[J-68-2017] [MO: Wecht, J.] IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA WESTERN DISTRICT
HELEN JONES, : No. 12 WAP 2017 : Appellant : Appeal from the Order of Superior : Court entered September 27, 2016 at : No. 930 WDA 2015, affirming the v. : Order of the Court of Common Pleas : of Cambria County entered May 27, : 2015 at No. 2010-2490. RON OTT AND/OR EASTERN : ELEVATOR SERVICE AND SALES : ARGUED: October 17, 2017 COMPANY, : : Appellees :
DISSENTING OPINION
JUSTICE DOUGHERTY DECIDED: AUGUST 21, 2018 I respectfully dissent. The learned majority’s holding subjects appellant to the
harsh penalty of waiver for failing to meet a previously unrecognized and unarticulated
prerequisite to place specific objections to proposed points of charge on a transcribed
record. In my view, appellant adhered to the explicit requirements of our Rules of Civil
Procedure, and nothing more was required of her to preserve her claim.
The question we accepted for review focuses on Rules of Civil Procedure 226 and
227.1 pertaining to preservation of challenges to jury instructions. “When interpreting the
language of our rules of civil procedure, we are guided by the fundamental precepts set
forth in Pa.R.C.P. 127.” Bruno v. Erie Ins. Co., 106 A.3d 48, 73 (Pa. 2014). Rule 127
provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
Rule 127. Construction of Rules. Intent of Supreme Court Controls (a) The object of all interpretation and construction of rules is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the Supreme Court.
(b) Every rule shall be construed, if possible, to give effect to all its provisions. When the words of a rule are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit.
* * *
Pa.R.C.P. 127(a), (b).
Pursuant to this directive, our analysis should begin with an examination of the
language of Rule 227.1(b), which provides in pertinent part:
Rule 227.1 Post-Trial Relief
(b) Except as otherwise provided by Pa.R.E. 103(a), post-trial relief may not be granted unless the grounds therefor,
(1) If then available, were raised in pre-trial proceedings or by motion, objection, point for charge, request for findings of fact or conclusions of law, offer of proof or other appropriate method at trial; and
(2) are specified in the motion. The motion shall state how the grounds were asserted in pre-trial proceedings or at trial. Grounds not specified are deemed waived unless leave is granted upon cause shown to specify additional grounds.
Pa.R.C.P. 227.1(b).1
1 The 1983 Explanatory Comments to Rule 227.1 provide additional insight and guidance. Subdivision (b) states two requirements for the granting of post-trial relief. First, the grounds for the relief requested must have been
[J-68-2017] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 2 In addition, Rule 226(a) provides the requirements for proposing points for charge
and creating a record.
Rule 226. Points for Charge. Motion for Directed Verdict
(a) Points upon which the trial judge is requested to charge the jury shall be so framed that each may be completely answered by a simple affirmation or negation. Attorneys shall hand copies of requested points for charge to the trial judge and to the opposing attorneys before the closing addresses to the jury are begun. A requested point for charge that was presented to the trial judge becomes part of the record when the point is read into the record, or filed in the office of the prothonotary prior to filing a motion for post-trial relief regarding the requested point for charge.
Note: An appellate court will not review an objection to a ruling of a trial court regarding a point for charge unless the point for charge was (1) presented to the court and (2) made part of the record by either reading the point into the record or filing it in the office of the prothonotary prior to filing a motion for post-trial relief.
Pa.R.C.P. 226(a) (emphasis added). Rule 226 unambiguously provides a proposed point of charge is made part of the
record when it is “filed in the office of the prothonotary.” Additionally, Rule 227.1(b)(1)
provides post-trial relief is permitted if the grounds for such relief were raised in “pre-trial
proceedings or by motion, objection, point for charge . . . .” Significantly, the plain
raised in pre-trial proceedings or at trial and, second, they must be stated in the motion. Subdivision (b)(1) incorporates into the rule the principle of Dilliplaine v. Lehigh Valley Trust Co., 457 Pa. 255, 322 A.2d 114 (1974), that basic and fundamental error is not a ground for a new trial in the absence of a timely objection at tht trial. The rule extends the principle to all post-trial relief. A ground for a new trial or a judgment notwithstanding the verdict may not be raised for the first time in the Motion for Post-Trial Relief. It must be raised timely in pre-trial proceedings or during the trial, thus affording the court the opportunity to correct the error.
