of the Debtor.

B. Prudential Standing

Nonetheless, Defendant GE asserts that Jurista lacks standing to bring suit against it because, at least to some extent, he makes claims on behalf of Jermax’s creditors, rather than solely on behalf of the Debtor itself. Thus, it appears that GE’s standing argument is based on the doctrine of prudential standing.

Prudential standing “stems not from the Constitution but from prudent judicial administration. A court may decide that in certain instances policy militates against judicial review, such as when the wrong party in interest files suit.” In re Auto. Prof'l, Inc., 389 B.R. 630, 632 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.2008) (internal citations, quotations, & alterations of text omitted); see also Common Cause v. Pennsylvania, 558 F.3d 249, 258 (3d Cir.2009) (citing Elk Grove Unified Sch. Dist. v. Newdow, 542 U.S. 1, 11, 124 S.Ct. 2301, 159 L.Ed.2d 98 (2004); Valley Forge Christian Coll. v. Am. United for Separation of Church & State, Inc., 454 U.S. 464, 474-75, 102 S.Ct. 752, 70 L.Ed.2d 700 (1982)); Enterline v. Pocono Med. Ctr., 751 F.Supp.2d 782, 784 (M.D.Pa.2008). A party lacks prudential standing if it is not the real party in interest, but instead asserts the rights of another third party. Auto. Prof'l, 389 B.R. at 633 (citing Valley Forge, 454 U.S. at 474-75, 102 S.Ct. 752) (further citation omitted). A “real party in interest” is defined as “the person holding the substantive right sought to be enforced, and not necessarily the person who will ultimately benefit from the recovery.” Auto. Prof'l, 389 B.R. at 633 (citing Farrell Constr. Co. v. Jefferson Parish, La., 896 F.2d 136, 140 (5th Cir.1990)).

In the realm of bankruptcy law, it is well established that a trustee in bankruptcy or other similar representative of the bankruptcy estate (such as a disbursing agent) may step into the shoes of the debtor to represent its interests in litigation and bankruptcy resolution. The estate representative generally has the authority to bring claims on behalf of the debtor that are based on both the Bankruptcy Code and applicable state law. Auto. Prof'l, 389 B.R. at 633 (internal citations omitted). This ability to bring claims on behalf of the debtor does not offend notions of prudential standing because “a party is simply being permitted to step into the shoes of the party with standing.” Id. at 635. The estate representative typically lacks standing, however, to represent the interests of third-party creditors since he “occupies no better position than the entity he represents, and can only assert claims which the corporation could have asserted.” In re D.H. Overmyer Telecasting Co., 56 B.R. 657, 661 (N.D.Oh.1986) (citing Caplin v. Marine Midland Grace Tr. Co., 406 U.S. 416, 429, 92 S.Ct. 1678, 32 L.Ed.2d 195 (1972)) (further citation omitted). In other words, the representative can only wear one pair of shoes when standing before the court: he cannot simultaneously occupy the footwear of the debtor and a third party creditor.

Section 544(b) of the Bankruptcy Code is a limited exception to this general rule. That section states that:

[T]he trustee may avoid any transfer of an interest of the debtor in property or any obligation incurred by the debtor that is voidable under applicable law⁴ by a creditor holding an unsecured claim[.]

11 U.S.C. § 544(b)(1). In order to avoid a transfer under section 544(b), the trustee must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that there is a(l) creditor, (2) holding an allowable unsecured claim, and (3) there is a transfer of an interest of the debtor in property, (4) that is voidable under state law. In re Forbes, 372 B.R. 321, 330 (6th Cir. BAP 2007).

The crux of Plaintiffs allegations against Defendant GE in this suit is that GE aided and abetted the other Defendants in the execution of fraudulent transfers and breaches of fiduciary duties. GE presently relies on the bankruptcy court’s holding in In re Fedders North America, Inc., 405 B.R. 527 (Bankr.D.Del.2009) to support its argument that Disbursing Agent Jurista lacks standing to pursue such aiding and abetting claims against it under § 544(b).

In Fedders, the court emphasized that a trustee cannot pursue all state law causes of action on behalf of creditors, but rather only those that the Code expressly allows him to pursue. Id. at 548. The court recognized that § 544(b) provided the trustee’s only authority to pursue a creditor’s state law claim for fraudulent conveyance under the Code. Id. However, § 544(b) only permits a trustee to avoid a fraudulent transfer; it does not grant the trustee the authority to recover damages stemming from the fraudulent transfer as well. Id. (“[A] bankruptcy trustee is not authorized to pursue every state law action that creditors of the debtor might pursue, only those that the Code expressly allows the trustee to pursue. The trustee’s only authority to assert a creditor’s state law causes of action related to fraudulent conveyances is found in section 544(b) of the Code ... and section 544(b) only permits the trustee to avoid a fraudulent transfer.”) (emphasis in original). Thus, because the debtor in Fedders sought to recover damages related to its aiding and abetting claims against the defendants, the court found that the trustee could not use § 544(b) as the vehicle for doing so. Id.

With § 544(b) and Fedders as a backdrop, GE’s argument would be correct if Jurista relied on § 544(b) as the basis for his fraudulent transfer claims against GE. Jurista, however, does not invoke this statutory section as the premise of his fraudulent transfer claim as applied to GE. Rather, Jurista explicitly states that he is “entitled to avoid this transfer pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1)(B).”⁵ (Compl. ¶ 188.)

The predominant view in the federal courts is that § 548(a) only authorizes a trustee, not creditors, to avoid certain transfers by the debtor. In re Lauer, 98 F.3d 378, 388 (8th Cir.1996); Auto. Prof'l, 389 B.R. at 633. In this same vein, however, federal courts have likewise recognized that “[s]ection 548 contains a singular grant of authority to the trustee to avoid fraudulent transfers of a debtor’s property for the benefit of all creditors. ” Surf N Sun Apts., Inc. v. Dempsey, 253 B.R. 490, 492 (M.D.Fl.1999). In the instant case, an analysis of the Complaint’s text indicates that Jurista is not asserting claims against Defendant on behalf of Jermax’s creditors, but rather brings claims to avoid certain transfers of Jermax’s property for the benefit of both the bankruptcy estate and its creditors as a whole. See In re Jack Greenberg, Inc., 240 B.R. 486, 506 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1999). Jurista stands in the shoes of the real party in interest, defined as “the person holding the substantive right to be enforced, and not necessarily the person who will ultimately benefit from the recovery.” Auto. Prof'l, 389 B.R. at 633 (emphasis added). Jermax, as the debtor, is the party holding the rights to be enforced. Whether third party creditors may ultimately benefit from the enforcement of these rights does not change the fact that Jermax is the real party in interest. As aptly stated by the Third Circuit: “ ‘[t]he assertion that this action will benefit creditors is not an admission that this action is being brought on their behalf.... Simply because the creditors of an estate may be the primary or even the only beneficiaries of [ ] a recovery does not transform the action into a suit by the creditors.’ ” Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors v. R.F. Lafferty & Co., 267 F.3d 340, 349 (3d Cir.2001) (quoting Jack Greenberg, 240 B.R. at 506). Thus, the Court finds that Jurista has not offended notions of prudential standing under these circumstances.

C. The In Pari Delicto Doctrine

Having determined that Jurista has standing to bring the above claims, the Court must now determine whether the doctrine of in pari delicto serves as an affirmative defense to those claims.

The in pari delicto doctrine provides that “a plaintiff may not assert a claim against a defendant if the plaintiff bears fault for the claim.” In re Scott Acquisition Corp., 364 B.R. 562, 566 (Bankr.D.Del.2007) (citing Lafferty, 267 F.3d at 354). The doctrine is based on the notion that a wrongdoer should not profit from his own misconduct, and courts therefore should refrain from adjudicating a dispute between two wrongdoers. In re Refco Secs. Litig., 2010 WL 6549830, at *12, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 132778, at *67 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 6, 2010). When translated literally, the phrase means that “in a case of equal or mutual fault, the position of the defending party is the better one.” Scott Acquisition, 364 B.R. at 566 (citing Bateman Eichler, Hill Richards, Inc. v. Berner, 472 U.S. 299, 306, 105 S.Ct. 2622, 86 L.Ed.2d 215 (1985)) (further citation omitted, internal alteration of text omitted).

Defendant GE asserts that controlling Third Circuit precedent, Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors v. R.F. Lafferty & Co., Inc., 267 F.3d 340 (3d Cir.2001), indicates that the in pari delicto doctrine applies under these circumstances because Jermax — through the conduct of its sole shareholders, officers, and directors, Defendants Carter, Young, and Gerwitz — was involved in the alleged fraudulent transfers. Defendant argues that, since the Debtor was to some extent at fault here, Jurista, as the person standing in its shoes for purposes of bringing suit, is barred from asserting such claims.

Lafferty arose out of the bankruptcy of two lease-financing corporations that allegedly operated as a Ponzi scheme.⁶ Id. at 343. The two corporations were entirely owned, operated, and managed by one family, the Shapiros, and were part of a vast network of businesses owned and operated by the family. Id. at 344, 359. When the corporations could not raise sufficient capital through the sale of debt securities to stay afloat, Mr. Shapiro, the president, director, and sole shareholder, allegedly caused them to issue fraudulent debt certificates, which were then sold to innocent individual investors. Id. The Shapiro family apparently worked with certain third parties to further the scheme, including their attorney, accountant, and qualified independent underwriters. Id. at 345. Eventually, however, the Ponzi scheme fell apart, driving both corporations into bankruptcy. Id. A committee of creditors appointed by the bankruptcy trustee to stand in the shoes of the debtors brought suit against the corporations’ shareholders, officers and directors, the affiliated companies, and the outside third parties pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 541, alleging that their fraudulent scheme wrongfully expanded the debtors’ debts out of proportion and forced them into bankruptcy, thereby defrauding the bankruptcy estates and their creditors. Id. Lafferty, one of the qualified independent underwriters, argued that the committee was barred from asserting these claims on behalf of the debtors under the doctrine of in pari de-licto. Id. at 355. Specifically, Lafferty argued that, since the debtor corporations were wholly owned, managed, and operated by the Shapiros, the debtors and the Shapiro family were essentially indistinguishable and the family’s wrongdoing was thus imputable to the corporations they ran. Id.

The Third Circuit began its analysis with whether the Shapiro family’s wrongdoing could be imputed to the debtors, and thereby the committee appointed to represent it in suit. Id. “Under the law of imputation, courts impute the fraud of an officer to a corporation when the officer commits the fraud (1) in the course of his employment, and (2) for the benefit of the corporation.” Id. at 358 (internal citations omitted).⁷ The Circuit Court found that the first element was easily satisfied because members of the Shapiro family served as the officers, directors, and sole shareholders of the debtor corporations. Id. at 359. With respect to the second element, the court recognized that the Shapiros’ mismanagement of the companies and perpetuation of the fraud was not done for the benefit of the corporations, and was therefore subject to the “adverse interest” exception to imputation. Id. Under this exception, “fraudulent conduct will not be imputed [to the corporation] if the officer’s interests were adverse to the corporation and not for the benefit of the corporation.” Id. (internal citations & quotation marks omitted). The Third Circuit’s analysis did not, however, end with the adverse interest exception. This is because the adverse interest exception is itself subject to an exception — the “sole actor” exception. Id. According to the sole actor exception, “if an agent is the sole representative of a principal, then that agent’s fraudulent conduct is imputable to the principal regardless of whether the agent’s conduct was adverse to the principal’s interests.” Id. (internal citations omitted). The rationale behind the exception is that “the sole agent has no one to whom he can impart his knowledge, or from whom he can conceal it, and [ ] the corporation must [therefore] bear the responsibility for allowing an agent to act without accountability.” Id. (internal citations omitted). Thus, since the Shapiro family members were the sole actors of the debtor corporations, the Third Circuit held that the exception applied and their conduct could be imputed to the debtors. Id. at 360. Therefore, because the debtor corporations themselves had contributed to the wrongdoing, the Third Circuit held that the committee, standing in the shoes of the debtors, was barred from asserting claims against the defendants under the doctrine of in pari delicto. Id.8

GE argues that Lafferty is directly applicable to the instant case. More specifically, Defendant alleges that individual Defendants Carter, Young, and Gerwitz committed the alleged fraud during the course of their employment at Jermax, and that they were able to effectuate the fraudulent transfers as a result of their controlling positions at the company. However, their actions were not taken for the benefit of the corporation since the fraud stripped Jermax of its assets, drove it into further debt, and pushed it into eventual insolvency and bankruptcy. Thus, GE argues that the “adverse interest” exception applies under these circumstances. However, since it is also alleged that the individual Defendants were the sole controlling shareholders, officers, and directors that orchestrated the entire fraudulent scheme, GE argues that the sole actor exception to the adverse interest exception would also apply, and the wrongful conduct of the Insider Defendants would be imputable to Jermax. GE thus argues that, since Jermax participated in the wrongful conduct at issue, the equitable defense doctrine of in pari delic-to would control, and Jurista, as the individual appointed to stand in the shoes of the Debtor for purposes of this lawsuit, would be barred from asserting claims against Defendants as a result.

Defendant GE’s discussion of Lafferty is correct, and its holding would apply to the instant facts if Disbursing Agent Jurista were asserting his claims against Defendants pursuant to § 541 of the Code. GE fails to take into account, however, the Third Circuit’s subsequent decision in In re Personal & Business Insurance Agency, 334 F.3d 239 (3rd Cir.2003) (“PBI"), which distinguished Lafferty and is directly applicable to this case.

In PBI, the debtor corporation, PBI, was used as a pawn in an illegal scheme perpetrated by its CEO and sole owner, Emil Kesselring, who caused it to make payments totaling $580,000 to another corporation in putative repayment for loans that he had fraudulently obtained from that company. Id. at 240-41. PBI eventually folded and filed for bankruptcy protection, at which point a bankruptcy trustee was appointed to represent its interests in the bankruptcy proceedings. Id. at 241-42. The trustee sought to recover the funds transferred by Kesselring for the benefit of the debtor’s estate and its creditors, arguing that they constituted fraudulent conveyances under § 548 of the Code. Id. at 242. The defendants, however, argued that Lafferty controlled and that Kesselring’s wrongful conduct should be imputed to PBI, and that the sole actor exception applied since he was PBI’s sole shareholder and officer. Id. at 244. The defendants claimed that, under Lafferty, the in pari delicto defense would therefore bar the trustee from asserting claims against them since the debtor also engaged in the wrongdoing at issue. Id.

The Court of Appeals, however, found Lafferty to be distinguishable. Notably, the court recognized that the creditor committee in Lafferty brought suit under § 541 of the Bankruptcy Code, which permits a representative of the debtor’s estate to bring suit as a successor to the debtor’s interest, and explicitly directs courts to evaluate all legal and equitable interests of the debtor as they existed at the commencement of the bankruptcy.⁹ Id. at 245. Thus, the Lafferty Court concluded that, because the committee represented the debtor’s interests as they existed at the commencement of the bankruptcy under § 541, it merely replaced Mr. Shapiro as the manager of the debtor and could not be considered to be an innocent successor in interest. Id. (discussing Lafferty, 267 F.Bd at 356-57). The trustee in PBI, however, brought his claims against the defendants under a different section of the Bankruptcy Code — § 548.¹⁰ PBI, 334 . The Court of Appeals found that this made a significant difference, because, unlike § 541, § 548 does not bar consideration of events that occurred after the commencement of the bankruptcy. Id. at 245-46. (“We therefore agree with the Trustee that Lafferty does not extend to the situation at bar because the Trustee is acting under § 548 rather than § 541.”). The Third Circuit therefore found that nothing in the language of § 548 precluded it from finding that Kesselring’s pre-petition wrongful conduct should not be imputed to the trastee, who was appointed post-petition to represent the interests of the bankruptcy estate and its creditors as a whole. Id. at 246-47 (“There is no limiting language in § 548 similar to that in § 541, and without that language there is no reason not to follow the better rule, under which Kesselring’s conduct would not be imputed to the Trustee because it would lead to an inequitable result in this case.”). Thus, the Third Circuit held that the in pari delicto doctrine did not bar suit against the defendants for actions taken by a bankruptcy estate’s representative pursuant to § 548 of the Bankruptcy Code.

Here, Jurista, as the disbursing agent appointed by the trustee to stand in the shoes of the Debtor for purposes of this suit, brings his claims against Defendants pursuant to § 548 of the Bankruptcy Code. As such, the Third Circuit’s holding in PBI, rather than Lafferty, controls in this case. Under PBI, the doctrine of in pari delicto does not apply to the instant circumstances, and Jurista is not barred from asserting his claims against the Defendants.¹¹ Thus, since the in pari delicto doctrine will not shield Defendants from liability here, they cannot rely on it to be dismissed from suit on this basis.

III. THE MOTION TO STRIKE

Having found that Jurista has standing to bring claims against Defendants and that the equitable defense of in pari delic-to does not bar them from being sued, the Court moves on to discuss the merits of Jurista’s claims. As an initial matter, Defendants ¹² move to strike the Complaint in its entirety on the grounds that it is solely based on the contents of the Examiner’s Report, which the Bankruptcy Court previously designated as content that is expressly inadmissible in future legal proceedings. Defendants therefore argue that, since the touchstone of Jurista’s Complaint is based on the inadmissible contents of the Examiner’s Report, the Complaint should be stricken in its entirety and all allegations against them should be dismissed.

A. Standard of Law Under Rule 12(f)

Rule 12(f) of the Federal Civil Rules provides that: “The court may strike from a pleading ... any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(f).¹³ The purpose of a Rule 12(f) motion is not to determine unclear or disputed questions of law. See FDIC v. Modular Homes, Inc., 859 F.Supp. 117, 120 (D.N.J.1994) (internal citation omitted). Rather, federal courts have recognized that a properly utilized motion to strike “ ‘may serve to hasten resolution of cases by eliminating the need for discovery, which in turn saves time and litigation expenses.’ ” Id. (citing Van Schouwen v. Connaught Corp., 782 F.Supp. 1240 (N.D.Ill.1991); FDIC v. White, 828 F.Supp. 304, 307 (D.N.J.1993); Glenside West Corp. v. Exxon Corp., 761 F.Supp. 1100, 1115 (D.N.J.1991); see also New Jersey v. RRI Mid-Atl. Power Holdings, LLC, No. Civ.A.07-5298, 2010 WL 3958777, at *9, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 105866, at *23 (E.D.Pa. Sept. 30, 2010) (citations omitted)). Striking a pleading, however, is a “drastic remedy” that is only appropriate “when the grounds for striking it are readily apparent from the face of the pleadings.” Vurimindi v. Fuqua Sch. of Bus., No. Civ.A.10-234, 2011 WL 3803668, at *2, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 96496, at *4-5 (E.D.Pa. Aug. 29, 2011) (internal citations & quotations omitted). As such, motions to strike “are not favored and usually will be denied unless the allegations have no possible relation to the controversy and may cause prejudice to one of the parties, or if the allegations confuse the issues.” Id. at *2, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 96496, at *4-5 (internal citations & quotations omitted). Courts should exercise caution in analyzing motions to strike, and should only grant such motions when “the defense asserted could not possibly prevent recovery under any pleaded or inferable set of facts.” Id. (internal citations & quotations omitted); see also Morgan Home Fashions, Inc. v. UTI, U.S., Inc., No. Civ.A.03-0772, 2004 WL 1950370, at *8-9, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13412, at *28 (D.N.J. Feb. 9, 2004) (internal citation omitted) (“Rule 12(f) should be construed strictly against striking portions of the pleading on grounds of immateriality and if the motion is granted at all, the complaint should be pruned with care.”).

B. Discussion of the Motion to Strike

Defendants aver that Plaintiffs Complaint should be stricken in its entirety because it is solely based upon the inadmissible contents of the Examiner’s Report. As discussed above, the Examiner Order entered by the Bankruptcy Court on September 12, 2011 expressly stated that:

The conclusions reached by the Examiner, the Examiner’s [R]eport and the Examiner’s testimony shall not be admissible in any court proceeding relating to causes of action that may be pursued by the Disbursing Agent, and shall not be used as proof or accorded any evidential weight in the event of litigation is pursued [sic ] by a Disbursing Agent.

(Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss, Ex. D, Examiner Order.) Defendants argue that the entirety of Jurista’s Complaint is based on the inadmissible conclusions reached by the Examiner in his Report, and that all allegations based on these conclusions should therefore be dismissed.

In response, Plaintiff avers that, while the Examiner’s Report itself may be inadmissible, the documents and underlying testimony that the Examiner relied upon in his reaching his conclusions therein are admissible. Jurista further contends that he will prove the allegations contained in his Complaint at trial through the underlying factual record, documents reviewed by the Examiner, deposition testimony, and his own expert report, and not by introducing into evidence the contents of the Examiner’s Report.