[J-68-2017] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 3 language of Rules 226 and 227.1 specifies the means of preserving grounds for post-trial
relief in the disjunctive, thereby unquestionably denoting several, distinct methods to
preserve issues for appellate review. In this case, appellant preserved a challenge to the
trial court’s jury instructions by submitting requested points for charge to the trial court,
filing the requested points for charge with the prothonotary,2 and then filing a post-trial
motion. See Pa.R.C.P. 226 (requested point for charge becomes part of record when
read into record or filed in office of prothonotary); 227.1(b)(1) (manner of preserving error
on post-trial motion includes raising in point for charge and specifying in motion).
As the procedure followed by appellant in this case is expressly authorized by our
rules as sufficient to preserve error for post-trial and appellate review, I therefore must
disagree with the majority’s finding of waiver. Contrary to the majority’s pronouncement,
in my view, there is no support for the holding that a lack of a formal objection on a court
transcript results in exclusion of the points for charge from the trial court record, and thus
rendering them unavailable for post-trial or appellate review. Respectfully, I find the
majority’s reliance upon Brancato v. Kroger Co., Inc., 458 A.2d 1377 (Pa. Super. 1983),
and Meyer v. Union R.R. Co., 865 A.2d 857 (Pa. Super. 2004), for this proposition to be
misplaced. See Majority Opinion, slip op. at 13.
Specifically, Brancato submitted twelve hand-written points for charge, four of
which (#1, #3, #6 and #7) were denied and not presented to the jury. Brancato’s trial
counsel, however, only took exception to the trial court’s failure to read point for charge
#2 to the jury. Brancato, 458 A.2d at 1379-80. Brancato then challenged the trial court’s
denial of points for charge #1, #3, #6 and #7 via post-trial motions. Id. at 1380. In
response to the post-trial motions and appeal, opposing counsel challenged whether
2 The Cambria County common pleas docket reflects appellant filed her requested points for charge with the prothonotary on April 20, 2015.
[J-68-2017] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 4 Brancato preserved the points for charge as they were not raised or challenged at the
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[J-68-2017] [MO: Wecht, J.] IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA WESTERN DISTRICT
HELEN JONES, : No. 12 WAP 2017 : Appellant : Appeal from the Order of Superior : Court entered September 27, 2016 at : No. 930 WDA 2015, affirming the v. : Order of the Court of Common Pleas : of Cambria County entered May 27, : 2015 at No. 2010-2490. RON OTT AND/OR EASTERN : ELEVATOR SERVICE AND SALES : ARGUED: October 17, 2017 COMPANY, : : Appellees :
DISSENTING OPINION
JUSTICE DOUGHERTY DECIDED: AUGUST 21, 2018 I respectfully dissent. The learned majority’s holding subjects appellant to the
harsh penalty of waiver for failing to meet a previously unrecognized and unarticulated
prerequisite to place specific objections to proposed points of charge on a transcribed
record. In my view, appellant adhered to the explicit requirements of our Rules of Civil
Procedure, and nothing more was required of her to preserve her claim.
The question we accepted for review focuses on Rules of Civil Procedure 226 and
227.1 pertaining to preservation of challenges to jury instructions. “When interpreting the
language of our rules of civil procedure, we are guided by the fundamental precepts set
forth in Pa.R.C.P. 127.” Bruno v. Erie Ins. Co., 106 A.3d 48, 73 (Pa. 2014). Rule 127
provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
Rule 127. Construction of Rules. Intent of Supreme Court Controls (a) The object of all interpretation and construction of rules is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the Supreme Court.
(b) Every rule shall be construed, if possible, to give effect to all its provisions. When the words of a rule are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit.
* * *
Pa.R.C.P. 127(a), (b).
Pursuant to this directive, our analysis should begin with an examination of the
language of Rule 227.1(b), which provides in pertinent part:
Rule 227.1 Post-Trial Relief
(b) Except as otherwise provided by Pa.R.E. 103(a), post-trial relief may not be granted unless the grounds therefor,
(1) If then available, were raised in pre-trial proceedings or by motion, objection, point for charge, request for findings of fact or conclusions of law, offer of proof or other appropriate method at trial; and
(2) are specified in the motion. The motion shall state how the grounds were asserted in pre-trial proceedings or at trial. Grounds not specified are deemed waived unless leave is granted upon cause shown to specify additional grounds.