In support of their argument, Defendants extensively rely on the Second Circuit Court of Appeals’ decision in Lipsky v. Commonwealth United Corporation, 551 F.2d 887, 893 (2d Cir.1976). In that case, the SEC had previously filed a complaint against one of the defendants which alleged various securities laws violations. Id. at 892. The defendant and the SEC had entered into a consent judgment, which disposed of the complaint. Id. In the subsequent Lipsky litigation, the plaintiff attempted to utilize the prior SEC complaint and consent judgment to imply that the defendant had previously engaged in similar improper conduct. Id. at 891. The Lipsky defendants moved to strike the portions of the plaintiffs complaint based on the SEC complaint and consent judgment on the grounds that Federal Rule of Evidence 410 precluded their use as evidence at trial. Id. at 892-93. The Second Circuit agreed, finding that: “[sjince it is clear that the SEC-CUC consent judgment, itself, can have no possible bearing on [the plaintiffs] action, the SEC complaint which preceded the consent judgment is also immaterial, for purposes of Rule 12(f).” Id. at 894.

Contrary to Defendants’ assertions, Lipsky is distinguishable from the instant case. In Lipsky, the Second Circuit equated the consent judgment to a nolo contendere plea¹⁴ — a form of decision that is blatantly barred from admissibility at trial under Rule 410 of the Federal Rules of Evidence.¹⁵ This case, on the other hand, deals with the contents of a bankruptcy Examiners Report. The Examiners Report is not akin to a nolo conten-dere plea because it is merely a summary of a non-partys findings and opinions, and does not amount to an admission of guilt by the Defendants. Further, no similar evidentiary rule exists that expressly bars the Report from admissibility at trial. Moreover, the Lipsky Court only struck certain portions of the plaintiffs pleading that were based on the inadmissible evidence. Here, Defendants seek to strike the entire twenty-four count Complaint based on a single paragraph contained within it: “This Complaint is filed based upon the findings and recommendations of the Examiner as contained in the Examiners Report and as directed by the relevant provisions of the First Amended Liquidating Plan of Reorganization as confirmed by order of the Bankruptcy Court.” (CompU 18.) The Lipsky Court itself noted that such blatant dismissal is highly disfavored:

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure have long departed from the era when lawyers were bedeviled by intricate pleading rules and when lawsuits were won or lost on the pleadings alone. The courts should not tamper with the pleadings unless there is a strong reason for doing so.

Lipsky, 551 F.2d at 893. Indeed, federal courts within the Third Circuit have been highly loathe to grant motions to strike that would effectively dismiss the entire pleading.¹⁶ See AT & T Corp. v. Pub. Serv. Enter., No. Civ.A.99-4975, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS, at *5-7 (E.D.Pa. Feb. 16, 2000); Michael v. McIntosh, No. Civ.A. 2007-100, 2007 WL 3124670, at *1-2, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 78720, at *3-5 (D.V.I. Oct. 9, 2007).

Furthermore, although the Lipsky Court ultimately struck certain portions of the plaintiffs pleading, it was careful to note that courts should avoid striking allegations during the preliminary stages of litigation when the sole basis for doing so is that such evidence may eventually be deemed inadmissible or irrelevant at trial:

Evidentiary questions ... should especially be avoided at such a preliminary stage of proceedings. Usually the questions of relevancy and admissibility in general require the context of an ongoing and unfolding trial in which to be properly decided. And ordinarily neither a district court nor an appellate court should decide to strike a portion of the complaint ... on the sterile field of the pleadings alone.

Id. at 893. Here, Defendants’ sole basis for striking the Complaint is that it is based on evidence that will be inadmissible at trial. If the Court were to grant this request, then the entirety of Jurista’s action would be eviscerated based on the skeletal factual record available at this preliminary stage of proceedings. See New Jersey v. RRI Energy Mid-Atl. Power Holdings, LLC, No. Civ.A.07-5298, 2010 WL 3958777, at *4, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 105866, at *9 (E.D.Pa. Sept. 30, 2010) (internal citations omitted) (“Striking a pleading is a drastic remedy which should be used sparingly, partly because of the practical difficulty of deciding cases without a factual record.”). Other federal courts encountering similar circumstances have recognized that, even if the evidence may eventually be deemed inadmissible at trial, the more prudent course of action is to keep the evidence in the record until that later point in time. See Steak Umm Co., LLC v. Steak ’Em Up, Inc., No. Civ.A.09-2857, 2009 WL 3540786, at *2-3, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 101357, at *6 (E.D.Pa. Oct. 30, 2009) (“It is not necessary at this stage to determine whether or not evidence ... will be admissible if offered at trial.”); McAndrews Law Offices v. Sch. Dist. of Philo., No. Civ.A.06-5501, 2007 WL 515412, at *3-4, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9888, at *9 (E.D.Pa. Feb. 12, 2007) (“At this stage of the proceedings, the court will not strike pleadings simply because they may not later be admissible at trial.”); Binder v. Pa. Power & Light Co., No. Civ.A.06-2977, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 80117, at *3 (E.D.Pa. Aug. 31, 2007). This Court agrees that it is not necessary to strike Jurista’s allegations at this point in time simply because of the possibility that some or all of it may later be inadmissible at trial.

It is also worth mentioning that the Lipsky Court expressly recognized that, in deciding whether to strike a pleading under Rule 12(f), “it is settled that the motion will be denied, unless it can be shown that no evidence in support of the allegation would be admissible.” Lipsky, 551 F.2d at 893 (internal citation omitted) (emphasis added). Here, even though the Examiner’s conclusions may ultimately be inadmissible at trial, the documents and testimony that the Examiner relied upon during his investigation to reach those conclusions could be admissible (assuming, of course, they are not barred from admission for other legitimate evidentiary purposes). As such, given that there would be other evidence available to support Plaintiffs claims, this factor likewise counsels against striking Juristas Complaint in its entirety at this time.¹⁷ Accordingly, based on the above discussion, Defendants Motion to Strike Juristas Complaint will be denied.

IV. THE MOTION TO DISMISS

As described above, all of the Defendants in this case have moved to dismiss the claims asserted against them in Juris-ta’s Complaint. In the Complaint, Jurista asserts every claim — with the exception of Count 22 — against the Insider Defendants and Amerinox. The Insider Defendants and Amerinox move to dismiss all these counts asserted against them — except for Counts 12 and 21 — on the grounds that Jurista has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Civil Rules.

As to Defendant GE, it is readily apparent from the Complaint that Counts 21 and 22 are asserted against it. It is not as clear, however, whether Jurista likewise meant to assert any of the other claims raised in other counts against GE. Indeed, it is possible to interpret the broad language in Counts 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 13, 18, 19, 23, and 24 as likewise applying to GE. Thus, out of an abundance of caution, the Court will presume that Plaintiff meant to assert its claims in these counts against Defendant GE as well.

A. Standard of Law Under Rule 12(b)(6)

When considering a motion to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a court must accept all well-pleaded allegations in the complaint as true and view them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Evancho v. Fisher, 423 F.3d 347, 351 (3d Cir.2005). It is well settled that a pleading is sufficient if it contains “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2). Under the liberal federal pleading rules, it is not necessary to plead evidence, and it is not necessary to plead all the facts that serve as a basis for the claim. Bogosian v. Gulf Oil Corp., 561 F.2d 434, 446 (3d Cir.1977). However, “[although the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not require a claimant to set forth an intricately detailed description of the asserted basis for relief, they do require that the pleadings give defendant fair notice of what the plaintiffs claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Baldwin Cnty. Welcome Ctr. v. Brown, 466 U.S. 147, 149-50 n. 3, 104 S.Ct. 1723, 80 L.Ed.2d 196 (1984) (quotation and citation omitted).

A district court, in weighing a motion to dismiss, asks “ ‘not whether a plaintiff will ultimately prevail but whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claim.’ ” Bell Atlantic v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 563 n. 8, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (quoting Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236, 94 S.Ct. 1683, 40 L.Ed.2d 90 (1974)); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 684, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (“Our decision in Twombly expounded the pleading standard for ‘all civil actions’.... ”); Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 210 (3d Cir.2009) (“Iqbal ... provides the final nail-in-the-coffin for the ‘no set of facts’ standard that applied to federal complaints before Twombly. ”).

Following the Twombly/Iqbal standard, the Third Circuit has instructed a two-part analysis in reviewing a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6). First, the factual and legal elements of a claim should be separated; a district court must accept all of the complaint’s well-pleaded facts as true, but may disregard any legal conclusions. Fowler, 578 F.3d at 210 (citing Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1950). Second, a district court must then determine whether the facts alleged in the complaint are sufficient to show that the plaintiff has a “ ‘plausible claim for relief.’ ” Id. (quoting Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1950). A complaint must do more than allege the plaintiffs entitlement to relief. Id.; see also Phillips v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 234 (3d Cir.2008) (stating that the “Supreme Court’s Twombly formulation of the pleading standard can be summed up thus: ‘stating ... a claim requires a complaint with enough factual matter (taken as true) to suggest’ the required element. This ‘does not impose a probability requirement at the pleading stage,’ but instead ‘simply calls for enough facts to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence of the necessary element”). A court need not credit either “bald assertions” or “legal conclusions” in a complaint when deciding a motion to dismiss. In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1429-30 (3d Cir.1997). The defendant bears the burden of showing that no claim has been presented. Hedges v. United States, 404 F.3d 744, 750 (3d Cir.2005) (citing Kehr Packages, Inc. v. Fidelcor, Inc., 926 F.2d 1406, 1409 (3d Cir.1991)).

Finally, a court in reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion must only consider the facts alleged in the pleadings, the documents attached thereto as exhibits, and matters of judicial notice. S. Cross Overseas Agencies, Inc. v. Kwong Shipping Grp. Ltd., 181 F.3d 410, 426 (3d Cir.1999). A court may consider, however, “an undis-putedly authentic document that a defendant attaches as an exhibit to a motion to dismiss if the plaintiffs claims are based on the document.” Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. White Consol. Indus., Inc., 998 (3d Cir.1993). If any other matters outside the pleadings are presented to the court, and the court does not exclude those matters, a Rule 12(b)(6) motion will be treated as a summary judgment motion pursuant to Rule 56. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b).

B. Discussion of the Motion to Dismiss

1. The Fraud Claims

Counts 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, and 11 of Plaintiffs Complaint are, to varying degrees, based on allegations of fraud. Defendants allege that these Counts must be dismissed because, not only do they fail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under Rule 12(b)(6), but they likewise do not meet the heightened pleading standards for fraud under Rule 9(b).

Rule 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that, when alleging a cause of action based on fraud, “a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud[.]” Fed. R.Civ.P. 9(b) (emphasis added). Plaintiffs may satisfy this requirement by pleading “the date, time and place of the alleged fraud,” or through alternative means that “otherwise inject precision or some measure of substantiation into [the] fraud allegation.” Frederico v. Home Depot, 507 F.3d 188, 200 (3d Cir.2007) (citing Lum v. Bank of Am., 361 F.3d 217, 224 (3d Cir.2004)). In order to survive dismissal, plaintiffs must also allege “who made a misrepresentation to whom and the general content of the misrepresentation.” Gray v. Bayer Corp., No. Civ.A.08-4716, 2010 WL 1375329, at *3 (D.N.J. Mar. 31, 2010) (citing Lum, 361 F.3d at 224). The Third Circuit has also indicated, however, that focusing too much on the “particularity language” of Rule 9(b) is “too narrow an approach and fails to take account of the general simplicity and flexibility contemplated by the rules.” Christidis v. First Penn. Mortg. Trust, 717 F.2d 96, 100 (3d Cir.1983) (quoting 5 C. Wright & A. Miller, Fed. Prac. & Proc. § 1298 at 407 (1969)).

Rule 9(b) applies with equal force to fraud actions brought under federal statutes as to those actions that are based on state law but brought in federal court. See Frederico, 507 F.3d at 200; Christidis, 717 F.2d at 99. It has likewise been recognized that “[t]here is no question that Rule 9(b) applies to adversary proceedings in bankruptcy!.]” See OHC Liquid. Trust v. Nucor Corp., 325 B.R. 696, 698 (Bankr.D.Del.2005) (citing In re MacGregor Sporting Goods, 199 B.R. 502 (Bankr.D.N.J.1995); In re OPM Leasing Servs., Inc., 32 B.R. 199 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1983); In re APF Co., 308 B.R. 183, 188 (Bankr.D.Del.2004); In re Halpert & Co., Inc., 254 B.R. 104 (Bankr.D.N.J.1999)).

i. Counts 1 and 8: Avoidance and Recovery of Fraudulent Transfers under 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(2)¹⁸

In Counts 1 and 8 of the Complaint, Jurista seeks to avoid the alleged fraudulent transfers of property that the Insider Defendants caused to occur between Jermax and Amerinox. Defendants, in turn, argue that these two counts must fail as a matter of a law because § 548(a)(2) is inapplicable to this cause of action. Specifically, Defendants allege that this statutory section does not provide a basis for any claim or cause of action upon which affirmative relief can be granted. (Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss at 13.) In response, Plaintiff asserts that his claims survive dismissal because he has provided a reasonably specific description of the fraudulent transfers of property made by Defendants, the allegedly fraudulent dividends paid out to them, and has likewise provided a detailed analysis of the Debt- or’s insolvent status during that time. (PL’s Resp. Opp’n at 9-10.)

While Plaintiff may have adequately described the transfers, dividends, and Debt- or’s solvency status in his Complaint, the Court agrees with Defendants that he has failed to identify how these alleged fraudulent transactions relate to § 548(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code. That section states, in relevant part, as follows:

A transfer of a charitable contribution to a qualified religious or charitable entity or organization shall not be considered to be a transfer covered under paragraph (1)(B)¹⁹ in any case in which:

(A) the amount of that contribution does not exceed 15 percent of the gross annual income of the debtor for the year in which the transfer of the contribution is made; or

(B) the contribution made by a debtor exceeded the percentage amount of gross annual income specified in subpar-agraph (A), if the transfer was consistent with the practices of the debtor in making charitable contributions.

11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(2). At no point in Jur-ista’s Complaint does he make any reference to “a charitable contribution to a qualified religious or charitable entity or organization.” Plaintiff instead describes in detail separate instances in which the Insider Defendants allegedly caused the Debtor to engage in fraudulent transactions with its affiliate, Amerinox. The Court is at a loss to see how § 548(a)(2) applies here, and accordingly finds that Plaintiffs claims in Counts 1 and 8 fail as a matter of law. Accordingly, they will be dismissed from suit.

ii. Counts 2, 4, 9 and 11: Avoidance and Recovery of Fraudulent Transfers under N.J.S.A. § 25:2-25(a), (b) and § 25:2-27(a), (b)

In Counts 2, 4, 9, and 11 of his Complaint, Jurista seeks to avoid the alleged fraudulent transfers pursuant to two sections of New Jersey’s Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (“the UFTA”), N.J.S.A. § 25:2-20, et seq.

In Counts 4²⁰ and 11, Plaintiff brings fraudulent transfer claims under § 25:2-25 of the Act.²¹ That statutory section provides as follows:

A transfer made or obligation incurred by a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor, whether the creditor’s claim arose before or after the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred, if the debtor made the transfer or incurred the obligation:

(a) With actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor of the debtor; or

(b) Without receiving a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer or obligation, and the debtor:

(1) Was engaged or was about to engage in a business or a transaction for which the remaining assets of the debtor were unreasonably small in relation to the business or transaction; or

(2) Intended to incur, or believed or reasonably should have believed that the debtor would incur, debts beyond the debtor’s ability to pay as they become due.

N.J.S.A. § 25:2-25. In order to determine whether an actual intent to hinder or defraud existed, courts look to see whether “badges of fraud” are present. Meisleman, et al. v. Hamilton Farm Golf Club, LLC, No. Civ.A.11-0653, 2011 WL 3859846, at *8, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 98594, at *24 (D.N.J. Sept. 1, 2011) (citing Truong v. Kartzman, No. Civ.A.06-5511, 2007 WL 1959259, at *1-2, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 48614, at *4 (D.N.J. July 5, 2007); In re Norvergence, Inc., 405 B.R. 709, 732 (Bankr.D.N.J.2009)). The eleven commonly recognized badges of fraud are:

(1) the transfer or obligation was to an insider;

(2) the debtor retained possession or control of the property transferred after the transfer;

(3) the transfer or obligation was disclosed or concealed;

(4) before the transfer was made or obligation was incurred, the debtor was sued or threatened with suit;

(5) the transfer was of substantially all the debtor’s assets;

(6) the debtor absconded;

(7) the debtor removed or concealed assets;

(8) the value of the consideration received by the debtor was not reasonably equivalent to the value of the asset transferred or the amount of the obligation incurred;

(9) the debtor was insolvent or became insolvent shortly after the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred;

(10) the transfer occurred shortly before or after a substantial debt was incurred; and

(11) the debtor transferred the essential assets of the business to a lienor who transferred the assets to an insider of the debtor.

Meisleman, 2011 WL 3859846 at *8-9, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 98594 at *24-25 (citing N.J.S.A. § 25:2-26). While a finding of one badge of fraud may cast suspicion on the transferor’s intent, a finding of several badges in one transaction generally provides conclusive evidence of an actual intent to defraud. Meisleman, 2011 WL at *8-9, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 98594 at *25 (citing In re Global Outreach, S.A., No. Civ.A.11-0620, 2011 WL 2294168, at *2, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 65106, at *5 (D.N.J. June 6, 2011)) (further citation & quotations omitted). Therefore, the proper inquiry is not whether some factors are absent, but rather whether any badges of fraud are present. Meisleman, 2011 WL 3859846 at *8-9, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 98594 at *25.

The Court finds that Plaintiff has sufficiently pled several badges of fraud in his Complaint. First, in ¶¶ 34-37, Jurista specifically identifies Defendants Young, Carter, and Gerwitz as “insiders”²² that engaged in actual fraudulent transfers. Given that they were the sole shareholders and officers of both corporations when the property was transferred from Jermax to Amerinox, this transfer bears resemblance to an insider transaction. Jurista also avers in this section of the Complaint that Jermax was insolvent during this time. (Compl.1fli 36, 63, 71.) As such, he has pled the first and ninth badges of fraud.

Moreover, throughout the Complaint, Jurista asserts that the value of the consideration received by Jermax for certain property it transferred to Amerinox was not reasonably equivalent to the asset’s value or the amount of the obligation incurred. For example, in ¶ 66(f), Jurista states that “Debtor wrongfully transferred equipment related to the Commerce lease and GE-financed collateral having a fair market value of $450,018 and $1,000,000 respectively for no consideration received by the Debtor in exchange!.]” (Id. ¶ 66(f).) Further, Defendant GE accepted a fee in exchange for its consent to the equipment transaction. (Id. ¶ 66(g).) Thus, Plaintiff has likewise sufficiently pled the eighth badge of fraud in his Complaint.

Furthermore, in viewing them in the light most favorable to Jurista, the allegations made in the Complaint give the general impression that the various transfers were to some degree secretive or concealed. In fact, in ¶ 59, Jurista specifically states that: “Jermax’s officers concealed the dividend by claiming the $1,000,000 disbursement was for the payment of trade debt and intentionally misrepresented the discrepancy in the equity account and did not disclose the true purpose of the $1,000,000 loan[.]” (Id. ¶ 59.) Plaintiff has therefore also satisfied the second badge of fraud. Accordingly, in viewing the Complaint as a whole, it appears that Plaintiff has alleged several badges of fraud, and therefore has provided sufficient evidence of an actual intent to defraud. Counts 4 and 11 therefore will not be dismissed.

In Counts 2 and 9, Plaintiff brings claims under § 25:2-27 of UFTA.²³ Sub-part (a) of this statutory section states as follows:

(a) A transfer made or obligation incurred by a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor whose claim arose before the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred if the debtor made the transfer or incurred the obligation without receiving a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer or obligation and the debtor was insolvent at that time or the debtor became insolvent as a result of the transfer or obligation.

N.J.S.A. § 25:2-27(a).²⁴ In applying this statutory language to the instant scenario, in order to prevail on his claim, Jurista would need to show that a party acquired a right to payment from Jermax before the alleged transfer took place — i.e., became its creditor. Moreover, the transfer would only be deemed fraudulent under § 25:2-27(a) if Jermax did not receive a reasonably equivalent value in exchange and was insolvent at the time.

In ¶¶ 66(a) — (j), Jurista lists eleven instances purporting to represent fraudulent transfers under § 25:2-27. The majority of these instances allege that Jurista was “wrongfully overcharged,” or paid fees and obligations that should have been allocated to Amerinox. These allegations are not examples of fraudulent transfers made by Jermax for less than reasonably equivalent value. Rather, they appear to be examples of charges paid by the Debtor that should have been paid by Amerinox. As such, these averments do not constitute fraudulent transfers under N.J.S.A. § 25:2-27(a). However, in viewing the Complaint in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, it appears as though Jurista has at least sufficiently pled a fraudulent transfer in two subparagraphs of ¶ 66. More specifically, in ¶¶ 66(f) and (g), Juris-ta asserts that:

Debtor wrongfully transferred equipment related to the Commerce lease and GE-financed collateral having a fair market value of $40,018 and $1,000,000 respectively for no consideration received by the Debtor in exchange. Debtor wrongfully paid an equipment transfer fee of $13,172.25 to Defendant GE to facilitate the wrongful transfer of equipment to Defendant Amerinox.

(Compl. ¶¶ 66(f), (g).) Additionally, Juris-ta has averred that Jermax was insolvent at the time of these transactions. (Id. ¶ 70.) These assertions thus sufficiently allege a violation of N.J.S.A. § 25:2-27(a).

Plaintiff also claims that Defendants violated subpart (b) of N.J.S.A. § 25:2-27, which relates to fraudulent transfers made to “insiders.” Subpart (b) of the statute states:

(b) A transfer made by a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor whose claim arose before the transfer was made if the transfer was made to an insider for an antecedent debt, the debtor was insolvent at that time, and the insider had reasonable cause to believe that the debtor was insolvent.

N.J.S.A. § 25:2-27(b). If the debtor is a corporation, UFTA defines an “insider” as:

(1) A director of the debtor; (2) an officer of the debtor; (3) a person in control of the debtor; (4) a partnership in which the debtor is a general partner; (5) a general partner in a partnership described in paragraph (4) of subsection (b) of this definition; or (6) a relative of a general partner, director, officer, or person in control of the debtor.

N.J.S.A. § 25:2-22. Here, individual Defendants Carter, Young, and Gerwitz are alleged to be the sole shareholders, officers, and directors of Jermax. (Compilé 8-10.) As such, they meet the definitional requirements of an “insider” under the statute. It is also alleged that the individual Defendants were the “initial transferees” in the alleged fraudulent transactions, and that Jermax was insolvent on the dates of the transfers. (Id. ¶¶ 76, 77, 78, 80.) Accordingly, Plaintiff has adequately alleged the requisite elements of a § 25:2-27(b) claim as well, and Counts 2 and 9 also survive dismissal.

Therefore, based on the above, Counts 4 and 11²⁵ based on § 25:2-25 will not be dismissed. Further, Plaintiffs claims in Counts 2 and 9 based on subsection (b) of § 25:2-27 will likewise not be dismissed. As to Plaintiffs § 25:2-27(a) claims, these claims will not be dismissed to the extent that they rely on Jermax’s alleged fraudulent transfer of equipment to GE and Am-erinox. In all other instances, however, Plaintiffs claims under § 25:2-27(a) fail,

iii. Counts 3 and 10: Avoidance and Recovery of Fraudulent Transfers Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1)²⁶

In the third and tenth counts of his Complaint, Jurista avers that Defendants violated § 548(a)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code by making fraudulent transfers, and Plaintiff should therefore be permitted to avoid the transfers under this statutory section.²⁷ In response, Defendants assert that Plaintiffs § 548(a)(1) claim must adhere to the heightened pleading standards of Federal Civil Rule 9, and that Plaintiff has merely engaged in a formulaic recitation of the statutory elements of § 548(a)(1).

Section 548(a)(1) is actually comprised of two different subsections— §§ 548(a)(1)(A) and (a)(1)(B) — and each creates its own cause of action and has different statutory requirements. See In re Rickard, Bankr.No.05-20381, 2006 WL 3859239, at *1, 2006 Bankr.LEXIS 3737, at *1 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. Nov. 13, 2006). Subsection (a)(1)(A) governs “actual fraudulent transfers,” while subsection (a)(1)(B) applies to “constructive fraudulent transfers.” See OHC Liquid. Trust v. Nucor Corp., 325 B.R. 696, 698 (Bankr.D.Del.2005); TSIC, Inc. v. Thalheimer, 428 B.R. 103, 109 (Bankr.D.Del.2010). Plaintiff does not clarify which subsection Count 3 is based upon. At this stage of the proceedings, the Court is required to view his pleading in the light most favorable to him. Thus, out of an abundance of caution, the Court will consider Plaintiffs allegations under both subsections.

Subsection (a)(1)(A) provides that any transfer²⁸ of a debtor’s property made within two years of the filing of its bankruptcy petition may be avoided if the transfer was made with an “actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any entity” to whom the debtor was or subsequently became indebted. 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1)(A).²⁹ Defendants correctly point out that the heightened pleading requirements of Federal Civil Rule 9 apply to claims brought under this section of the Bankruptcy Code. See OHC Liquid. Trust, 325 B.R. at 698 (citing In re MacGregor Sporting Goods, 199 B.R. 502 (Bankr.D.N.J.1995)) (further citation omitted) (“There is no question that Rule 9(b) applies to adversary proceedings in bankruptcy which include a claim for relief under [ ] § 548, whether it is based upon actual or constructive fraud.”). Thus, in order to survive dismissal, Plaintiff must have identified a precise date, time, or place of the alleged fraud, or else inject some other measure of precision and substantiation into his pleadings. See Frederico v. Home Depot, 507 F.3d 188, 200 (3d Cir.2007).

In ¶ 35 of the Complaint, Plaintiff specifically alleges that: “[t]he $1.0 million in dividends paid in October 2008 was an actual fraudulent transfer.” (Comply 35.) In support of this allegation, Jurista avers in ¶¶ 34 through 63 that individual Defendants Young, Carter, and Gerwitz were paid $1.0 million in dividends at a time when Jermax had massive outstanding debt, was reporting significant losses on its balance sheet, and ultimately became insolvent. (Id. ¶¶ 34-63.) Jurista identifies dates on which the alleged transfers took place, precise monetary amounts, and the names of the creditors allegedly defrauded by these transactions. (Id.). Jurista also clearly breaks down the exact dividend amount paid to each of the individual Defendants, and the precise amounts owed to certain creditors at this time. (Id. ¶¶ 34, 42-63.) Jurista further avers that these transfers were made within two years pri- or to the date of the filing of Jermax’s bankruptcy petition, and “were made with actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud the Debtor’s creditors.” (Id. ¶¶ 69, 83.) As such, the Court finds that Plaintiff has stated with reasonable particularity the circumstances surrounding the alleged actual fraudulent transfers. Accordingly, Plaintiff has satisfactorily pled an actual fraudulent transfer claim under subsection (a)(1) (A) of the statute.

The Court next considers whether Jurista has likewise sufficiently made out a constructive fraudulent transfer claim under subsection (a)(1)(B). A fraudulent transfer under this subsection permits the avoidance of any transfer incurred by the debtor if it was made on or within two years of a debtor’s bankruptcy, and the debtor received less than a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for that transfer.³⁰ Thalheimer, 428 B.R. at 109. In order to successfully establish a claim under this subsection of the statute, a party must demonstrate that:

[A] transfer or obligation was incurred for less than reasonably equivalent value and then must show that one of the four conditions set forth in subsection (B)(ii) is met, including:

(1) the debtor was or thereby became insolvent,

(2) the debtor was engaged in business or was about to engage in business for which any property remaining with the debtor was an unreasonably small capital,

(3) the debtor intended to incur or believed it would incur debts that would be beyond its ability to repay as they matured, or

(4) the debtor made the transfer or incurred the obligation to or for the benefit of an insider under an employment contract and not in the ordinary course of business.

Fraud upon creditors is presumed once the plaintiff establishes the requisite elements of the statute.

Id. (citing 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(l)(B)(i), (ii)(I)-(IV); In re Fruehauf Trailer Corp., 444 F.3d 203, 210 (3d Cir.2006); Mellon Bank, N.A. v. Metro Commc’ns, Inc., 945 F.2d 635, 645 (3d Cir.1991)).

In ¶ 36 of his Complaint, Jurista avers that the dividends paid to the individual Defendants were constructive fraudulent transfers because Debtor Jermax was insolvent on the date on which they were paid out to the Insider Defendants. (ComplJ 36.) As such, Plaintiff has fulfilled one of the four statutory conditions of subsection (B)(ii). Prior to satisfying one of the four conditions, however, Plaintiff must first establish that the transfers were incurred for less than reasonably equivalent value. See Thalheimer, 428 B.R. at 109. Jurista has not established in his Complaint that the dividends were paid or transferred to the individual Defendants for less than reasonably equivalent value. Accordingly, Plaintiffs constructive fraudulent transfer claim is dismissed to the extent Jurista bases it on the dividend payouts.

However, in another section of his Complaint, Jurista avers that Jermax wrongfully transferred certain equipment that had fair market values of $450,018 and $1,000,000 to Defendant Amerinox for virtually no consideration whatsoever. (Compilé 66(f),(g).) Defendant GE is also alleged to have participated in this trans-action. (Id. ¶¶ 27, 66, 196-203.) It is further alleged that Jermax was insolvent at the time of these transfers, and that the transfers were made within two years of the date of Jermax’s bankruptcy petition. (Id. ¶¶ 69-71.) As such, to the extent Jur-ista bases his constructive fraud transfer claim on these equipment transfers, his § 548(a)(1)(B) claim survives dismissal.

Finally, in Count 10, Jurista avers that, “[alternatively, the loans made by the Debtor to the Defendant shareholders are book accounts which are due and owing to the Debtor and remain unpaid to date.” (Id. ¶ 134.) A book account cause of action is rooted in state — rather than federal bankruptcy — law. Under New Jersey law, “[a] book-account cause of action for services provided under a contract arises immediately upon the completion of those services.” Kelsey v. Paparozzi, 2007 WL 2947650, at *2, 2007 N.J.Super. Unpub. LEXIS 524, at *4-5 (N.J.Super.A.D.2007) (citing Metromedia Co. v. Hartz Mountain Assocs., 139 N.J. 532, 535, 655 A.2d 1379 (1995)). Here, Jurista has not identified a contract or services upon which his boók account claim could be based. Therefore, to the extent he seeks to base his fraudulent transfer claim on book accounts that are due and owing to Jermax at this time, such a claim will be dismissed.

2. Count 5: Conversion

In New Jersey, a claim for conversion is based on the notion that “the wrongful exercise of dominion and control over property owned by another [is] inconsistent with the owners’ rights.” Smith v. Cavalier Builders, Inc., No. Civ.A.06-227, 2008 WL 819960, at *8, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 23457, at *21 (D.N.J. Mar. 25, 2008) (Hillman, J.) (internal citations & quotation marks omitted). As such, a conversion claim under New Jersey law consists of three elements: (1) the defendant wrongfully exercised dominion or control over the property of another; (2) the property was taken without authorization;³¹ and (3) the property was taken to the exclusion of the owner’s rights to it. 78th Infantry Div., World War II Living History Ass’n v. Oprendek, No. Civ.A.11-165, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 140014, at *15-16 (D.N.J. Aug. 4, 2011) (Kugler, J.)

In the instant action, Jurista asserts that “Defendants improperly exercised dominion and control over, and thus converted the Debtor’s assets and funds[.]” (Comply 95.) More specifically, Plaintiff contends that the Defendants conspired to transfer Jermax’s assets to Amerinox for an unreasonably low purchase price in an effort to obtain capital to pay off a loan that they owed to Defendant GE. According to Plaintiff, the purchase price “was arrived at and determined arbitrarily by Defendants] Amerinox and GE, and not by way of a fair market valuation of the assets or by arms-length negotiation with the Debtor as the seller of the assets.” (Id. ¶ 198.) Thus, based on this factual recitation, it is apparent that Defendants may have wrongfully exercised control over certain property belonging to Jermax, and that they took this property without consulting with Jermax as the seller and owner of the assets. Plaintiffs conversion claim therefore survives dismissal.

3. Count 6: Unjust Enrichment

In order to establish a claim for unjust enrichment under New Jersey law, a plaintiff must show that the defendant “received a benefit and that retention of that benefit without payment would be unjust.” Stewart v. Beam Global Spirits & Wine, Inc., 877 F.Supp.2d 192, 196 (D.N.J.2012) (Hillman, J.) (internal citations & quotation marks omitted). An unjust enrichment claim consists of three elements: (1) the defendant received a benefit, (2) at the plaintiffs expense, (3) under circumstances that would make it unjust for the defendant to retain the benefit without paying for it. Mason v. Coca-Cola Co., No. Civ.A.09-0220, 2010 WL 2674445, at *7, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 65107, at *22 (D.N.J. June 30, 2010) (Hilman, J.) (citing In re K-Dur Antitrust Litig., 338 F.Supp.2d 517, 544 (D.N.J.2004)). The doctrine further requires a plaintiff to show that it “expected remuneration from [the] defendant at the time it performed or conferred a benefit on [the] defendant[.]” Mason, 2010 WL 2674445 at *8, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS at *23 (internal citation omitted). “However, New Jersey law does not recognize unjust enrichment as an independent tort cause of action. Thus, where a plaintiff asserts an unjust enrichment cause of action along with [other] tort claims and there appear to be no allegations that the plaintiff expected or anticipated remuneration from the defendant, the unjust enrichment claim should be dismissed.” Id.; see also Torres-Hernandez v. CVT Prepaid Solutions, Inc., No. Civ.A.08-1057, 2008 WL 5381227, at *8, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 105413, at *25-26 (D.N.J. Dec. 17, 2008); Cafaro v. HMC, No. Civ.A.07-2793, 2008 WL 4224805, at *12, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 71740, at *37 (D.N.J. Sept. 8, 2008).

A fellow court in this District faced a largely similar factual scenario in Cafaro v. HMC. In that case, two individuals operated and served as the principals of a hedge fund, HMC International LLC, and recruited approximately eighty investors to partake in their business venture related to the fund. Id. at *2, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 71740, at *2. The individuals also operated another hedge fund, Essex Morgan LLC, which drew from HMCs funds. Id. The two defendants eventually discontinued operation of Essex Morgan and transferred all of its remaining assets to HMC. Id. The plaintiffs, a group of fund investors, brought suit against the two funds and the individual defendants, asserting, inter alia, a host of securities fraud, contract, and tort claims, including a claim for unjust enrichment. Id. The plaintiffs specifically argued that Essex Morgan unjustly retained a benefit through its use of HMC funds. Id. at *11-12, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 71740, at *36. The court found that the conduct underlying the plaintiffs unjust enrichment claim sounded in tort. Id. Accordingly, it dismissed the claim because it was brought alongside other tort claims, and New Jersey does not recognize unjust enrichment as an independent tort cause of action. Id.

This Court finds Cafaro to be particularly instructive here. Just as in that case, the conduct underlying Plaintiffs unjust enrichment claim — namely, that the individual Defendants conducted the Debtors business for their own benefit without proper authority, pirated the Debtors assets, fraudulently transferred Jermaxs assets to Amerinox, and apparently had Jer-max pay Amerinox’s bills (Compl.lffl 97-102) — likewise sounds in tort rather than contract.³² Indeed, Plaintiff brings his unjust enrichment claim amongst a myriad of other tort and fraud claims. As indicated above, New Jersey does not recognize unjust enrichment as an independent tort cause of action, and, as such, Plaintiffs unjust enrichment claim should be dismissed from suit.

The Court further notes that, while Plaintiff alleges that Defendants unjustly enriched themselves at the Debtor’s expense and utilized Jermax to pay Ameri-nox’s bills, he has not alleged that Jermax anticipated any specific form of remuneration from the Defendants. The law clearly indicates that “[t]he unjust enrichment doctrine requires that [the] plaintiff show that it expected remuneration from the defendant at the time it performed or conferred a benefit on defendant[.]” Cafaro, 2008 WL 4224805 at *12, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 71740 at *37. Given that Plaintiff has not sufficiently pled as much in his Complaint, this further shows that he has not established a viable unjust enrichment claim. Thus, Count 6 will likewise be dismissed.

4. Count 7: Turnover under 11 U.S.C. § 542³³

Section 542 of the Bankruptcy Code provides that an entity that is wrongfully in possession of property that rightfully belongs to the debtor should turn that property over to the debtor’s estate.³⁴ Importantly, claims for turnover are not the same as claims for damages. Rather, “[t]urnover under § 542 of the Code is not intended as a remedy to determine disputed rights of parties to property. [ ][I]t is intended as a remedy to obtain what is acknowledged to be property of the bankruptcy estate.” In re Weinstock, Bankr. No.96-31147, 1999 WL 342764, at *9 n. 14, 1999 Bankr.LEXIS 616, at *30 n. 14 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. May 25, 1999) (internal string citation omitted). “Implicit in the bankruptcy concept of turnover is the idea that the property being sought is clearly property of the Debtor but not in the Debtor’s possession. Turnover ... is not the provision of the Code to determine the rights of the parties[.]” In re FLR Co., Inc., 58 B.R. 632, 634 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.1985) (emphasis added).

In Count 7, Jurista requests the Court to grant him compensatory and punitive damages for his turnover claim. As such, he seeks to determine the Debtor’s rights to the property, and to be compensated for the Defendants wrongful withholding of this property. See Weinstock, 1999 WL 342764 at *9 n. 14, 1999 Bankr.LEXIS 616 at *30 n. 14 (“Since the purpose of the instant litigation is to determine the defendants liability, if any, to Debtor, it does not constitute a turnover proceeding.”). Moreover, it has not been clearly established — as turnover law requires — that any property within the Defendants’ possession rightfully belongs to Jermax. To the contrary, the right to certain pieces of property which Jurista maintains rightfully belongs to the Debtor — for example, the shareholder dividends and equipment — remains in contentious dispute between the parties. Thus, Plaintiffs turnover claim also fails on these grounds. Accordingly, Count 7 will be dismissed.

5. Count 13: Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing³⁵

Under principles of New Jersey law, every contract in the state contains an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in the performance and enforcement of its terms. See Coldwell Banker Real Estate, LLC v. Plummer & Assocs., No. Civ.A.09-1313, 2009 WL 3230840, at *2-3, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 91920, at *8-9 (D.N.J. Oct. 2, 2009) (citing Wilson v. Amerada Hess Corp., 168 N.J. 236, 244, 773 A.2d 1121 (2001)). As indicated by the New Jersey Supreme Court, the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing evinces a commitment that “neither party shall do anything which will have the effect of destroying or injuring the right of the other party to receive the fruits of the contract.” Coldwell, 2009 WL 3230840 at *3, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 91920 at *9 (citing Sons of Thunder, Inc. v. Borden, Inc., 148 N.J. 396, 421, 690 A.2d 575 (1997)). A party can be held liable for a breach of the implied covenant even if it has not violated an express term of the contract because the covenant “may fill in the gaps where necessary to give efficacy to the contract as written.” Fields v. Thompson Printing Co., 363 F.3d 259, 271-72 (3d Cir.2004). Moreover, the implied covenant will not override the express terms of the contract. Cargill Global Trading v. Applied Dev. Co., 706 F.Supp.2d 563, 580 (D.N.J.2010) (citing Sons of Thunder, Inc., 148 N.J. at 423, 690 A.2d 575; Fields, 363 F.3d at 272; Wilson, 168 N.J. at 244, 773 A.2d 1121). It has been recognized, however, that “the covenant is to be interpreted narrowly, lest it become an all-embracing statement of the parties’ obligations under contract law, imposing unintended obligations upon parties and destroying the mutual benefits created by legally binding agreements.” Cargill Global Trading, 706 F.Supp.2d at 580 (internal citations & quotation marks omitted).

As an initial matter, the Court notes that — unlike most breach of implied covenant claims — Plaintiff here has not also brought a standard breach of contract claim against Defendants. Several of our sister courts in neighboring districts do not recognize a breach of implied covenant claim independent of a standard breach of contract claim under such circumstances. See Zaloga v. Provident Life & Acc. Ins. Co. of Am,., 671 F.Supp.2d 623, 630 (M.D.Pa.2009); McHale v. NuEnergy Grp., No. Civ.A.01-4111, 2002 WL 321797, at *8, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3307, at *23 (E.D.Pa. Feb. 27, 2002); Designers N. Carpet, Inc. v. Mohawk Indus., Inc., 153 F.Supp.2d 193, 196 (E.D.N.Y.2001) (“A claim for breach of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing does not provide a cause of action that is separate and different from a breach of contract claim. Rather, breach of that duty is merely a breach of the underlying contract.”); see also Gallo v. PHH Mortg. Corp., 916 F.Supp.2d 537, 551, 2012 WL 6761876, at *11-12, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 182954, at *36-37 (D.N.J.2012) (Hillman, J.) (applying Pennsylvania law). New Jersey, however, does recognize an independent cause of action based upon the covenant of good faith and fair dealing in three limited instances:

(1) To allow the inclusion of additional terms and conditions not expressly set forth in the contract, but consistent with the parties contractual expectations;

(2) to allow redress for a contracting partys bad-faith performance of an agreement, when it is a pretext for the exercise of a contractual right to terminate, even where the defendant has not breached any express term; and

(3) to rectify a party’s unfair exercise of discretion regarding its contract performance.

Kim v. Balk, No. Civ.A.06-3604, 2007 WL 674715, at *3, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13553, at *11 (D.N.J. Feb. 27, 2007) (Kugler, J.) (citing Seidenberg v. Summit Bank, 348 N.J.Super. 243, 791 A.2d 1068, 1076 (App.Div.2002)).