Pa.R.C.P. 227.1(b).1
1 The 1983 Explanatory Comments to Rule 227.1 provide additional insight and guidance. Subdivision (b) states two requirements for the granting of post-trial relief. First, the grounds for the relief requested must have been
[J-68-2017] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 2 In addition, Rule 226(a) provides the requirements for proposing points for charge
and creating a record.
Rule 226. Points for Charge. Motion for Directed Verdict
(a) Points upon which the trial judge is requested to charge the jury shall be so framed that each may be completely answered by a simple affirmation or negation. Attorneys shall hand copies of requested points for charge to the trial judge and to the opposing attorneys before the closing addresses to the jury are begun. A requested point for charge that was presented to the trial judge becomes part of the record when the point is read into the record, or filed in the office of the prothonotary prior to filing a motion for post-trial relief regarding the requested point for charge.
Note: An appellate court will not review an objection to a ruling of a trial court regarding a point for charge unless the point for charge was (1) presented to the court and (2) made part of the record by either reading the point into the record or filing it in the office of the prothonotary prior to filing a motion for post-trial relief.
Pa.R.C.P. 226(a) (emphasis added). Rule 226 unambiguously provides a proposed point of charge is made part of the
record when it is “filed in the office of the prothonotary.” Additionally, Rule 227.1(b)(1)
provides post-trial relief is permitted if the grounds for such relief were raised in “pre-trial
proceedings or by motion, objection, point for charge . . . .” Significantly, the plain
raised in pre-trial proceedings or at trial and, second, they must be stated in the motion. Subdivision (b)(1) incorporates into the rule the principle of Dilliplaine v. Lehigh Valley Trust Co., 457 Pa. 255, 322 A.2d 114 (1974), that basic and fundamental error is not a ground for a new trial in the absence of a timely objection at tht trial. The rule extends the principle to all post-trial relief. A ground for a new trial or a judgment notwithstanding the verdict may not be raised for the first time in the Motion for Post-Trial Relief. It must be raised timely in pre-trial proceedings or during the trial, thus affording the court the opportunity to correct the error.
[J-68-2017] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 3 language of Rules 226 and 227.1 specifies the means of preserving grounds for post-trial
relief in the disjunctive, thereby unquestionably denoting several, distinct methods to
preserve issues for appellate review. In this case, appellant preserved a challenge to the
trial court’s jury instructions by submitting requested points for charge to the trial court,
filing the requested points for charge with the prothonotary,2 and then filing a post-trial
motion. See Pa.R.C.P. 226 (requested point for charge becomes part of record when
read into record or filed in office of prothonotary); 227.1(b)(1) (manner of preserving error
on post-trial motion includes raising in point for charge and specifying in motion).
As the procedure followed by appellant in this case is expressly authorized by our
rules as sufficient to preserve error for post-trial and appellate review, I therefore must
disagree with the majority’s finding of waiver. Contrary to the majority’s pronouncement,
in my view, there is no support for the holding that a lack of a formal objection on a court
transcript results in exclusion of the points for charge from the trial court record, and thus
rendering them unavailable for post-trial or appellate review. Respectfully, I find the
majority’s reliance upon Brancato v. Kroger Co., Inc., 458 A.2d 1377 (Pa. Super. 1983),
and Meyer v. Union R.R. Co., 865 A.2d 857 (Pa. Super. 2004), for this proposition to be
misplaced. See Majority Opinion, slip op. at 13.
Specifically, Brancato submitted twelve hand-written points for charge, four of
which (#1, #3, #6 and #7) were denied and not presented to the jury. Brancato’s trial
counsel, however, only took exception to the trial court’s failure to read point for charge
#2 to the jury. Brancato, 458 A.2d at 1379-80. Brancato then challenged the trial court’s
denial of points for charge #1, #3, #6 and #7 via post-trial motions. Id. at 1380. In
response to the post-trial motions and appeal, opposing counsel challenged whether
2 The Cambria County common pleas docket reflects appellant filed her requested points for charge with the prothonotary on April 20, 2015.