The second scenario is potentially implicated in this case. In such instances, a plaintiffs recovery for a breach of the implied covenant often hinges upon its ability to prove that the defendant acted in bad faith or in accordance with a dilatory motive. Cargill Global Trading, 706 F.Supp.2d at 580 (citing Wilson, 168 N.J. at 251, 773 A.2d 1121) (internal parenthetical omitted). While the law does not require the parties to behave altruistically toward each other; a plaintiff must at least provide sufficient evidence “to support a conclusion that the party alleged to have acted in bad faith has engaged in some conduct that denied the benefit of the bargain originally intended by the parties.” Cargill Global Trading, 706 F.Supp.2d at 580 (internal citations & quotation marks omitted). Further, in assessing the conduct of the parties to a contract, New Jersey courts utilize the definitions of “good faith” and “bad faith” adopted the Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”). “Good faith” is defined by the UCC as “honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing in the trade,” while “bad faith” evinces conduct that transgresses “community standards of decency, fairness or reasonableness.” Id. (citing N.J.S.A. § 12A:2 — 103 (1) (b); Brunswick Hills Racquet Club, Inc. v. Route 18 Shopping Ctr. Assoc., 182 N.J. 210, 224, 864 A.2d 387 (2005)). This District also recognizes that “subterfuges and evasions” in the performance of a contract constitute a violation of the implied covenant, regardless of whether the actor believed his conduct was justified. Interstate Realty Co., LLC v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., No. Civ.A.06-5997, 2009 WL 1286209, at *11, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 35141, at *33-34 (D.N.J. Apr. 27, 2009) (internal citations omitted).

Here, Defendants assert that Plaintiffs implied covenant claim consists of nothing more than bald conclusory statements. (Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss at 35.)³⁶ Although the Court notes that Plaintiff could certainly have provided more factual support with respect to the alleged contracts at issue in his pleading, at this stage of the proceedings it does not matter whether Jurista will ultimately prevail on his claim, but only whether he has provided enough facts to proceed forward and “offer evidence to support the claim.” Bell Atlantic v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 563 n. 8, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). In ¶ 23 of the Complaint, Jurista avers that “Debtor Jermax transferred title to its financed equipment to Defendant Am-erinox in February 2009 although the financing and leasing agreements prohibited the transfers.” (Comply 23.) Plaintiff has also alleged that Defendant GE made a loan to Jermax in 2005. (Id. ¶ 186.) Presumably, this loan was supported by some form of loan agreement between the parties. As such, Plaintiff has alleged the existence of certain contracts upon which his present implied covenant claim could be premised. Moreover, Plaintiff has also alleged enough facts to support a preliminary finding that Defendants potentially acted in bad faith under these circumstances. Notably, he asserts that Jermax received less than a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer of the equipment, and that Defendant GE played a significant role in the execution of this fraudulent transfer by conspiring with Am-erinox to sell the equipment for the amount that remained outstanding on its loan to Jermax and accepting a fee in exchange for its consent. (Id. ¶¶ 26, 27, 186-203.) It is also alleged that Amerinox stopped paying rent for the processing equipment upon the transfer of title, which resulted in outstanding payments of $450,018.00. (Id. ¶¶ 24-26.) Such conduct echoes in dishonesty and is not in accord with reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing in New Jersey. Moreover, as indicated above, regardless of whether any of the Defendants believed their conduct was justified, subterfuges and evasions in the performance of a contract can equate to a violation of the implied covenant. Plaintiff has generally asserted in his Complaint that the Defendants’ actions related to the equipment transfers were at least to some degree secretive and evasive.

Thus, although Plaintiffs factual allegations related to the implied covenant claim are largely underdeveloped at this time, they are sufficient to survive dismissal and may proceed forward to the discovery phase of proceedings.

6. Count 14: Breaches of Fiduciary Duties

In Count 14, Plaintiff asserts that individual Defendants Carter, Young, and Ger-witz breached the fiduciary duties of due care, loyalty, and good faith that they owed to Jermax as its officers and directors. (Id. ¶¶ 154-56.) More specifically, Plaintiff claims that the individual Defendants “were not permitted to use their positions of trust and confidence to further their private interests in violation of the requirement of undivided and unselfish loyalty to the Debtor so there would be no conflict between duty and self-interest.” (Id. ¶ 155.)

In order to establish a cause of action for a breach of fiduciary duty in New Jersey, a plaintiff must show that: (1) the defendant had a duty to the plaintiff, (2) the duty was breached, (3) injury to plaintiff occurred as a result of the breach, and (4) the defendant caused that injury. Goodman v. Goldman, Sachs & Co., No. Civ.A.10-1247, 2010 WL 5186180, at *4, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 132593, at *10 (D.N.J. Dec. 14, 2010) (citing St. Matthew’s Baptist Church v. Wachovia Bank Nat’l Ass’n, No. Civ.A.04-4540, 2005 WL 1199045, at *3-4, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 46607, at *9 (D.N.J. May 18, 2005); In re ORFA Sec. Litig., 654 F.Supp. 1449, 1457 (D.N.J.1987)). Moreover, in all corporate fiduciary relationships, corporate officers are presumed to be informed, and acting in good faith and in the best interests of the corporation. See Richardson v. Ulsh, No. Civ.A.06-3934, 2007 WL 2713050, at *8-9, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 67698, at *25 (D.N.J. Sept. 13, 2007) (internal citation omitted); In re Forman Enter., Inc., 273 B.R. 408, 413 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.2002).

The fiduciary duties owed by directors, however, are not without limits. New Jersey courts have long recognized that:

A decision made by a board of directors pertaining to the manner in which corporate affairs are to be conducted should not be tampered with by the judiciary so long as the decision is one within the power delegated to the directors and there is no showing of bad faith.

In re PSE & G Shareholder Litig., 173 N.J. 258, 277, 801 A.2d 295, 306 (N.J.2002) (citing Exadaktilos v. Cinnaminson Realty Co., 167 N.J.Super. 141, 151, 400 A.2d 554 (N.J.Super.1979)). Indeed, the law seeks to promote and protect the full and free exercise of directorial business judgment. Maul v. Kirkman, 270 N.J.Super. 596, 614, 637 A.2d 928 (N.J.Super.1994). Accordingly, “the business judgment rule” has been fashioned as a means of protecting directorial decision-making from judicial interference and constant hindsight. Under this rule, corporate director decisions are presumed to have been made in good faith and will not be questioned by the courts. Id.; see also Frost v. Adiletta, Bankr.No.03-17230, 2009 U.S. Bankr.LEXIS 5533, at *25 (Bankr.D.N.J. Jan. 15, 2009) (“As a matter of good public policy, the business judgment rule affords corporate directors the ability to take prudent business risks without the fear of judicial scrutiny if those risks prove incorrect or unwise in hindsight.”). Thus, “bad judgment, without bad faith, does not ordinarily make officers individually liable.” Maul, 270 N.J.Super. at 614, 637 A.2d 928. The rule operates as a rebuttable presumption, and, in order to overcome the presumption, the challenger must show that the directors engaged in some form of self-dealing or other disabling conduct. Id. Importantly, the business judgment rule will not shield directors’ decisions in instances of fraud, self-dealing, or unconscionable conduct. Id. (citing Daloisio v. Peninsula Land Co., 43 N.J.Super. 79, 93, 127 A.2d 885 (N.J.Super.1956)).

As stated above, the initial inquiry in breach of duty claims is whether a fiduciary relationship existed between the parties. “Under New Jersey law, a fiduciary relationship arises between two persons when one person is under a duty to act for or give advice for the benefit of another on matters within the scope of their relationship.” Goodman, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13259 at *35 (internal citations & quotation marks omitted). Here, Plaintiff avers that the individual Defendants owed fiduciary duties to Jermax as a corporate entity and to its creditors. It is well established that corporate officers owe a fiduciary duty to the corporation itself. Francis v. United Jersey Bank, 87 N.J. 15, 20, 28, 432 A.2d 814 (N.J.1981) (internal citation omitted) (“In general, the relationship of a corporate director to the corporation ... is that of a fiduciary”). It is also recognized in New Jersey that corporate officers owe a fiduciary duty to a corporation’s creditors under certain circumstances. See id. at 29, 432 A.2d 814; see also VFB, LLC v. Campbell Soup Co., 482 F.3d 624, 636 (3d Cir.2007); In re Carretta, 219 B.R. 66, 70 (Bankr.D.N.J.1998) (recognizing fiduciary duty that a corporate officer of an insolvent corporation owes to corporation’s creditors). As such, Plaintiff has satisfied the threshold inquiry in a breach of fiduciary duty claim.

The next question for the Court to consider is whether this fiduciary relationship and its corresponding duty were violated under the factual circumstances. Plaintiff argues that the individual Defendants breached their fiduciary duties of care, loyalty, and good faith. (Compl.lffl 154-56.) These claims actually constitute separate actions under New Jersey law. Accordingly, the Court analyzes each claim separately below.

i. Fiduciary Duty of Care

The Court begins its analysis with the duty of care because this is “the wellspring from which [ ] more specific duties flow.” Francis, 87 N.J. at 20, 432 A.2d 814. Corporate directors are required to exercise their duties with due care because “[t]he institutional integrity of a corporation depends upon the proper discharge [] of those duties.” Id. In assessing whether corporate directors acted with due care, “the court’s inquiry is not into the substantive decision of the [director], but rather is into the procedures employed by the board in making its determination. In that regard, there is no prescribed procedure that a [director] must follow.” PSE & G, 173 N.J. at 291, 801 A.2d 295 (internal citations & quotation marks omitted). Moreover, “a director is held to the standard of care that an ordinarily prudent director would use under the circumstances.” Francis, 87 N.J. at 28, 432 A.2d 814 (internal citation omitted). The New Jersey Supreme Court has previously indicated that:

Directors may not shut their eyes to corporate misconduct and then claim that because they did not see the misconduct [because] they did not have a duty to look. The sentinel asleep at his post contributes nothing to the enterprise he is charged to protect.

Id. at 20-21, 432 A.2d 814 (internal citations, quotations, & parentheticals omitted).

In his Complaint, Jurista alleges that the $1.0 million in dividends disbursed in October of 2008 caused the individual Defendants to breach their fiduciary duties of care. (Compl. ¶¶ 34, 36.) He also argues that the individual Defendants abused their positions as corporate directors in an effort to further their private interests when they declared the dividends. (Id. ¶ 155.)

New Jersey courts have previously discussed directorial decisions regarding dividend payments in the context of fiduciary duties:

The question of whether or not a dividend is to be declared ... is exclusively a matter of business judgment for the board of directors. Courts will not interfere with such discretion unless it be first made to appear that the directors have acted ... in bad faith and for a dishonest purpose. It is for the directors to say, acting in good faith of course, when and to what extent dividends shall be declared.

Maul, 270 N.J.Super. at 614, 637 A.2d 928 (internal citations omitted).

Here, Jurista asserts that, when the Defendant directors declared the dividend in October of 2008, Jermax was insolvent, inundated with debts, and completely incapable of paying such debts as they became due. (Compl. ¶¶ 38-63.) In other words, Jermax was a severely financially crippled institution at that time. Despite this precarious financial situation and the fact that Jermax stood on the brink of bankruptcy, the individual Defendants nonetheless allegedly declared a dividend to themselves. This decision, as alleged, appears to have been made in bad faith or for a dishonest reason. Furthermore, Jur-ista also claims that the dividend distribution violated Jermax’s Revolving Credit Agreement with one of its financial lending institutions, Fortis. Specifically, Jurista states that “in late October 2008, the Defendant officers of Debtor Jermax borrowed funds from Fortis and paid an unauthorized dividend of $1.0 million to themselves and advanced $250,000 to Defendant Amerinox.” (Id. ¶ 62.) According to Plaintiff, the Defendant officers’ actions eventually caused Jermax to default on its loan from Fortis. (Id. ¶¶ 57, 60-61.) Moreover, it is also alleged that “Jermax’s officers concealed the dividend by claiming the $1,000,000 disbursement was for the payment of trade debt and intentionally misrepresented the discrepancy in the equity account and did not disclose the true purpose of the $1,000,000 loan drawdown from Fortis.” (Id. ¶ 59.) These allegations further support a finding of bad faith or dishonesty on the part of the directors in declaring the dividend.

As such, Plaintiff has provided a satisfactory factual basis to support a finding that the individual Defendants violated the duty of care that they owed to Jermax under these circumstances, and they will therefore not be dismissed.

ii. Fiduciary Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith

In New Jersey, corporate officers likewise owe a fiduciary duty of loyalty to the corporate entity which they represent. The duty of loyalty requires corporate directors to act in the best interests of the corporation, rather than for their own benefit, and “requires an undivided and unselfish loyalty to the corporation [and] demands that there shall be no conflict between duty and self-interest.” Frost, 2009 U.S. Bankr.LEXIS 5533 at *30 (internal citation omitted). “The threshold inquiry in assessing whether a director violated his duty of loyalty is whether the director has a conflicting interest in the transaction.” Id. (internal citation omitted). “Directors are considered to be ‘interested’ if they either ‘appear on both sides of a transaction []or expect to derive any personal financial benefit from it in the sense of self-dealing, as opposed to a benefit which devolves upon the corporation or all stockholders generally.” Id. (quoting In re Seidman, 37 F.3d 911, 934 (3d Cir.1994)). The director will be found to have breached his duty of loyalty and the business judgment rule will cease to protect him if instances of self-dealing or usurpation of corporate opportunities are found. Id.

Directors of corporations also are required to exercise their corporate duties in good faith. Frost, 2009 U.S. Bankr.LEXIS 5533 at *31 (citing N.J.S.A. § 14A:6-14; Riddle v. Mary A. Riddle Co., 140 N.J. Eq. 315, 54 A.2d 607 (Ch. 1947)). The use of good faith does not establish a separate fiduciary duty, but rather is encompassed within the director’s duty of loyalty. Frost, 2009 U.S. Bankr.LEXIS 5533 at *31 (internal citations omitted). Thus, a director’s bad faith conduct lends to a finding that he breached his duty of loyalty to the corporation. Bad faith is defined as “acting for some purpose other than a genuine attempt to advance corporate welfare or for purposes known to constitute a violation of applicable positive law.” Id. at *31 (internal citations omitted). In order to show that a director acted in bad faith, the plaintiff must show that he: (1) intentionally acted with a purpose other than that of advancing the best interests of the corporation, (2) acted with the intent to violate applicable positive law, or (3) intentionally failed to act in the face of a known duty to act, thereby demonstrating a conscious disregard for his duties. Id. (internal citations omitted). The business judgment rule will not apply if any of these violations can be shown.

Plaintiff argues that the individual Defendants violated their loyalty duties because they were motivated by self-interest and did not act in the corporations best interest. Specifically, as Jermaxs sole officers and directors, their decisions were not “checked” by another party, and they therefore had the ability to utilize corporate funds for their own benefit without potential interference from another party. Indeed, they are alleged to have done so by declaring a substantial dividend to themselves at a time when the corporation was otherwise a sinking ship. Moreover, the Court further recognizes that the individual Defendants served as the controlling persons of both Jermax and Ameri-nox. Thus, their decision to transfer equipment between the two corporations placed them on both sides of the transaction' — a factor recognized as highly indicative of a fiduciary breach.

If taken as true, Plaintiffs allegations are sufficient to show that the individual Defendants may have breached their duties of due care and loyalty under these circumstances. Specifically, the Defendants are alleged to have acted in bad faith in furtherance of a fraudulent scheme and for their own self-interest in declaring a substantial dividend to themselves at a time when the corporation was otherwise insolvent. In such instances, the business judgment rule ceases to protect the conduct of corporate officers. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff is entitled to proceed forward with his fiduciary duty claims.

7. Counts 15, 16, 21, and 22: The Aiding and Abetting Claims

According to the facts alleged in the Complaint, Defendant GE made a loan to Debtor Jermax in 2005. (Compl. ¶ 186.) By February of 2009, the balance due on the loan was $1,536,918. (Id.) In an effort to provide capital to pay off the loan balance, Amerinox purchased some of Jer-maxs equipment, which was alleged to have a fair market value of at least $2.5 million at the time. (Id. ¶¶ 186-91.) Am-erinox, however, purchased the equipment for only $1,536,918 — the amount that remained outstanding on the GE loan. (Id. ¶¶ 186, 198-99.) According to Plaintiff, GE and Amerinox fraudulently agreed to set the purchase price for the equipment at this amount in order to pay off the GE loan. (Id. ¶ 198, 200-02.) In doing so, they did not confer with Jermax as the owner of the property, nor did they consider the fair market value of the equipment. (Id. ¶ 198.) Furthermore, Jermax allegedly paid a fee of $13,172.75 to GE in order to obtain its consent to transfer the equipment to Amerinox for this price. (Id. ¶¶ 27, 66(g).) According to the Complaint, as a result of the significant underpayment for its equipment, Jermax was pushed even further into insolvency. (Id. ¶¶ 40-41, 199.) In fact, Jermax reported negative equity on its balance sheet and a book loss of $1,005,371 when the equipment was transferred in February of 2009. (Id. ¶¶ 40, 41.) Thus, by virtue of its purported conduct, GE assisted in Jermax’s eventual demise to the detriment of its bankruptcy estate and creditors, causing the Disbursing Agent to file suit against all parties involved in the allegedly fraudulent scheme. (Id. ¶ 203.) Counts 15 and 16 of Plaintiffs Complaint relate to the alleged aiding and abetting actions committed by the individual Defendants and Amerinox, while Counts 21 and 22 are more specifically related to Defendant GE’s alleged aiding and abetting role in the fraudulent scheme.³⁷

The Court first considers Plaintiffs aiding and abetting claims against the individual Defendants and Amerinox. In Counts 15 and 16 of his Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that individual Defendants Carter, Young, and Gerwitz “aided and abetted, incited, compelled and/or coerced the fraudulent transfers and the breach of fiduciary duties as to the [D]ebtor of due care, loyalty and good faith[.]” (Id. ¶¶ 159, 163.) The law of aiding and abetting,³⁸ by its own definition, involves an element of aid. More specifically, the alleged aider-abettor assists a principal in the execution of a wrongful act that causes an injury. See Halberstam v. Welch, 705 F.2d 472, 477 (D.C.Cir.1983); El Camino Res., Ltd. v. Huntington Nat’l Bank, 722 F.Supp.2d 875, 889-900 (W.D.Mich.2010); In re § 10S1 Exch. Litig., 716 F.Supp.2d 415, 427 (D.S.C.2010) (“Participation is defined as substantial assistance in committing the wrong, and requires the defendant’s actions to be a substantial factor in causing the plaintiffs injury.”). Thus, the aider-abettor is held liable for the assistance he provided to the principal in the commission of the act. The principal, however, cannot be held liable for aiding and abetting because it is he who performed the principle wrongful act. In other words, the principal cannot be held liable for providing aid to himself in the execution of the wrongful act he committed.

Here, the principal actors that breached their fiduciary duties and committed the alleged fraudulent transfers are the Insider Defendants and one of the corporations they represent, Defendant Amerinox. As principals, they cannot be held liable for aiding and abetting their own commission of wrongful acts. Thus, to the extent Plaintiff alleges that they aided and abetted their own wrongful conduct, such claims against them fail as a matter of law. Accordingly, the aiding and abetting claims against Amerinox and the Insider Defendants alleged in Counts 15 and 16 will be dismissed.

This leaves the aiding and abetting claims asserted against Defendant GE. Counts 21 and 22 relate to Defendant GE’s alleged aiding and abetting role in the fraudulent scheme. Count 21 generally describes the alleged fraudulent transfers that Jurista seeks to avoid, while Count 22 specifically asserts that GE aided Ameri-nox and the individual Defendants with the fraudulent transfers of equipment and assisted in the breaches of their fiduciary duties. (Id. ¶¶ 200-02.) Thus, based on the text of these counts, it appears that Plaintiff alleges two different theories of aiding and abetting in his Complaint: (1) aiding and abetting a fraudulent transfer, and (2) aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duties that the Insider Defendants’ owed to Jermax.

The Court will first consider Plaintiffs aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty claim. New Jersey law imposes civil liability for knowingly aiding and abetting an agent’s breach of a duty of loyalty. See VFB, LLC v. Campbell’s Soup Co., 482 F.3d 624, 633 (3d Cir.2007) (citing Franklin Med. Assocs. v. Newark Public Schs., 362 N.J.Super. 494, 828 A.2d 966, 974-76 (2003); Hirsch v. Schwartz, 87 N.J.Super. 382, 209 A.2d 635, 640 (1965)). The Third Circuit has indicated that the elements of such a claim are: (1) the existence of a fiduciary relationship, (2) the fiduciary breached its duty, (3) a defendant, who is not a fiduciary, knowingly participated in a breach, and (4) damages to the plaintiff resulted from the concerted action of the fiduciary and the non-fiduciary. Campbell’s Soup, 482 F.3d at 633.

As indicated in the Court’s above discussion in Count 14, Plaintiff has successfully pled the existence of a fiduciary relationship between the individual Defendants and Jermax and its creditors, and that these Defendants may have violated their fiduciary duties under the present factual circumstances. Thus, the first and second elements of aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty are satisfied here. Plaintiff further argues that Jermax and its creditors were damaged by the Defendants’ alleged conduct here because the Debtor was driven into further insolvency and eventual bankruptcy, leaving behind a paucity of assets to satisfy its financial obligations. (Compl. ¶¶ 160, 164, 203.) Thus, the fourth element has likewise been fulfilled.

The only element remaining for the Court to consider, therefore, is the third component, i.e., that a defendant, who is not a fiduciary, knowingly participated in a breach of a fiduciary duty. In his pleading, Jurista avers that Defendant GE participated in the scheme to defraud Jermax and its creditors: “Defendant GE [ ] aided and abetted, incited, compelled and/or coerced the breach of fiduciary duties of due care, loyalty and good faith owed by Defendants Carter, Young and Gerwitz to the Debtor, and to present and subsequent creditors of the Debtor ... [and] [i]n so doing, Defendant GE ... compelled ... the Defendants Carter, Young and Gerwitz to use their positions of trust and confidence to further their private interest in violation of the requirement of undivided and unselfish loyalty to the Debtor[J” (Id. ¶¶ 196-203.) Although GE is a Defendant in this action, it is not alleged to maintain any type of fiduciary relationship with the Debtor. Plaintiff does, however, assert that GE knowingly participated in the underlying wrongful conduct by conspiring with the Insider Defendants to arrive at the set purchase price and by accepting a fee from Jermax conditioned on its consent to the transfer. (Id. ¶¶ 27, 66(f)-(g), 196-203.) Jurista also asserts that GE was aware that the Insider Defendants owed fiduciary duties to the Debtor corporation. Thus, it is evident that Plaintiff has also satisfied the third element, and has therefore successfully pled a claim for aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty with respect to Defendant GE.

The Court must next assess whether GE likewise aided and abetted the facilitation of a fraudulent transfer. In order to establish such a claim under New Jersey law, a plaintiff must fulfill the following elements: (1) the commission of a wrongful act; (2) that the alleged aider-abettor had knowledge of the act; and (3) the aider-abettor knowingly and substantially participated in the wrongdoing. In re Norvergence, Inc., 405 B.R. 709, 746 (Bankr.D.N.J.2009) (citing Morganroth & Morganroth v. Norris, McLaughlin & Marcus, P.C., 331 F.3d 406, 415 (3d Cir.2003); Monsen v. Consol. Dressed Beef Co., Inc., 579 F.2d 793, 799 (3d Cir.1978); Elysian Fed. Savings Bank v. First Interregional Equity Corp., 713 F.Supp. 737, 760 (D.N.J.1989)).

As to the first factor, the Insider Defendants are alleged to have committed the wrongful act of unlawfully transferring valuable equipment between Jermax and Amerinox in exchange for virtually no consideration. (Compl. ¶¶ 26, 66(f), 191.) The second element requires the alleged aider-abettor to have knowledge of this wrongful act. In his Complaint, Jurista avers that all the Defendants were aware of Jermax’s precarious financial situation, but nonetheless executed the fraudulent scheme which pushed Jermax off the brink of insolvency into the vast canyon of bankruptcy. (Id. ¶¶ 159, 163, 199-203.) In fact, Plaintiff specifically states that “Defendant GE was fully aware of the distressed financial condition of the Debtor at or about the time that Defendant Amerinox established the purchase price for the transfer of the Debtor’s assets to Defendant Amerinox.” (Id. ¶ 199.) The second element therefore is also satisfied. Finally, the third element requires the aider-abettor to knowingly and substantially participate in the wrongdoing. Defendant GE is alleged to have participated in this fraud by conspiring with the individual Defendants to set an unreasonably low purchase price, consenting to the transfer, and accepting a fee in exchange for said consent. (Id. ¶¶ 26-27, 66(f)-(g).) Accordingly, the third element is also fulfilled. The Court therefore finds that Plaintiff has likewise successfully pled his claim against Defendant GE for aiding and abetting a facilitation of a fraudulent transfer.

Accordingly, based on the above, Counts 21 and 22 will not be dismissed. Since Amerinox and the individual Defendants are the principal actors alleged to committed the underlying wrongful acts, however, Plaintiffs aiding and abetting claims against them in Counts 15 and 16 fail as a matter of law and will therefore be dismissed for this reason.

8. Count 17: Successor Liability

The well-recognized general rule of successor liability under New Jersey law provides that: “where one company sells or otherwise transfers all its assets to another company[,] the latter is not liable for the debts and liabilities of the transferor.” Portfolio Fin. Serv. Co. v. Sharemax.com, Inc., 334 F.Supp.2d 620, 624 (D.N.J.2004) (citing Colman v. Fisher-Price, Inc., 954 F.Supp. 835, 838 (D.N.J.1996); Ramirez v. Amsted Indus., Inc., 86 N.J. 332, 340, 431 A.2d 811 (1981); Luxliner P.L. Export Cp. v. RDI/Luxliner, 13 F.3d 69, 73 (3d Cir.1993)); see also Dobin v. Taiwan Mach. Trade Ctr. Corp., 278 B.R. 67, 84 n. 23 (Bankr.D.N.J.2002); Glynwed, Inc. v. Plastimatic, Inc., 869 F.Supp. 265, 271 (D.N.J.1994). Four exceptions to the general rule of successor non-liability, however, have been recognized under New Jersey law:

(1) If the parties have an express of implied agreement that the transferee will assume the liabilities of the transfer- or; (2) if the transferee was a “mere continuation” of the transferor; (3) if there was a “de facto consolidation or merger” of the companies; or (4) if the transfer was fraudulent.

Dobin, 278 B.R. at 84 n. 23 (citing Glynwed, 869 F.Supp. at 271); Sharemax.com, 334 F.Supp.2d at 624 (citing Phila. Elec. Co. v. Hercules, Inc., 762 F.2d 303, 308-09 (3d Cir.1985); Colman, 954 F.Supp. at 838); see also Ramirez, 86 N.J. at 340-43, 431 A.2d 811. In instances of corporate merger or consolidation, the surviving entity becomes liable for the joint obligations of both corporations, even those liabilities which are considered to be contingent, when the two corporations cease to independently exist. Sharemax.com, 334 F.Supp.2d at 624 (citing Arch, 984 F.Supp. at 841) (further citation omitted). Moreover, in instances of corporate acquisition, when a company acquires another corporation and the target continues to operate as a separate entity, the purchasing corporation will not assume the liabilities of the acquired corporation unless it expressly agrees to do so. Sharemax.com, 334 F.Supp.2d at 624 (citing Arch v. Am. Tobacco Co., 984 F.Supp. 830, 841 (E.D.Pa.1997)) (further citation omitted).

Prior to reaching the question of whether any of the above exceptions applies to this case, the Court must first determine if Amerinox fits within the definition of a corporate successor to Jermax. In Count 17, Jurista alleges that Defendant Ameri-nox became Jermax’s corporate successor as a result of the transfers of equipment that occurred, and that Amerinox is thus liable for all of Jermax’s debts, liabilities, and asset losses. (Compl. ¶¶ 166-71.) Specifically, Plaintiff argues that, after the transfer of equipment, the two companies effectively merged and Amerinox resurrected as the surviving entity of both corporations: “Defendant Amerinox is in the same business as the Debtor, continues the business of the Debtor, is owned by [the] same individuals as the Debtor, received assets and equipment of the Debtor, [and] operates from the same facility as the Debtor.” (PL’s Resp. Opp’n at 15.)

In order for principles of successor liability to even come into play, however, it must first be established that one company sold or otherwise transferred all of its assets to another company. The word “all” is the operative word here. In fashioning the law governing successor liability, the New Jersey Supreme Court explicitly included this word in its definition. See Ramirez, 86 N.J. at 340, 431 A.2d 811 (“The general principle has been accepted in New Jersey that where one company sells or otherwise transfers all its assets to another company the latter is not liable for the debts and liabilities of the transferor.”) (internal citations omitted). It is unlikely that the state’s highest court did so accidentally. Indeed, Plaintiff has not cited to, nor has the Court through its own research found, any New Jersey Supreme Court decision indicating that the sale or transfer of some of a company’s assets could amount to successor liability.³⁹ The rationale behind the requirement that a successor corporation obtain all of another corporations assets for purposes of successor liability is apparent: if several corporations purchase some of a selling corporations assets, it becomes a legal thicket to ascertain which purchaser was successively liable for what degree of the sellers debts and liabilities.

Here, Jurista does not aver that Jermax transferred all of its assets to Am-erinox, but instead alleges that it merely transferred certain assets — notably, valuable processing equipment — to it. On their part, Defendants point to instances in which Jermax sold or transferred some of its assets to an entity other than Ameri-nox. For example, on April 11, 2011, the Bankruptcy Court approved the sale of a substantial portion of Jermaxs inventory to Samuel, Son & Co., Inc. [Bankr.Docket 10-29397(GMB); No. 131.] Similarly, on April 19, 2011, the Bankruptcy Court also approved the sale of Jermax’s customer lists to Samuel, Son & Co., Inc. [Bankr.Docket 10-29397(GMB); No. 139.] These asset sales cut against a finding that Jermax transferred all of its assets to Am-erinox. Plaintiff offers no evidence or argument of its own to rebut this point, but rather responds that “[t]he Insider Defendants left behind a corporate shell with a paucity of assets for creditors to pick over in Bankruptcy Court.” (Pl.’s Resp. Opp’n at 15.) By its own words, this statement acknowledges that Amerinox did not assume all of Jermax’s assets, as property remained in the Debtor’s estate to be distributed and sold post-petition.

Moreover, the theory of Plaintiffs successor liability claim is that Amerinox and Jermax effectively merged as a result of the asset transfers. As indicated above, however, when one company acquires another corporation and the target corporation continues to operate as a separate entity, the purchasing corporation does not assume the liabilities of the acquired corporation. Based on the instant record before it, it is not clear to the Court whether a corporate merger or acquisition occurred under these circumstances. In any event, the record does indicate that Jermax continued to operate as a separate entity after the equipment transfers. Indeed, Jermax filed for bankruptcy protection, while Am-erinox, as far as the record reveals, continues to operate as an independent business. Thus, the fact that both companies survived post-asset transfer further cuts against the central premise of Plaintiffs successor liability argument.

Plaintiffs successor liability claim therefore fails at the threshold inquiry because Jurista has not established that Jermax sold or otherwise transferred all of its assets to Amerinox such that the latter could be liable for all of the Debtor’s debts, liabilities, and asset losses. Thus, the Court need not consider whether any of the four exceptions apply under these circumstances. Accordingly, Jurista’s successor liability claim shall be dismissed from suit.

9. Count 18: Piercing the Corporate Veil

Under both state and federal common law, abuse of the corporate form allows courts to employ the “tool of equity” known as veil-piercing. “The ‘classical’ piercing of the corporate veil is an equitable remedy whereby a court disregards the existence of the corporation to make the corporation’s individual principals and their personal assets liable for the debts of the corporation.” Trs. of the Nat’l Elevator Indus. Pension, Health, Benefit & Educ. Funds v. Lutyk, 332 F.3d 188, 192 (3d Cir.2002) (citing In re Blatstein, 192 F.3d 88, 100 (3d Cir.1999); Bd. of Trs. of Teamsters Local 863 Pension Fund v. Foodtown, Inc., 296 F.3d 164, 171 (3d Cir.2002); Publicker Indus., Inc. v. Roman Ceramics Corp., 603 F.2d 1065, 1069 (3d Cir.1979)). The doctrine essentially permits a “charge of derivative liability” against the person or entity controlling the corporation. Lutyk, 332 F.3d at (citing United States v. Bestfoods, 524 U.S. 51, 64, 118 S.Ct. 1876, 141 L.Ed.2d 43 (1998)). “As ‘an equitable remedy,’ piercing the corporate veil is not technically a mechanism for imposing ‘legal’ liability, but [rather] for remedying the ‘fundamental unfairness that will result from a failure to disregard the corporate form.’ ” Lutyk, 332 F.3d at 193 n. 6 (internal citations omitted). The Third Circuit has found that veil-piercing is appropriate in instances of fraud, illegality, or injustice, or when recognition of the corporate entity would defeat public policy or shield individuals from criminal liability. Zubik v. Zubik, 384 F.2d 267, 272 (3d Cir.1967); see also Portfolio Fin. Servs. Co. v. Sharemax.com, 334 F.Supp.2d 620, 625 (D.N.J.2004). The doctrine also applies in cases where the corporation is alleged to be a sham or fagade that shields individual officers, directors, or shareholders from liability, or where the corporation operated as a mere alter ego of the corporate officers. Rittenhouse & Lee v. Dollars & Sense, Inc., No. Civ.A.83-5996, 1987 WL 9665, at *6 (E.D.Pa. Apr. 15, 1987) (internal citation omitted) (Scirica, J.).

In New Jersey, two overarching elements must first be satisfied prior to piercing the corporate veil: (1) there must be such a unity of interest and ownership that the separate personalities of the corporation and the individual cease to exist; and (2) the circumstances must indicate that adherence to the fiction of separate corporate existence would sanction a fraud or promote injustice. Mall at TV Grp. Props., LLC v. Roberts, No. Civ. A.02-4692, 2005 WL 3338369, at *3, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 31860, at *8 (D.N.J. Dec. 8, 2005) (internal citations omitted). In ascertaining whether the veil shrouding corporate individuals from liability should be pulled back, the Third Circuit has instructed the district courts to consider the presence of the following factors, commonly recognized as the “Pearson factors”:

(1) Gross undercapitalization of the corporation; (2) failure to observe corporate formalities; (3) nonpayment of dividends; (4) insolvency of a debtor corporation; (5) siphoning of funds from the debtor corporation by the dominant stockholder; (6) nonfunction-ing of corporate officers and directors; (7) absence of corporate funds; and (8) whether the corporation is merely a fa-gade for the operations of the dominant stockholder.

Pearson v. Component Tech. Corp., 247 F.3d 471, 484-85 (3d Cir.2000).

In the instant case, it is alleged that individual Defendants Young, Carter, and Gerwitz were the sole shareholders, officers, and directors of Debtor Jermax and presently hold the same titles at Defendant Amerinox. (Compl. ¶¶ 8-10, 173-75.) Given their controlling positions at both companies, Plaintiff avers that they abused the corporate form in an effort to commit fraud and further their personal interests. (Id. ¶¶ 173-75.) Plaintiff thus argues that the Court should allow him to pierce the corporate veil to hold the individual Defendants liable for their allegedly fraudulent conduct.

As an initial matter, Plaintiff has not specified whether he seeks to pierce the corporate veil of Debtor Jermax, Defendant Amerinox, or both corporations.⁴⁰ On the one hand, it appears from certain portions of the Complaint — particularly Juristas attempt to hold Amerinox successively liable for Jermaxs debts and outstanding liabilities in Count 17 — that Plaintiff desires to pierce Amerinoxs corporate veil. On the other hand, different sections of Plaintiffs Complaint and the context of his Response in Opposition appear to indicate that he wishes to pierce Jermaxs corporate veil. Still at other points, Plaintiff appears to be requesting permission to pierce the corporate veil of both corporations: “by virtue of their position as owners, officers, directors and/or controlling employees of the Debtor and Defendant Amerinox, Defendants Robert Carter, Seth Young and Arthur Gerwitz used said corporate entities as alter egos. The control these Defendants ... exercised over the Debtor and Defendant Am-erinox involved their appropriating the assets of the Debtor for the own benefit.” (Id. ¶¶ 173-74.) At this stage of proceedings, the Court is required to view the Complaint in the light most favorable to Plaintiff. As such, out of an abundance of caution, the Court will presume that Plaintiff attempts to pierce the corporate veil of both corporations.⁴¹

As set forth above, a plaintiff must satisfy two overarching elements pri- or to piercing the corporate veil of a corporation. The first element is that “there must be such unity of interest and ownership that the separate personalities of the corporation and the individual no longer exist.” Roberts, 2005 WL 3338369 at *3, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 31860 at *8. Put differently, “the controlled corporation acted robot or puppet-like in mechanical response to the controller’s tugs on its strings or pressure on its buttons.” Gateco, Inc. v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., No. Civ.A.05-2869, 2006 WL 2077011, at *3, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 50313, at *7 (E.D.Pa. July 24, 2006) (internal citation omitted).⁴² Here, Jurista avers that Defendants Carter, Young, and Gerwitz were the sole shareholders, officers and directors of both Jermax and Amerinox and controlled all decisions affecting the companies. (Compl. ¶¶ 173-75.) The second necessary element is that “the circumstances must indicate that adherence to the fiction of separate corporate existence would sanction a fraud or promote injustice.” Roberts, 2005 WL 3338369 at *3, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 31860 at *8. Jurista further asserts that, by virtue of their controlling positions at both corporations, the individual Defendants operated Jer-max and Amerinox as “instruments” that furthered their personal interests and perpetuated a fraud. (Compl. ¶¶ 173-75.) Thus, Plaintiff has satisfied the two “gateway” elements of a veil-piercing claim.

The Court next considers whether any of the Pearson factors set forth by the Third Circuit are present here to justify the actual piercing of the veil. The Court finds that Plaintiff has sufficiently pled the presence of several of these factors. For example, Plaintiff repeatedly asserts throughout his Complaint that the individual Defendants caused Jermax to be grossly undercapitalized and maintained unreasonably small capital on hand to pay its bills. (Id. ¶¶ 42-63.) As a result of this gross undercapitalization, Jermax was unable to pay its debts as they became due and defaulted on several of its loans. (Id.) Jurista further maintains that the individual Defendants solely operated Jermax for the benefit of Amerinox, and failed to observe proper corporate formalities in doing so. Specifically, Jermax paid officer salaries, administrative wages, health insurance, rent, and utility costs that should have been paid by Amerinox. (Id. ¶¶ 21, 66.) These allegations further lend to a finding that the companies operated as a mere fagade or sham to shield the fraudulent conduct of the individual Defendants. Furthermore, as has been repeatedly recognized throughout this Opinion, Plaintiff asserts that Jermax became insolvent and eventually entered bankruptcy as a result of the Defendants’ conduct. (Id. ¶¶ 36, 38-41, 71, 76, 122.) As such, prior to taking discovery, Plaintiff has initially pled the existence of several Pearson factors that would justify a piercing of the corporate veil under these circumstances.

It is also worth mentioning that the Third Circuit has expressly recognized that veil-piercing is appropriate in instances of fraud, illegality, or injustice. Zubik, 384 F.2d at 272. As discussed in detail above, Jurista has successfully pled the existence of fraud or fraudulent conduct in Counts 2, 3, 4, 9, 10 and 11. This therefore further substantiates a finding that dismissal of Plaintiffs veil-piercing claim would be inappropriate at this time. Accordingly, based on the above, Defendants’ request to dismiss Count 18 will be denied.

10. Count 19: Misappropriation of Assets, Trade Secrets, Proprietary Information and Other Assets⁴³

In Count 19, Plaintiff argues that Defendants allegedly misappropriated Jermax’s assets, trade secrets, and proprietary information.⁴⁴ Defendants, on the other hand, aver that Plaintiffs allegations in this Count amount to nothing more than specious claims lacking sufficient factual support.

A misappropriation claim brought in federal court is governed by state — not federal — common law. Rohm & Haas Co. v. Adco Chem. Co., 689 F.2d 424, 429 (3d Cir.1982) (“A trade secret claim in the federal courts is governed not by federal common law but by state law. This is true regardless of whether jurisdiction is based upon diversity of citizenship.”). In New Jersey, in order to prevail on a misappropriation claim, the owner of the allegedly misappropriated information must establish the following six elements:

(1) A trade secret exists; (2) the information comprising the trade secret was communicated in confidence by plaintiff to the employee; (3) the secret information was disclosed by that employee and in breach of that confidence; (4) the secret information was acquired by a competitor with knowledge of the employees breach of confidence; (5) the secret information was used by the competitor to the detriment of plaintiff; and (6) the plaintiff took precautions to maintain the secrecy of the trade secret.

Telmark Packaging Corp., Inc. v. Nutro Labs. & Nature’s Bounty, No. Civ.A.05-3049, 2008 WL 43954, at *5, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 45, at *14 (D.N.J. Jan. 2, 2008) (citing Rycoline Prods., Inc. v. Walsh, 334 N.J.Super. 62, 756 A.2d 1047 (App.Div.2000)) (further citation omitted). A trade secret may be “any formula, pattern, device or compilation of information which is used in one’s business and which gives him an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it.” Rohm, 689 F.2d at 431 (quoting Restatement of Torts (Second) § 757 comm, b (1939)). Moreover, in order to successfully establish a misappropriation claim, the moving party bears the burden of proving that the allegedly misappropriated information is secret and not a matter of general knowledge within the industry. Rohm, 689 F.2d at 431-32.

Plaintiffs Complaint is noticeably devoid of any factual support to satisfy a misappropriation claim under New Jersey law. At no point in the twenty-four count pleading does he ever identify or define what trade secrets or proprietary information belonging to Jermax were allegedly misappropriated by Defendants. Nor does Plaintiff clarify his claim in his Response in Opposition, but rather merely cursorily alleges that ¶¶ 20-37 of his Complaint describe the assets that were misappropriated by Defendants. (Pl.s Resp. Oppn at 16.) These paragraphs in Plaintiffs pleading, however, describe allegedly fraudulently transferred equipment and certain payments improperly made by Jer-max on behalf of the Defendants. At no point in this section of the pleading does Plaintiff allege that these “assets” constitute misappropriated trade secrets or proprietary information.

Moreover, even if the Court were to afford an extremely liberal reading to this section of Plaintiffs Complaint and find that these transactions equated to trade secrets or proprietary information (which they do not), Plaintiff nonetheless fails to establish the remaining five elements of a misappropriation claim — ie., that the information was communicated in confidence to Defendants; that Defendants disclosed the information in breach of that confidence; the information was acquired by a competitor with knowledge of the breach of confidence; and that Jermax took precautions to maintain the secrecy of that information. In the entirety of the thirty-seven page Complaint, there is not a shred of factual support for these elements. As such, Plaintiff has wholly failed to state a misappropriation claim upon which the Court can enter relief, and Count 19 shall be dismissed.