[J-68-2017] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 4 Brancato preserved the points for charge as they were not raised or challenged at the
time of trial. Id. In finding Brancato did not waive the appellate challenge to points for
charge #1, #3, #6 and #7, the Superior Court specifically noted “[i]t has long been the law
in this Commonwealth that in order to preserve for appellate review an issue
concerning the correctness of a trial court’s charge to the jury, the complaining
party must submit a specific point for charge or make a timely, specific objection to
the charge as given.” Id., quoting Broxie v. Household Finance Co, 372 A.2d 741 (Pa.
1977) (emphasis in original).
Similarly, in Meyer, the trial court found the Union Railroad Company, waived a
challenge to the denial of a jury instruction when it failed to raise a specific objection to
the charge that was read to the jury. In reversing the trial court’s finding of waiver, the
Superior Court noted “[a]lthough the general principle . . . applies to bar appellate review
where a trial counsel fails to object to a trial court instruction specifically, it does not extend
to situations where, as here, a party previously submitted a proposed point for charge
and, in a post-trial motion, raised the trial court’s refusal to give the charge.” Meyer, 865
A.2d at 861, citing Brancato, 458 A.2d 1377.
Contrary to the majority’s use of them, these decisions, together with the express
provisions of the relevant rules, make crystal clear a requested point for charge is “made
part of the record by either reading the point into the record or filing it in the office of the
prothonotary . . .” Pa.R.C.P 226(a), note (emphasis added). It is undisputed that
appellant filed the proposed point for charge with the prothonotary, which clearly sufficed
to make a record and preserve the issue for appellate review. Despite these explicit
instructions in the rules and echoed in relevant case law, the majority now imposes brand
new burdens on litigants, including requesting transcripts be made at the charging
conference, placing formal objections on the record, and/or “obtain[ing] an explicit trial
[J-68-2017] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 5 court ruling upon the challenged instruction” to preserve error which is already preserved
by the submission and filing of those points. Majority Opinion, slip op. at 11. The majority
thus announces a new rule where the specific objection to the charge is not an alternate
method of preservation, but the mandatory method of preservation. Counsel’s failure to
predict this new requirement has resulted in waiver, and is especially egregious here
where counsel satisfied the rules’ express requirements
In my view, if a specific contemporaneous objection to a jury charge is necessary
to preserve error, such a requirement should be expressly reflected in the civil rules, as it
is in the criminal context. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 647(C) (“No portions of the charge nor
omissions from the charge may be assigned as error, unless specific objections are made
thereto before the jury retires to deliberate. . . .”). We may not ignore the fact that the
Civil Rules do not include a corresponding provision expressing the requirement, and
simply import it from the criminal context into the civil sphere. Rule amendments should
not be accomplished in an ad hoc manner through common law channels.3 In this
respect, I share Chief Justice Saylor’s concerns that, if a new requirement to preserve
challenges to a jury charge is to be applied, at a minimum, such additional requirement
should be “interpose[d] . . . on a prospective basis only.” See Concurring Opinion (Saylor,
C.J.) slip op. at 2.
Finally, I recognize the benefit of an objection on the record to permit the lower
court to correct error and to aid in appellate review, see, e.g., Majority Opinion slip op. at
15 n.12. However, we cannot ignore that appellant followed the rules by filing post-trial
motions and thus engaged in a proper alternative practice. The rules are obviously
intended to provide the trial court with the opportunity to correct any error and explain its
3 Indeed, amendments to our civil rules are most properly promulgated via formal recommendations from the Civil Procedural Rules Committee, which is designed to study such matters and solicit input from the bench and bar where appropriate.
[J-68-2017] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 6 reasoning. See Newman Dev. Group of Pottstown, LLC v. Genuardi’s Family Mkts. Inc.,
52 A.3d 1233, 1248 & n.7 (Pa. 2012), citing Chalkey v. Roush, 805 A.2d 491, 494, n.9
(Pa. 2002) (purpose of Rule 227.1 “is to provide the trial court with an opportunity to
correct errors in its ruling and avert the need for appellate review.”). Accordingly, in my
view, the concerns raised by the majority in this respect are resolved in existing post-trial
motion practice.4
Justice Donohue joins this dissenting opinion.
4 Similarly, I recognize the force in the majority’s view that “the best practice is to ensure the charge conference is transcribed.” see Majority Opinion slip op. at 15 n.12. However, the decision to transcribe the charging conference is often the trial court’s to make. I cannot agree that circumstances outside the parties’ control should carry the severe consequence of waiver.
[J-68-2017] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 7