11. Count 20: Constructive Trust

“A constructive trust is the formula through which the conscience of equity finds expression. When property has been acquired in such circumstances that the holder of the legal title may not in good conscience retain the beneficial interest[,] equity converts him into a trustee.” Flanigan v. Munson, 175 N.J. 597, 608, 818 A.2d 1275 (N.J.2003) (quoting Beatty v. Guggenheim Exploration Co., 225 N.Y. 380, 386, 122 N.E. 378 (1919) (Cardozo, J.)). Indeed, the entire premise of a constructive trust is to “prevent unjust enrichment and force a restitution to the plaintiff of something that in equity and good conscience [does] not belong to the defendant.” Flanigan, 175 N.J. at 608, 818 A.2d 1275. In New Jersey, a two-pronged test is utilized to determine whether a constructive trust is warranted in a given case. Id. First, the defendant must have committed a “wrongful act.” Id. Second, that wrongful act must have resulted in a transfer or diversion of property that unjustly enriched its recipient. Id. (internal citations omitted). The New Jersey Supreme Court, however, has expressly cautioned that “a constructive trust is a powerful tool to be used only when the equities in a given case clearly warrant it.” In re Allen, Bankr.No.874, 2012 WL 693461, at *13, 2012 U.S. Bankr.LEXIS 874, at *43 (citing D’Ippolito v. Castoro, 51 N.J. 584, 589, 242 A.2d 617 (N.J.1968)). “Thus, the suitability of imposing a constructive trust must be established by the movant by ‘clear, definite, unequivocal and satisfactory evidence.’ ” Allen, 2012 WL 693461 at *13-14, 2012 U.S. Bankr.LEXIS 874 at *43-44 (quoting Gray v. Bradley, 1 N.J. 102, 104, 62 A.2d 139 (1948)).

Although Plaintiff is likely to satisfy the wrongful act element, his constructive trust claim must fail because he cannot sufficiently establish the prerequisite of unjust enrichment. The Court, in fact, already dismissed Plaintiffs unjust enrichment claim in Count 6, supra. “[T]he touchstone of the constructive trust doctrine is unjust enrichment.” Allen, 2012 WL 693461 at *14-15, 2012 U.S. Bankr.LEXIS 874 at *46 (citing In re First Interregional Advisors Corp., 218 B.R. 722, 723 (Bankr.D.N.J.1997) (further citation omitted)). Without this touchstone, Plaintiff cannot successfully architect his constructive trust claim.

This Court also notes that other courts have generally been averse to impose constructive trusts in the bankruptcy context due to “the potentially uneasy interaction between federal and state law” in such instances. See Allen, 2012 WL 693461 at *12, 2012 U.S. Bankr.LEXIS 874 at *38 (citing In re Haber Oil, 12 F.3d 426, 436 (5th Cir.1994); Neochem Corp. v. Behring Int’l Inc., 61 B.R. 896, 902 (Bankr.N.D.Tex.1986); Torres v. Eastlick, 767 F.2d 1573, 1575 (9th Cir.1985); In re Pemaquid Underwriting Brokerage, Inc., 319 B.R. 824, 844 (Bankr.D.N.J.2005); In re Leedy Mortg. Co., Inc., Ill B.R. 488, 494 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1990); In re Sacred Heart Hosp. of Norristown, 175 B.R. 543 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1994); In re Omegas Grp., Inc., 16 F.3d 1443 (6th Cir.1994)). Essentially, “[b]ecause the constructive trust doctrine can wreak havoc with the priority system ordained by the Bankruptcy Code, bankruptcy courts are generally reluctant to ‘impose constructive trusts without a substantial reason to do so.’ ” Neochem Corp., 61 B.R. at 902. Rather than engage in a lengthy discussion of the interplay of state and federal bankruptcy law in this context and discuss the intricacies involved with such claims, the Court merely references this point as further indication for why a constructive trust should not be imposed under these circumstances.

As such, based on the above, the Court finds that Plaintiff cannot sufficiently establish a constructive trust claim. Accordingly, Count 20 will likewise be dismissed from suit.

12. Count 23: Avoidance of Post-

Petition Transfers⁴⁵

In Count 23, Jurista avers that he is authorized to avoid the transfers that occurred between Jermax and the Defendants under § 549 of the Bankruptcy Code. (CompLIffl 205-06.) Defendants, on the other hand, contend that Count 23 fails as a matter of law because Plaintiffs allegations do not fall within the ambit of that statutory section.

Under § 549, a bankruptcy trustee may avoid a post-petition transfer of property of the bankruptcy estate that is not authorized by any provision of the Bankruptcy Code or by order of the bankruptcy court. In re Forman Enter., 273 B.R. 408, 414 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.2002). “To the extent such a transfer is so avoided, the trustee may recover from the initial transferee the property transferred or its value.” Id. Section 549 of the Bankruptcy Code provides, in relevant part, as follows:

[T]he trustee may avoid a transfer of property of the estate—

(1) that occurs after the commencement of the case; and

(2) (A) that is authorized only under section 303(f)⁴⁶ or 542(c)⁴⁷ of this title; or (B) that is not authorized under this title or by the court.

11 U.S.C. § 549(a). In order to prevail on a claim brought under this section, the following four prerequisites must be satisfied: (1) a transfer occurred; (2) what was transferred was property of the bankruptcy estate when it occurred; (3) the transfer occurred after the bankruptcy case had commenced; and (4) the transfer was not authorized by the Bankruptcy Code or the bankruptcy court. In re Owens, 379 B.R. 558, 564 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.2007).

In the instant case, Jurista fails to even identify the four elements of a § 549 claim, let alone satisfy them. While he asserts that several allegedly fraudulent transfers took place between Jermax and the Defendants, he has not articulated that the subject property actually belonged to Jermax’s bankruptcy estate at the time it was transferred, as is required by the second element. Indeed, this cannot be established because Jermax was not yet in bankruptcy when the alleged transfers occurred. More specifically, all of the alleged fraudulent transfers took place in 2008 and 2009, but Jermax did not file its Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition until June 24, 2010. (Complin 23, 26, 30, 34, 38-62, 66(a)-(j).) As such, Jurista likewise cannot establish the third element, i.e., that the transfer occurred after the bankruptcy commenced. Thus, his § 549 claim fails as a matter of law, and Count 23 will be dismissed from suit.

13. Count 24: Avoidance and Recovery of Transfers to Mediate and

Immediate Transferees⁴⁸

Count 24 of Plaintiffs Complaint appears to be a summary, “catch-all” claim. Although Plaintiff spends the vast majority of Count 24 arguing why the asset transfers between Jermax and the Defendants can be avoided under § 550 of the Bankruptcy Code, (Id. ¶¶ 208-211), he also cursorily states that: “[t]he payments received by Defendants as described throughout this Complaint can be avoided and recovered for the benefit of the above captioned bankruptcy estate[] in accordance with Sections 544, 547, 548, 549, 550, and 551 of the Bankruptcy Code.” (Id. ¶ 208.)

The Court already addressed the merit of Plaintiffs claims brought pursuant to Bankruptcy Code §§ 548 and 549 in its above Discussion. It will not repeat this discussion again here, but rather directs the parties’ attention to the other sections of this Opinion discussing these statutory provisions.

With respect to Plaintiffs allegations brought pursuant to § 551, the Court notes that this statutory section merely preserves for the benefit of the debtor’s bankruptcy estate the property of a transfer made avoidable by other sections of the Code: “Any transfer avoided under section 522, 544, 545, 547, 548, 549, or 724(a) of this title ... is preserved for the benefit of the estate but only with respect to property of the estate.” 11 U.S.C. § 551. Stated differently, § 551 serves as a “follow-up” provision explaining how assets and property avoided under other Code provisions should be handled. Thus, to the extent that Plaintiff has successfully pled that the transfers at issue should be avoided under another Code section, § 551 would “preserve” the assets that are the subject matter of those transfers for the benefit of Jermax’s bankruptcy estate.

The Court next considers Plaintiffs claims brought under § 544. Generally, a bankruptcy trustee or other representative of the estate does not have standing to represent the interests of third party creditors in bankruptcy proceedings because the trustee, as the entity standing in the shoes of the debtor, “can only assert claims which the corporation could have asserted.” In re D.H. Overmyer Telecasting Co., 56 B.R. 657, 661 (N.D.Oh.1986) (citing Caplin v. Marine Midland Grace Tr. Co., 406 U.S. 416, 429, 92 S.Ct. 1678, 32 L.Ed.2d 195 (1972)) (further citation omitted). As discussed above in the section of this Opinion related to standing, Section 544 of the Bankruptcy Code is an exception to this rule. That statutory section “grants the trustee the same rights as any unsecured creditor to avoid transfers under applicable state law.”⁴⁹ In re G-I Holdings, Inc., 313 B.R. 612, 632 (Bankr.D.N.J.2004) (citing In re Halpert & Co., 254 B.R. 104, 122 (Bankr.D.N.J.1999); In re DLC, Ltd., 295 B.R. 593, 601 (8th Cir. BAP 2003)) (parentheticals omitted). Section 544 does not, however, allow a bankruptcy trustee or other estate representative to pursue every state law action that a creditor might pursue. See In re Fedders N. Am., Inc., 405 B.R. 527, 548 (Bankr.D.Del.2009) (internal citation omitted). Rather, the representative is limited to pursuing causes of action that the Bankruptcy Code expressly allows him to pursue. Id. Thus,- while the representative may avoid a transfer under § 544 because the Code expressly grants him this authority, he may not directly assert claims for damages under state law on behalf of the debtor’s creditors pursuant to this statutory section. Id.

In the instant case, Plaintiff relies on § 544 to some degree in Counts 2, 4, 9, and 11 to avoid the alleged fraudulent transfers that occurred between Jermax and the Defendants that allegedly significantly injured the Debtor and its creditors. Jurista does not rely on § 544 as the basis for any of his state law causes of action for damages, but rather solely relies on it as a basis for avoiding the transfers. The Bankruptcy Code expressly grants Jurista this avoidance power. As such, he is permitted to rely on this statutory section in connection with his avoidance claims.⁵⁰

The primary focus of Juris-ta’s claim in Count 24 is on § 550 of the Bankruptcy Code. Section 550 of the Bankruptcy Code authorizes the representative to recover fraudulently transferred property. “The representative of a bankruptcy estate, generally a trustee, has broad powers under the Bankruptcy Code to ‘avoid’ certain transfers of property made by the debtor either after or shortly before the filing of the bankruptcy petition. The property may be returned to the estate for the benefit of all persons who have valid claims against the debtor.” In re Bullion Reserve of N. Am., 922 F.2d 544, 546 (9th Cir.1991). Specifically, to the extent a transfer is deemed avoided under §§ 544, 545, 547, 548, 549, 553(b) or 724(a) of the Code, § 550 authorizes the debtor’s representative to recover, for the benefit of the estate, the transferred property or its corresponding value from the entity for whose benefit the transfer was made.⁵¹ Halpert, 254 B.R. at 116 (citing 11 U.S.C. § 550(a)(1)) (internal quotations omitted). “Theoretically, the trustee can recover from both the initial transferee and any secondary transferee, as well as from any entity for whose benefit the initial transfer was made.” Bullion Reserve, 922 F.2d at 546-47.

Relying on their earlier arguments made regarding the dismissal of Counts 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8, Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s § 550 claim fails because he cannot establish that the underlying transfers are avoidable. The Court, however, already addressed these counts and determined that Plaintiff has satisfactorily alleged that some of the transfers may be avoidable under § 548 of the Bankruptcy Code. At this preliminary stages of the proceedings, Jurista need not establish that he will ultimately prevail on these claims, but rather need only allege enough for the Court to find that he can proceed forward with them. Thus, to the extent that these transfers may ultimately be determined to be avoidable under § 548, § 550 would permit Jermax’s representative to recover this property or its corresponding value from the Defendants for the benefit of the bankruptcy estate. Accordingly, to the extent Plaintiff relies on § 550, the Court will not dismiss any such claims.

Finally, the Court considers Plaintiffs assertion that the transfers at issue in this case can be avoided under § 547 of the Bankruptcy Code. This is the first and only time in his thirty-seven page long pleading that Plaintiff has referenced this section of the Code. More so, Plaintiff merely lists it amongst a plethora of other Code provisions in ¶ 208, in a section of his pleading otherwise completely focused on § 550. He does not define § 547 or identify the subsection upon which he bases his claim, let alone provide any factual support or explanation for why any transfers should be avoided under it. He also makes no attempt to clarify his position with respect to this statute in his Response in Opposition. “Although the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not require a claimant to set forth an intricately detailed description of the asserted basis for relief, they do require that the pleadings give defendant fair notice of what the plaintiffs claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Baldwin Cnty. Welcome Ctr. v. Brown, 466 U.S. 147, 149-50 n. 3, 104 S.Ct. 1723, 80 L.Ed.2d 196 (1984) (quotation & citation omitted). At a minimum, a plaintiff must provide “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2). Merely listing a statutory provision amongst a host of other statutes in one short paragraph of a complaint does not satisfy this standard. Accordingly, to the extent Plaintiff seeks to base any of his claims on § 547, he has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

V. THE CROSS-MOTION FOR IMPOSITION OF PREJUDGMENT TEMPORARY RESTRAINTS AGAINST TRANSFERS BY DEFENDANTS AMERINOX, CARTER, YOUNG, AND GERWITZ

In Count 19, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants misappropriated Jermax’s assets, trade secrets, and proprietary information.⁵² In addition to seeking damages for this claim, Plaintiff also seeks preliminary restraints against the Defendants based on their alleged misappropriation of the Debt- or’s proprietary information and trade secrets. More specifically, Plaintiff requests the Court to enter an injunction: (1) enjoining Defendants and their employees from having any further contact with Jer-max’s accounts and customers; (2) enjoining Defendants from utilizing any of Jer-max’s assets referenced in the February 2009 Transfer Agreement; (3) ordering Defendants to return all of Jermax’s assets to Plaintiff for the benefit of the Debtor and its creditors; (4) ordering Defendants to disgorge any unfilled orders taken from Jermax’s customers and all monies and gross profits from all customer sales related to Jermax’s sales accounts; and (5) enjoining Defendants from further utilizing the names “Jermax” and “Gulf and Northern” in any new business ventures. (Compl. ¶¶ 179(l)-(5).)

Preliminary injunctions are extraordinary remedies that are not routinely granted. Nat’l Steel Car, Ltd. v. Canadian Pac. Ry., Ltd., 357 F.3d 1319, 1324 (Fed.Cir.2004). The decision to grant a preliminary injunction is within the sound discretion of the district court. eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, LLC, 547 U.S. 388, 391, 126 S.Ct. 1837, 164 L.Ed.2d 641 (2006); Abbott Labs. v. Andrx Pharms., Inc., 452 F.3d 1331, 1334 (Fed.Cir.2006); Amazon.com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, Inc., 239 F.3d 1343, 1350 (Fed.Cir.2001).⁵³ The Court examines the following four factors in determining whether injunctive relief is appropriate in a given case:

(1) Whether the movant shows a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits;

(2) Whether the movant will be irreparably harmed by denial of the in-junctive relief sought;

(3) Whether the injury to the movant in the absence of injunctive relief outweighs the possible harm to the non-movant if the injunction is granted; and

(4) The impact of a preliminary injunction on the public interest.

Abbott Labs., 452 F.3d at 1334. The mov-ant bears the burden of demonstrating that the injunction it seeks should issue, and “cannot be granted a preliminary injunction unless it establishes both of the first two factors, i.e., likelihood of success on the merits and irreparable harm.” Amazon.com, 239 F.3d at 1350. The Court, however, must generally weigh all four factors in making its determination. See id. Indeed, our Court of Appeals has previously recognized that “an injunction shall issue only if the plaintiff produces evidence sufficient to convince the district court that all four factors favor preliminary relief.” Conestoga Wood Specialities Corp. v. Sec’y of U.S. Health & Human Servs., App.No. 13-1144, 2013 WL 1277419, at *1, 2013 U.S.App. LEXIS 2706, at *4 (3d Cir. Feb. 7, 2013) (citing N.J. Hosp. Ass’n v. Waldman, 73 F.3d 509, 512 (3d Cir.1995)). Further, in the bankruptcy context, § 105(a) of the Bankruptcy Code authorizes the Court to “issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of [the Code].” 11 U.S.C. § 105(a). This includes the ability to award injunctive relief under appropriate circumstances. See In re W.R. Grace & Co., 475 B.R. 34 (D.Del.2012).

A. Likelihood of Success on the Merits

In order to obtain an injunction, Plaintiff must first establish that he is likely to prevail on the merits of his claims. Successful establishment of this first factor has been recognized to be of primary importance in receiving injunctive relief. See Ball v. Beard, No. Civ.A.09-845, 2010 WL 146318, at *2-3, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1884, at *7 (M.D.Pa. Jan. 11, 2010) (citing Am. Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Winback & Conserve Prog., Inc., 42 F.3d 1421, 1427 n. 8 (3d Cir.1994)). To show a likelihood of success on the merits, the moving party must produce “sufficient evidence” to satisfy the essential elements of the underlying cause of action. See Conestoga, 2013 WL 1277419 at *1, 2013 U.S.App. LEXIS 2706 at *4; Punnett v. Carter, 621 F.2d 578, 582-83 (3d Cir.1980); McCahon v. Pa. Tpk. Comm’n, 491 F.Supp.2d 522, 527 (M.D.Pa.2007). Further, in ascertaining whether success is likely, the court should consider the legal principles controlling the claim, as well as any potential defenses available to the opposing party in rendering its decision. See BP Chems. Ltd. v. Formosa Chem. & Fibre Corp., 229 F.3d 254, 264 (3d Cir.2000).

Jurista seeks injunctive relief on the basis that “Defendants Ameri-nox, Carter, Young and Gerwitz have misappropriated and are continuing to misappropriate Debtors’ [sic ] assets [and] Debtor and its creditors have suffered and will continue to suffer irreparable harm as a result of Defendants’ conduct.” (Compl. ¶¶ 178-79.) The Court previously considered Jurista’s misappropriation claim in its above Discussion of Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss brought pursuant to Federal Civil Rule 12(b)(6). In order to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under Rule 12(b)(6), a plaintiff need only provide a “short and plain statement” of his claim indicating why he is entitled to relief. See Fed. R.Civ.P. 8; Phillips v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 233 (3d Cir.2008). On the other hand, in order to establish the first factor of injunctive relief, a plaintiff must provide the Court with “sufficient evidence” to satisfy the essential elements of his underlying claims. See Punnett, 621 F.2d at 582-83. Thus, the standard for obtaining injunctive relief is considerably higher than the standard for surviving dismissal. Therefore, if a plaintiff cannot satisfy the more lax standards governing dismissal, he likewise cannot satisfy the considerably higher standard for injunctive relief. Stated differently, if a claim survives dismissal, it may also be sufficient for injunctive relief purposes. If the same claim does not survive dismissal, however, it likewise will not suffice to establish a likelihood of success on the merits for purposes of injunctive relief.

The instant situation falls within the latter of these two categories. In its above Discussion, the Court found that Plaintiffs misappropriation claim in Count 19 should be dismissed. Thus, given that Plaintiffs misappropriation claim does not meet the threshold necessary to evade dismissal; it likewise will not meet the higher standard of establishing a likelihood of success on the merits for injunctive relief purposes. Accordingly, it appears as though Plaintiff cannot satisfy the first factor of injunctive relief.

The Court notes, however, that in the eonclusory paragraph of his Cross-Motion, Plaintiff for the first time raises the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, N.J.S.A. § 25:2-20, et seq. — rather than misappropriation — as the basis of his requested in-junctive relief. Plaintiff’s argument in his Cross-Motion is entirely different than the basis for injunctive relief that he initially asserted in Count 19 of his Complaint. Indeed, the Court need look no further than the contents of the Complaint to see this difference. The clearly bolded and capitalized title of Count 19 — the count requesting an injunction — is “Misappropriation of Assets, Trade Secrets, Proprietary Information and Other Assets.” At no point in this count does Plaintiff make any reference to UFTA. More so, in Count 4— the count brought pursuant to UFTA— Plaintiff did not request an injunction and only seeks monetary damages. Despite being free to do so, Plaintiff did not seek leave to amend his Complaint to change the basis of his sought injunction to include claims based upon UFTA. Instead, Plaintiff by his own prerogative filed the instant Cross-Motion for Imposition of Prejudgment Temporary Restraints Against Defendants. It appears that, upon discovering that he was unlikely to prevail on the merits of his misappropriation claim, Plaintiff switched the underlying basis for his injunctive relief claim to UFTA because he was more likely to prevail on the merits of such a claim. Plaintiffs own Motion, however, fails to show how he is likely to do so. More specifically, in the final paragraph, Plaintiff recites portions of § 25:2-29(a), and then conclusively alleges that: “The Complaint contains counts brought under the New Jersey Fraudulent Transfer Act.... Section 2-29a provides the requisite statutory and equitable ‘hook for this Court to enter the restraints against the Insider Defendants to prevent further transfer and dissipation of assets pending the completion of this case.” (Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 23.) Plaintiff does not, however, explain why this statutory section serves as the requisite “hook” for injunctive relief, nor does he provide the Court with “sufficient evidence” to satisfy the essential elements of an underlying cause of action based on UFTA. See Punnett, 621 F.2d at 582-83. Instead, Plaintiff summarily states that “as to reasonable probability of success on the merits, a prima facie case against the Defendants has been set forth in the Complaint; it need not be proven here and now.” (Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 20.) The Third Circuit has previously recognized that “passing reference” to an issue in a brief is insufficient to put the opposing party on notice that relief is requested as to that particular issue. See Laborers’ Int’l Union v. Foster Wheeler Energy, 26 F.3d 375, 398 (3d Cir.1994) (quoting Simmons v. City of Phila., 947 F.2d 1042, 1066 (3d Cir.1991)). Thus, Plaintiffs cursory reference to UFTA in the very last paragraph of his brief supporting his Cross-Motion is insufficient for purposes of obtaining the “extraordinary remedy” of injunctive relief. See Nat’l Steel Car, 357 F.3d at 1324.

Plaintiff perhaps attempted to clarify his argument in his Reply brief, where he for the first time specifically cites UFTA § 25:2-25 as the basis for his requested injunction. However, it is well established that new arguments cannot be raised for the first time in reply briefs.⁵⁴ See Elizabethtown Water Co. v. Hartford Cas. Ins. Co., 998 F.Supp. 447, 458 (D.N.J.1998). As such, Plaintiff was precluded from asserting a new basis for injunctive relief in his Reply brief.

Furthermore, the Court notes that this is the second time Plaintiff has faced an attack on the relief he seeks with respect to Count 19. In the above-discussed Motion to Dismiss, Defendants argued that Plaintiff did not satisfy the elements of misappropriation. Plaintiffs Response in Opposition on this point, however, made no reference to UFTA. This further indicates to the Court that Plaintiff has raised a new argument at too late a stage of proceedings.

Therefore, regardless of whether the underlying cause of action for Plaintiffs sought injunction is based on misappropriation or New Jersey’s UFTA statute, Plaintiff has failed to show that he is reasonably likely to succeed on the merits of his underlying claims. Accordingly, he cannot fulfill the first prerequisite necessary to obtain an injunction.⁵⁵

B. Irreparable Harm

In deciding whether preliminary-relief should be granted, the second factor a court must consider is the extent to which the plaintiff would suffer irreparable injury if preliminary relief were denied. The Third Circuit has indicated that:

In order to demonstrate irreparable harm[,] the plaintiff must demonstrate potential harm which cannot be redressed by a legal or an equitable remedy following a trial. The preliminary injunction must be the only way of protecting the plaintiff from harm. Establishing a risk of irreparable harm is not enough. A plaintiff has the burden of proving a “clear showing of immediate irreparable injury.” The requisite feared injury or harm must be irreparable — not merely serious or substantial, and it must be of a peculiar nature, so that compensation in money cannot atone for it.

Campbell Soup Co. v. ConAgra, Inc., 977 F.2d 86, 91 (3d Cir.1992) (internal citations & quotations omitted) (emphasis added). In short, if a plaintiff can be made whole through monetary damages, injunctive relief is inappropriate.

Jurista asserts that the irreparable injury “which creditors would suffer if the Defendants were permitted to transfer their assets to third parties is obvious; it would require Plaintiff to keep chasing subsequent transferees of the fraudulently transferred assets, frustrating ultimate collection by Plaintiff.” (PL’s Cross-Mot. at 20.) However, this alleged injury is not immediate, irreparable, or of a peculiar nature. In fact, it actually appears to be rather speculative, as Plaintiff does not substantiate his allegations that Defendants will continue to shift the already transferred assets with any factual basis. Even more importantly, Plaintiffs primary claims against Defendants are that they received monetary benefits at Jermax’s expense, fraudulently transferred equipment from Jermax to Amerinox for less than market value, failed to make payments or repay loans that they owed to the Debtor, and unlawfully declared dividends to themselves when Jermax was otherwise insolvent. (Compl. ¶¶ 20-36.) It thus appears that Plaintiffs claims are solely economic in nature. He therefore can be made whole through monetary damages, and in-junctive relief is inappropriate under these circumstances. Accordingly, Plaintiff has likewise failed to satisfy the second element of injunctive relief.⁵⁶

C. Balance of the Equities

The third factor the Court must consider before granting injunctive relief is the harm Defendants might suffer if an injunction is entered. “In considering this harm, the district court must undertake to balance the hardships to the respective parties. The court must ensure that the issuance of an injunction would not harm the infringer more” than the infringed-upon party. Pappan Enter., Inc. v. Hardee’s Food Sys., 143 F.3d 800, 805 (3d Cir.1998).

Here, Plaintiff avers that Defendants would suffer no harm from the entry of an injunction, or at least comparatively less harm than Jermax’s creditors continue to suffer. (Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 20.) Plaintiff asserts that, at a minimum, the entry of an injunction is necessary to preserve the status quo pending the course of litigation. (Id.) Plaintiff has not, however, clearly articulated to the Court how Jermax’s creditors continue to be irreparably harmed by these allegedly fraudulent transfers such that entry of an injunction is immediately necessary here.

Further, the Court notes that Plaintiff requests an injunction which would enjoin Defendants “from having any further contact with the Debtor’s accounts and customers” and “from utilizing any of the Debtor’s assets.” (Compl. ¶¶ 179(l)-(2).) But Plaintiff has failed to explain to the Court how Defendants continue to have any contact with Jermaxs accounts, customers, or assets. Indeed, upon filing its bankruptcy petition, Jermax entered the realm of bankruptcy, and the Bankruptcy Court assumed management of its accounts, customers, and assets' — not any of the Defendants. As such, the Court is at a loss to see how Jermax continues to be injured in this way such that injunctive relief is necessary.

Moreover, contrary to Plaintiffs assertions, the Court believes that Defendants are likely to suffer at least some degree of harm here. Specifically, if granted in its sought form, the injunction would require Defendants to return and discontinue use of any assets transferred from Jermax to Amerinox. It remains unclear at this point in time, however, whether the transfer of these assets was actually fraudulent. If the Court eventually determines that these asset transfers were fraudulent, then they can be avoided under the Code and all property or its equivalent value returned to the Debtor’s estate. In contrast, if the Court were to presently award Plaintiff his sought injunctive relief and it is subsequently determined that the transfers were not fraudulent, Defendants preclusion from using these assets during this time will have harmed their business.⁵⁷ Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff has likewise not satisfied the third element of injunctive relief.

D. The Public Interest

The final factor the Court must consider is whether issuance of an injunction would be in the public’s interest. A plaintiffs success in establishing harm to the public interest is intricately tied to its establishment of the other three necessary elements of injunctive relief. See Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 26-27, 129 S.Ct. 365, 172 L.Ed.2d 249 (2008).

On this point, Plaintiff argues that entry of an injunction would “send[ ] a message that fraudulent transferees will not avoid their day of reckoning by continuing to engage in the wrongful conduct that would further defraud creditors.” (Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 20.) It is true that New Jersey has a legitimate interest in preventing fraud and ethically questionable conduct by its businesses. See A.S. Goldmen & Co. v. N.J. Bureau of Sec., 163 F.3d 780, 788 (3d Cir.1999). It remains to be seen, however, whether or not Defendants’ conduct here was actually fraudulent or improper. Accordingly, entry of injunctive relief on this basis alone would be improper.

E. The Bond Requirement

Finally, the Court pauses to comment on Plaintiffs failure to even acknowledge that a party seeking an injunction is required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(c) to post a security bond. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 65(c) (“The court may issue a preliminary injunction or a temporary restraining order only if the movant gives security in an amount that the court considers proper to pay the costs and damages sustained by any party found to have been wrongfully enjoined or restrained.”). It has previously been recognized that the Third Circuit “strictly interprets” the bond requirement of Rule 65(c). Scanvec Amiable Ltd. v. Chang, No. Civ.A.02-6950, 2002 WL 32341772, at *2, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22261, at *6 (E.D.Pa. Nov. 4, 2002) (citing Elliott v. Kiesewetter, 98 F.3d 47, 59 (3d Cir.1996); Hoxworth v. Blinder, Robinson & Co., Inc., 903 F.2d 186, 210 (3d Cir.1990)). The purpose of the bond security is to maintain the status quo and protect the opposing party from incurring costs and damages in the event that the stay is wrongfully imposed. See Scanvec, 2002 WL 32341772 at *2-3, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22261 at *7 (“A party injured by the issuance of an injunction later determined to be erroneous has no action for damages in the absence of a bond[.]”) (internal citations omitted). Indeed, “the bond, in effect, is the moving party’s warranty that the law will uphold the issuance of the injunction.” Edgar v. MITE Corp., 457 U.S. 624, 649, 102 S.Ct. 2629, 73 L.Ed.2d 269 (1982) (Stevens, J., concurring).

In cases such as the instant bankruptcy reorganization, the quantifiable costs and potential damages could be considerably high. See In re W.R. Grace & Co., 475 B.R. 34, 208-09 (D.Del.2012) (stating that the quantifiable costs of a stay in a mass tort debtor’s bankruptcy reorganization case could range from $77 to $107 million dollars, depending on the length of time that the stay remained in place). Indeed, it has previously been recognized that, “in commercial actions, ‘when setting the amount of security, district courts should err on the high side.’ ” See Scanvec, 2002 WL 32341772 at *3-4, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22261 at *11 (quoting Mead Johnson & Co. v. Abbott Labs., 201 F.3d 883, 888 (7th Cir.2000)). Although the determination of the precise bond amount is within the district court’s discretion, courts often look to the parties’ submissions in ascertaining such an amount. Scanvec, 2002 WL 32341772 at *1, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22261 at *1 (referencing court’s earlier order).

Here, Plaintiff fails to even acknowledge the bond requirement, let alone provide an estimate of the amount of such a bond. Therefore, rather than engage in an extensive analysis of the bond requirement, the Court merely considers Plaintiffs failure to acknowledge this point as another factor weighing against the imposition of an injunction under these circumstances. See W.R. Grace, 475 B.R. at 209 (finding appellant’s failure to address bond requirement in bankruptcy reorganization case as another factor counseling against the imposition of a stay).

Given that Plaintiff has not produced sufficient evidence on all four factors, coupled with his failure to acknowledge the necessity of a bond under such circumstances, the Court will not enter an injunction. As such, Plaintiffs Cross-Motion for Prejudgment Temporary Restraints will be denied.

YI. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the Court finds that the Motion to Strike of Defendants Amerinox, Gerwitz, Young, and Carter will be denied. The Motion to Dismiss filed by these Defendants, however, will be granted in part and denied in part, as set forth in the Order accompanying this Opinion. The Court further finds that Plaintiff Jurista’s Cross-Motion for Imposition of Prejudgment Restraints will be denied. Finally, the Court finds that Defendant GE’s Motion to Dismiss will be granted in part and denied in part, as more fully set forth in the Order adjoining this Opinion.

An appropriate Order follows.

1 . In order to correct a typographical error, this Amended Opinion supersedes the Opinion originally issued by the Court on March 28, 2013.

2 . Defendants Amerinox, Carter, and Young filed the instant motion now before the Court for disposition. [Docket No. 14.] On August 22, 2012, Defendant Gerowitz joined in this Motion filed by his co-Defendants. [Docket No. 16.]

3 . The Court notes that in his Response in Opposition to Defendant GE’s Motion to Dismiss [Docket No. 30], Jurista sets forth a detailed recitation of facts based on statements and conclusions in the Examiner’s Report. (See Pl.’s Resp. Opp'n at 2 ("What follows is a recitation of the detailed facts set forth in the Examiner's Report underlying GE's knowing and substantial conduct in enabling, aiding and abetting the fraudulent transfer of the Debtor’s assets.”).) The law is clear, however, that in reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a court may only consider the facts alleged in the pleadings, the documents attached thereto as exhibits, and matters of judicial notice. See S. Cross Overseas Agencies, Inc. v. Kwong Shipping Grp., Ltd., 181 F.3d 410, 426 (3d Cir.1999). Plaintiff has not attached the Examiner’s Report to any of his submissions filed to date with the Court, nor is it a matter of judicial notice. Indeed, the use of the Examiner's Report remains in dispute between the parties, and serves as the basis of the aforementioned Motion to Strike. As such, the Court will not consider Plaintiff's factual recitation based on the Examiner’s Report as set forth in his Response in Opposition, but rather solely limits its analysis to the facts pled in Plaintiff’s Complaint.

4 . As discussed throughout this Opinion, infra, New Jersey’s Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act ("UFTA”) recognizes a cause of action for fraudulent transfers and conveyances.

5 . This statutory section states in full as follows:

The trustee may avoid any transfer ... of an interest of the debtor in property, or any obligation ... incurred by the debtor, that was made or incurred on or within 2 years before the date of the filing of the petition, if the debtor voluntarily or involuntarily

(B)(i) received less than a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for such transfer or obligation; and (ii)(I) was insolvent on the date that such transfer was made or such obligation was incurred, or became insolvent as a result of such transfer or obligation; (II) was engaged in business or a transaction, or was about to engage in business or a transaction, for which any property remaining with the debtor was an unreasonably small capital; (III) intended to incur, or believed that the debt- or would incur, debts that would be beyond the debtor’s ability to pay as such debts matured; or(IV) made such transfer to or for the benefit of an insider, or incurred such obligation to or for the benefit of an insider, under an employment contract and not in the ordinary course of business.

11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1)(B).

6 . A “Ponzi scheme” is defined as “[a] fraudulent investment scheme in which money contributed by later investors generates artificially high dividends for the original investors, whose example attracts even larger investments.” Id. at 344 n. 1 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1180 (7th ed. 1999)).

7 . The Lafferty Court noted that "[w]hile bankruptcy law mandates that the trustee step into the shoes of the debtor when asserting causes of action, state law generally provides the substantive law governing imputation for state law claims.” Id. (citing O’Melveny & Myers v. FDIC, 512 U.S. 79, 84, 114 S.Ct. 2048, 129 L.Ed.2d 67 (1994)). Although Laf-ferty dealt with Pennsylvania corporate law, the Third Circuit has subsequently recognized and applied the same two elements of imputation in New Jersey imputation actions. See Thabault v. Chait, 541 F.3d 512, 527-28 (3d Cir.2008).

8 . It should be noted that the in pari delicto doctrine only barred claims against the third party defendants, as it is inapplicable to claims against corporate insiders. See In re Walnut Leasing Co., No. Civ.A.99-526, 1999 WL 729267, at *5 (E.D.Pa. Sept. 8, 1999), aff'd by Lafferty, 267 F.3d at 346; see also In re Granite Partners, L.P., 194 B.R. 318, 332 (S.D.N.Y.1996); In re Refco Inc. Secs. Litig., 2010 WL 6549830 at *15, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 132778 at *76 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 6, 2010).

9 . This section states, in relevant part, as follows: "The commencement of a case under section 301, 302, or 303 of this title creates an estate. Such estate is comprised of ... all legal or equitable interests of tire debtor in property as of the commencement of the case." 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1).

10 . That section states, in relevant part, as follows:

(a)(1) The trustee may avoid any transfer [] of an interest of the debtor in property, or any obligation [] incurred by the debtor, that was made or incurred on or within 2 years before the date of the filing of the petition, if the debtor voluntarily or involuntarily—

(A) made such transfer or incurred such obligation with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any entity to which the debtor was or became, on or after the date that such transfer was made or such obligation was incurred, indebted; or

(B)(i) received less than a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for such transfer or obligation; and (B)(1) was insolvent on the date that such transfer was made or such obligation was incurred, or became insolvent as a result of such transfer or obligation;

(II) was engaged in business or a transaction, or was about to engage in business or a transaction, for which any property remaining with the debtor was an unreasonably small capital;

(III) intended to incur, or believed that the debtor would incur, debts that would be beyond the debtor's ability to pay as such debts matured; or

(IV) made such transfer to or for the benefit of an insider, or incurred such obligation to or for the benefit of an insider, under an employment contract and not in the ordinary course of business.

11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1).

11 . Furthermore, even if, as asserted by Defendants, Lafferty did apply to the instant case, Defendants nonetheless fail to note that the cloak of in pari delicto would not shroud all of them from suit, as its protections only extend so far. This is because "in pari delicto will not preclude the claims against corporate insiders. Vis-a-vis their corporations, insiders cannot avoid the consequences of their own handiwork.” In re Walnut Leasing Co., No. Civ.A.99-526, 1999 WL 729267, at *5 (E.D.Pa. Sept. 8, 1999), aff'd by Lafferty, 267 F.3d at 346; see also In re Granite Partners, L.P., 194 B.R. 318, 332 (S.D.N.Y.1996); In re Refco Inc. Secs. Litig., 2010 WL 6549830, at *15, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 132778, at *76 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 6, 2010). Our sister courts have previously recognized that:

The [in pari delicto ] doctrine is inapplicable to claims by or on behalf of the corporation against insiders for damages caused by their misconduct as corporate insiders. The reasoning is that it would be absurd to allow a wrongdoing insider to rely on the imputation of his own conduct to the corporation as a defense.

Id. at *15, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 132778, at *76 (internal citations omitted). Therefore, even if Lafferty did control the instant scenario — which it clearly does not — individual Defendants Carter, Young, and Gerwitz would not be able to take advantage of the in pari delicto defense and would not be dismissed from suit on this basis. However, given that PBI controls here, the Court merely raises this point as an aside.

12 . To be clear, Defendants Amerinox, Carter, Young, and Gerwitz are the parties that make this argument.

13 . Rule 12(f) states in its entirety:

The court may strike from a pleading an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter. The court may act:

(1) on its own; or

(2) on motion made by a party either before responding to the pleading or, if a response is not allowed, within 21 days after being served with the pleading.

Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(f). In the instant case, the Court is not initiating the motion to strike, and therefore subsection (1) is inapplicable. As to subsection (2), the record indicates that Defendants complied with this provision because they filed the instant Motion before they filed an Answer or other responsive pleading.

14 . A nolo contendré plea is defined as a plea of no contest, and has the same legal effect as a plea of guilty. See United States v. Aitoro, 403 Fed.Appx. 748, 750 (3d Cir.2010) (affirming Simandle, J.).

15 . Rule 410 provides as follows:

In a civil or criminal case, evidence of the following is not admissible against the defendant who made the plea or participated in the plea discussions:

(1)a guilty plea that was later withdrawn;

(2) a nolo contendere plea;

(3) a statement made during a proceeding on either of those pleas under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11 or a comparable state procedure; or

(4) a statement made during plea discussions with an attorney for the prosecuting authority if the discussions did not result in a guilty plea or they resulted in a later-withdrawn guilty plea.

Fed.R.Evid. 410(a).

16 . The Court also notes that other federal courts outside the Third Circuit have criticized the Second Circuit’s holding in Lipsky. See Mills v. United Producers, Inc., No. Civ. A.ll-13148, 2012 WL 1672948, at *2-3, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 66979, at *6-7 (E.D.Mich. May 14, 2012); United States v. Cohen, 946 F.2d 430 (6th Cir.1991). The Sixth Circuit, in fact, blatantly disagrees with the Second Circuit on this point, and recognizes that consent judgments are admissible under similar circumstances. See id. at 432-35.

17 . To be clear, in so holding, the Court does not find that this supporting evidence would actually be admissible at trial. Indeed, it may ultimately be excluded for other reasons under the Federal Rules of Evidence. Any inquiry into the admissibility of this evidence, however, is premature at this point in time.

18 . In certain portions of Counts 1 and 8, Jurista refers to "some or all of the Defendants." As such, in addition to Amerinox and the individual Defendants, the Court will consider the allegations made in Counts 1 and 8 with respect to Defendant GE as well.

19 . Section (1)(B), in turn, provides that:

The trustee may avoid any transfer (including any transfer to or for the benefit of an insider under an employment contract) of an interest of the debtor in property, or any obligation (including any obligation to or for the benefit of an insider under an employment contract) incurred by the debtor, that was made or incurred on or within 2 years before the date of the filing of the petition, if the debtor voluntarily or involuntarily

(B)(i) received less than a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for such transfer or obligation; and (ii)(I) was insolvent on the date that such transfer was made or such obligation was incurred, or became insolvent as a result of such transfer or obligation;

(II) was engaged in business or a transaction, or was about to engage in business or a transaction, for which any property remaining with the debtor was an unreasonably small capital;

(III) intended to incur, or believed that the debtor would incur, debts that would be beyond the debtor's ability to pay as such debts matured; or

(IV) made such transfer to or for the benefit of an insider, or incurred such obligation to or for the benefit of an insider, under an employment contract and not in the ordinary course of business.

20 . In Count 4, Jurista states that he is entitled to avoid and recover the value of the transfers from "the Defendants.” Thus, out of an abundance of caution, the Court will presume that Plaintiff meant to bring this claim against Defendant GE as well.

21 . Plaintiffs claim in Count 4 relates to the fraudulent transfers of equipment and other property, while Count 11 specifically identifies the $1.0 million in shareholder dividends paid to the individual Defendants as fraudulent transfers. Both claims are based upon the same statutory provision and rooted in the same set of facts, and the Court therefore jointly considers them here.

22 . The definition and meaning of an "insider” under UFTA is more fully discussed, infra.

23 . Plaintiff's claim in Count 2 generally relates to fraudulent transfers of property caused by the Defendants, while Count 9 specifically identifies the $1.0 million in shareholder dividends paid to the individual Defendants as fraudulent transfers. Both claims are based upon the same statutory provision and rooted in the same set of facts, and the Court therefore jointly considers them here.

24 . Under UFTA, a "creditor” is defined as a person who holds a "claim.” NJ.S.A. § 25:2-21. A "claim,” in turn, is defined as: "a right to payment, whether or not the right is reduced to judgment, liquidated, unliqui-dated, fixed, contingent, matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured or unsecured.” Id. Further, a "transfer” is defined as “every mode, direct or indirect, absolute or conditional, voluntary or involuntary, of disposing of or parting with an asset or an interest in an asset, and includes payment of money, release, lease, and creation of a lien or other encumbrance.” NJ.S.A. § 25:2-22.

25 .In Count 11, Plaintiff also alleges that, "[ajlternatively, the Transfers referred to hereinabove constitute fraudulent transfers pursuant to N.J.S.A. § 14A:7-14.1(2).” That statutory section states as follows: "A corporation may not make a distribution if, after giving effect thereto, either: (a) The corporation would be unable to pay its debts as they become due in the usual course of its business; or (b) The corporation’s total assets would be less than its total liabilities.” N.J.S.A. § 14A:7-14.1(2). In ¶¶ 34-63, Juris-ta alleges that Jermax was insolvent and had unreasonably small capital on hand to pay its debts at the time of the dividend pay-outs. These factual allegations are sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. While it is true that Plaintiff could have organized his Complaint in a different manner so as to bring a separate claim under N.J.S.A. § 14A:7-14.1(2), he is free to organize his pleading as he sees fit and the Court is required to construe its contents in the light most favorable to him. Accordingly, to the extent Plaintiff bases his claim in Count 11 on N.J.S.A. § 14A:7-14.1(2), the Court will not dismiss it at this time.

26 . In Count 3, Jurista states that he is entitled to avoid and recover the value of the transfers from "the Defendants.” Thus, out of an abundance of caution, the Court will presume that Plaintiff meant to bring this claim against Defendant GE as well.

27 . Plaintiffs claim in Count 3 generally relates to fraudulent transfers of property committed by the Defendants, while Count 10 specifically identifies the $1.0 million in shareholder dividends paid to the individual Defendants as fraudulent transfers. Both claims are based upon the same statutory provision and rooted in the same set of facts, and the Court therefore jointly considers them here.

28 . A "transfer” is defined in the U.S. Bankruptcy Code as “every mode, direct or indirect, absolute or conditional, voluntary or involuntary, of disposing of or parting with property or with an interest in property, including retention of title as a security interest.” 11 U.S.C. § 101(41).

29 . Section 548(a)(1)(A) states in its entirety that:

The trustee may avoid any transfer ... of an interest of the debtor in property, or any obligation ... incurred by the debtor, that was made or incurred on or within 2 years before the date of the filing of the petition, if the debtor voluntarily or involuntarily—

(A) made such transfer or incurred such obligation with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any entity to which the debtor was or became, on or after the date that such transfer was made or such obligation was incurred, indebted!.]

11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1)(A).

30 . This statutory section states in its entirety as follows:

The trustee may avoid any transfer ... of an interest of the debtor in property, or any obligation ... incurred by the debtor, that was made or incurred on or within 2 years before the date of the filing of the petition, if the debtor voluntarily or involuntarily

(B)(i) received less than a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for such transfer or obligation; and

(ii)(I) was insolvent on the date that such transfer was made or such obligation was incurred, or became insolvent as a result of such transfer or obligation;

en) was engaged in business or a transaction, or was about to engage in business or a transaction, for which any property remaining with the debtor was an unreasonably small capital;

(III) intended to incur, or believed that the debtor would incur, debts that would be beyond the debtor’s ability to pay as such debts matured; or

(IV) made such transfer to or for the benefit of an insider, or incurred such obligation to or for the benefit of an insider, under an employment contract and not in the ordinary course of business.

31 . In order to take property without authorization, one must necessarily exclude the rightful owner of his exclusive right to that property. Oprendek, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 140014 at *16.

32 . The Supreme Court of New Jersey has recognized that unjust enrichment can constitute a form of quasi-contractual liability. See Stewart, 877 F.Supp.2d at 196 (citing Callano v. Oakwood Park Homes Corp., 91 N.J.Super. 105, 219 A.2d 332, 334 (1966)). Although Plaintiff cursorily avers in one sentence of his lengthy pleading that Jermaxs "financing and leasing agreements” prohibited Jermaxs transfer of title to its equipment to Defendant Amerinox (Compl. ¶ 23), as expressed above, the specific basis of Juristas unjust enrichment claim is rooted in Defendants allegedly tortious and fraudulent conduct.

Indeed, the Cafaro Court faced a similar situation. The plaintiffs in that case asserted both unjust enrichment and breach of contract claims against the defendants, but the court found that the alleged conduct underlying the unjust enrichment claim was clearly rooted in tort. The same logic applies to this case.

Furthermore, the Court notes that Plaintiff seeks punitive damages with respect to his unjust enrichment claim. It is well known that punitive damages are generally not available in contract disputes. Mon Cheri Bridals, Inc. v. Wen Wu, No. Civ.A.04-1739, 2008 WL 4534191, at *4-5, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 79954, at *12 (D.N.J. Oct. 7, 2008); Kurnik v. Cooper Health Sys., 2008 WL 2829963, at *15, 2008 N.J.Super. Unpub. LEXIS 2267, at *39 (N.J.Super.A.D. July 24, 2008) (internal citations omitted) ("With rare exception, punitive damages are not available in an action for a breach of contract.”). Thus, this further implies that Plaintiffs unjust enrichment claim sounds in tort.

33 . Jurista requests the Court to enter judgment in the Debtor's favor in Count 7 with respect to "all Defendants.” As such, in addition to Amerinox and the individual Defendants, the Court will consider the allegations made in Count 7 with respect to Defendant GE as well.

34 . Section 542 of the Bankruptcy Code provides, in relevant part,' as follows:

(a) [A]n entity, other than a custodian, in possession, custody, or control, during the case, of property that the trustee may use, sell, or lease under section 363 of this title, or that the debtor may exempt under section 522 of this title, shall deliver to the trustee, and account for, such property or the value of such property, unless such property is of inconsequential value or benefit to the estate.

(b) [A]n entity that owes a debt that is property of the estate and that is matured, payable on demand, or payable on order, shall pay such debt to, or on the order of, the trustee, except to the extent that such debt may be offset under section 553 of this title against a claim against the debtor.

11 U.S.C. § 542(a), (b).

35 . Jurista requests the Court to enter judgment in the Debtors favor in Count 13 with respect to "all Defendants.” As such, in addition to Amerinox and the individual Defendants, the Court will consider the allegations made in Count 13 with respect to Defendant GE as well.

36 . Defendants also argue that Jurista’s Complaint fails to allege the existence of a contract upon which the implied covenant claim can be based. (Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss at 34-35.) However, as discussed infra, Plaintiff does reference certain agreements in his Complaint upon which his claim could be based.

37 . As indicated above in the Court’s discussion of Plaintiff Jurista’s standing in this suit, Defendant GE argues that, under In re Fedders North America, Inc., 405 B.R. 527 (Bankr.D.Del.2009), Jurista lacks standing to bring his aiding and abetting claims against GE under 11 U.S.C. § 544(b). As noted above, however, Plaintiff does not seek to avoid the fraudulent transfers related to his aiding and abetting claims against GE under § 544(b), but rather under § 548. Accordingly, as set forth above, he has standing to bring these claims.

38 . The Court notes that aiding and abetting is dually applicable in criminal and civil law. See 18 U.S.C. § 2 (2013) (United States Code provision for criminal liability); Elec. Lab. Supply Co. v. Cullen, 977 F.2d 798, 805 (3d Cir.1992) (citing Petro-Tech, Inc. v. W. Co. of N. Am., 824 F.2d 1349, 1356 (3d Cir.1987)) (discussing aiding and abetting as theory of civil liability).

39 . It is worth noting that, in the context of successor liability related to product liability claims, New Jersey courts have previously recognized that "where one corporation acquires all or substantially all the manufacturing assets of another corporation ... and undertakes essentially the same manufacturing operation as the selling corporation, the purchasing corporation is strictly liable for injuries caused by defects in units of the same product line.” Potwora ex rel. Gray v. Grip, 319 N.J.Super. 386, 725 A.2d 697, 705 (1999) (citing Ramirez, 431 A.2d at 811) (emphasis added). The "substantially all” language has not been utilized by New Jersey courts with respect to non-product liability asset transfer successor liability claims. Even if it was, however, Plaintiff has not indicated that the equipment transferred from Jermax to Ameri-nox constituted substantially all of Jermax's assets.

40 . Indeed, Count 18 could also be interpreted as seeking to pierce the corporate veil of Defendant GE, as Plaintiff seeks judgment in his favor on this claim against "the Defendants.” Plaintiff has not, however, established any basis for why he should be permitted to pierce GEs corporate veil. There are no allegations in the Complaint that GE has any controlling interest in either the Debtor or Amerinox, or that it used the corporate form of these corporations as a fagade for its own fraudulent conduct. Indeed, the only relationship GE maintained with Jermax was a debtor-creditor relationship based on its loan agreement. As such, to the extent that Plaintiff meant to assert his veil-piercing claim in Count 18 against Defendant GE, such a claim will be dismissed from suit.

41 . Although the Court presently affords Plaintiff the benefit of the doubt, he is cautioned to be more specific in future filings, particularly in light of the fact that permission to pierce the corporate veil is a discouraged remedy that should be utilized cautiously and only under extraordinary circumstances. See Sharemax.com, 334 F.Supp.2d at 627 (internal citations omitted); A & F Corp. v. Brown, No. Civ.A.94 — 4709, 1996 WL 466909, at *4 (E.D.Pa. Aug. 15, 1996) (internal citations omitted).

42 . Although Gateco addressed a veil-piercing claim brought under Pennsylvania law, the same principle applies to this case.

43 . At points throughout Count 19, Plaintiff seeks an injunction to enjoin "all Defendants” from engaging in certain conduct. The Court will therefore presume that Plaintiff meant to bring this claim against Defendant GE as well.

44 . Defendants have moved to dismiss Count 19 pursuant to Federal Civil Rule 12(b)(6) on the grounds that Plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. In Count 19, Plaintiff also seeks myriad injunc-tive relief related to the Defendants alleged misappropriation of Jermaxs assets, trade secrets, and proprietary information. In conjunction with his Response in Opposition to Defendants Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiff also filed a Cross-Motion for Imposition of Prejudgment Temporary Restraints Against Transfers by the Defendants based his allegations in Count 19. As such, Count 19 is the subject of both Defendants Motion to Dismiss and Plaintiffs Cross-Motion for Imposition of Prejudgment Temporary Restraints. In this section of the Opinion, the Court only addresses whether Plaintiff has satisfied the standards of Rule 12(b)(6) in order to survive dismissal. As to Plaintiffs sought injunctive relief, the Court considers this issue separately in its analysis of Plaintiffs Cross-Motion, infra.

45 . In Count 23, Plaintiff states that “Defendants have misappropriated and transferred assets” that rightfully belong to the Debtor. He has not, however, specifically identified the Defendants to whom he refers. Thus, given this rather broad language, the Court will presume that Plaintiff meant to bring Count 23 against Defendant GE as well.

46 . This statutory section provides: “[E]xcept to the extent that the court orders otherwise, and until an order for relief in the case, any business of the debtor may continue to operate, and the debtor may continue to use, acquire, or dispose of property as if an involuntary case concerning the debtor had not been commenced.” 11 U.S.C. § 303(f).

47 .This statutory section provides: “[A]n entity that has neither actual notice nor actual knowledge of the commencement of the case concerning the debtor may transfer property of the estate, or pay a debt owing to the debtor ... to an entity other than the trustee, with the same effect as to the entity making such transfer or payment as if the case under this title concerning the debtor had not been commenced.” 11 U.S.C. § 542(c).

48 . Once again, Plaintiff generally refers to "Defendants” in Count 24 of his Complaint. As indicated above, Count 24 appears to be a "catch-all” claim that references other counts in the Complaint. To the extent that the Court already determined that Plaintiff meant to assert any of these allegations against Defendant GE, they will likewise not be dismissed in Count 24.

49 . Section 544 states in full, as follows:

(a) The trustee shall have, as of the commencement of the case, and without regard to any knowledge of the trustee or of any creditor, the rights and powers of, or may avoid any transfer of property of the debtor or any obligation incurred by the debtor that is voidable by—

(1) a creditor that extends credit to the debtor at the time of the commencement of the case, and that obtains, at such time and with respect to such credit, a judicial lien on all property on which a creditor on a simple contract could have obtained such a judicial lien, whether or not such a creditor exists;

(2) a creditor that extends credit to the debtor at the time of the commencement of the case, and obtains, at such time and with respect to such credit, an execution against the debtor that is returned unsatisfied at such time, whether or not such a creditor exists; or

(3) a bona fide purchaser of real property, other than fixtures, from the debtor, against whom applicable law permits such transfer to be perfected, that obtains the status of a bona fide purchaser and has perfected such transfer at the time of the commencement of the case, whether or not such a purchaser exists.

(b)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the trustee may avoid any transfer of an interest of the debtor in property or any obligation incurred by the debtor that is voidable under applicable law by a creditor holding an unsecured claim that is allowable under section 502 of this title or that is not allowable only under section 502(e) of this title.

(2) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to a transfer of a charitable contribution^]

11 U.S.C. § 544.

50 . The Court notes that Defendant GE argues that § 544(b) does not permit the Disbursing Agent to pursue the aiding and abetting claims asserted against it. The Court previously addressed this argument in the section of this Opinion related to standing, supra, and will not do so again here.

51 . Section 550 states more fully as follows:

Except as otherwise provided in this section, to the extent that a transfer is avoided under section 544, 545, 547, 548, 549, 553(b), or 724(a) of this title, the trustee may recover, for the benefit of the estate, the property transferred, or, if the court so orders, the value of such property, from—

(1) the initial transferee of such transfer or the entity for whose benefit such transfer was made; or

(2) any immediate or mediate transferee of such initial transferee.

11 U.S.C. § 550(a).

52 . In this count, Plaintiff seeks myriad injunc-tive relief related to the Defendants’ alleged misappropriation of Jermax’s assets, trade secrets, and proprietary information. As discussed above, Defendants moved to dismiss the merits of Count 19 pursuant to Federal Civil Rule 12(b)(6) on the grounds that Plaintiff’s misappropriation claim fails as a matter of law. In response, Plaintiff filed the instant Cross-Motion for Imposition of Prejudgment Temporary Restraints Against Transfers by the Defendants based on his allegations in Count 19. Count 19 is therefore the subject of both Defendants' Motion to Dismiss and Plaintiff's Cross-Motion for Imposition of Prejudgment Temporary Restraints. The Court already addressed the merits of Plaintiff's claims in Count 19 in its above Discussion, supra. In this section of the Opinion, the Court only considers whether the injunctive relief Plaintiff seeks in this count would be appropriate under the circumstances.

53 . Applications for temporary restraining orders are governed by the same standards as motions for preliminary injunctions. See Westchester Fire Ins. Co. v. Global Real Constr., LLC, No. Civ.A.09-207, 2009 WL 137414, at *2, 2009 LEXIS 3481, at *5 (D.N.J. Jan. 20, 2009).

54 . The rationale for this rule is self-evident: since the Local Rules do not permit sur-reply briefs, see L.Civ.R. 7.1(d), an opposing party would not have the opportunity to respond to newly-minted arguments in reply briefs. See Santiago v. City of Vineland, 107 F.Supp.2d 512, 553 (D.N.J.2000).

55 . Although not entirely clear from Plaintiff’s submissions, it appears as though he likewise requests the Court to award him a prejudgment attachment. In its simplest form, a prejudgment attachment allows a creditor to levy a security interest on the debtor’s property in an effort to secure his claim against the debtor in the event that a judgment should be entered. See ABC Sewer Cleaning Co. v. Foxco, Inc., No. Civ.A.90-1934, 1990 WL 139391, at *1, 1990 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12571, at *1 (E.D.Pa. Sept. 21, 1990). The general rule followed by courts is that a judgment establishing a debt is necessary prior to interfering with a debtor’s use of his property. See Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo, S.A. v. Alliance Bond Fund, Inc., 527 U.S. 308, 119 S.Ct. 1961, 144 L.Ed.2d 319 (1999). On this point, the Supreme Court has stated that: "The rule requiring a judgment was a product, not just of the procedural requirement that remedies at law had to be exhausted before equitable remedies could be pursued, but also of the substantive rule that a general creditor (one without a judgment) had no cognizable interest ... in the property of his debtor, and therefore could not interfere with the debtor’s use of that property.” Id. at 331, 119 S.Ct. 1961.

Here, Plaintiff claims that the Supreme Court’s decision in Grupo Mexicano authorizes a creditor to circumvent the above-described general rule in cases involving UFTA, and that he therefore need not obtain a judgment prior to asserting claims regarding the Debtor's assets. Grupo Mexicano did not, however, so hold. In that case, the Supreme Court actually upheld the general rule that the establishment of a judgment was necessary prior to meddling in a debtor's affairs. Id. at 321-24, 119 S.Ct. 1961 ("[We] follow the well-established general rule that a judgment establishing the debt was necessary before a court of equity would interfere with the debtor's use of his property.”). In a footnote, the Court noted that UFTA could potentially alter the underpinnings of the general rule requiring prior obtainment of a judgment. Id. at 324 n. 7, 119 S.Ct. 1961. However, because Grupo Mexicano did not involve a fraudulent conveyance claim, the Supreme Court expressed no opinion on UFTA's potential effect on the applicability of the general rule in such matters. Id. ("Because this case does not involve a claim of fraudulent conveyance, we express no opinion on the point.”). As such, Plaintiff cannot rely on Grupo Mexi-cano to support his argument.

Further, Plaintiff also relies on N.J.S.A. § 25:2-29(a) as the basis for his prejudgment attachment claim. As pointed out by Defendants, that statute requires compliance with Rule 4:60 of the Rules Governing the Courts of the State of New Jersey. See N.J.S.A. § 25:2-29(a)(2) ("In an action for relief against a transfer or obligation under this article, a creditor ... may obtain ... [a]n attachment or other provisional remedy against the asset transferred ... in accordance with ... Rule 4:60 et seq. of the Rules Governing the Courts of the State of New Jersey[.]”). Rule 4:60 states that a party’s motion for issuance of a writ for prejudgment interest shall be granted:

Only upon the court’s finding, based on the moving papers, any opposing affidavits which may have been filed, and any testimony taken ... that (1) there is a probability that final judgment will be rendered in favor of the plaintiff; (2) there are statutory grounds for issuance of the writ; and (3) there is real or personal property of the defendant at a specific location within this State which is subject to attachment.

N.J.R. 4:6-5. Here, the Court has determined that Plaintiff cannot at this time establish that final judgment will be rendered in his favor. As such, Plaintiff's request for prejudgment attachment likewise fails for this reason.

56 . In this section of his Cross-Motion, Plaintiff also off-handedly requests the Courts permission to file lis pendens upon any and all real property owned by the Insider Defendants. “Ordinarily lis pendens are filed when a plaintiff asserts an interest in or a claim upon specific real property.” Cole, Schott, Bernstein, Meisel & Forman, P.A. v. Owens, 292 N.J.Super. 453, 679 A.2d 155, 159 (1996) (citing Polk v. Schwartz, 166 N.J.Super. 292, 399 A.2d 1001 (1979)). New Jerseys statute authorizing lis pendens provides as follows:

In every action, instituted in any court of this State having civil jurisdiction or in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, the object of which is to enforce a lien upon real estate or to affect the title to real estate or a lien or encumbrance thereon, plaintiff or his attorney shall, after the filing of the complaint, file in the office of the county clerk or register of deeds and mortgages, as the case may be, of the county in which the affected real estate is situated, a written notice of the pendency of the action, which shall set forth the title and the general object thereof, with a description of the affected real estate.

N.J.S.A. § 2A:15-6. The statute goes on to explicitly state that "[n]o notice of lis pendens shall be filed under this article in an action to recover a judgment for money damages only.” Id. As indicated above, the instant dispute is solely based on an economic injury seeking monetary recovery. See Owens, 679 A.2d at 159 (finding that lis pendens statute did not apply to action for attorneys fees because this constituted monetary recovery). Furthermore, Plaintiff does not identify — as the statute requires — the "title, general objects, or descriptions of real estate” that he wishes to file lis pendes upon. As such, given Plaintiffs failure to adhere to the requisite rules, the request to file lis pendens upon Defendants’ real properly pending the course of this litigation is denied.

57 . Indeed, the injunction seeks to restrain Defendants from using any of the assets previously transferred from Jermax to Amerinox. It is unclear from this very broad language whether this could potentially apply to other property that was previously lawfully transferred between the two companies.