Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 1 of 22
[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 10-13623 ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:08-cv-23386-ASG
INACIO LOBO, JOHN GOMEZ, et al., each on their own behalf and on behalf of all other current and former employees of Celebrity Cruises, Inc. similarly situated,
Plaintiffs,
INACIO LOBO, JOHN GOMEZ, JOAO RODRIGUES, RAIMUNDO REBELLO, ANTONIO MENEZES, LAZARO D'COSTA, MENINO SERRAO, LUIS PEREIRA, ALEXIO FERNANDES, AGNELO FERNANDES, MINGUEL PEREIRA,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
versus Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 2 of 22
CELEBRITY CRUISES, INC., FEDERAZIONE ITALIANAN TRANSPORTI,
Defendants - Appellees.
________________________
No. 10-10406 ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:09-cv-22991-PCH
JOHN GOMEZ, JOAO RODRIGUES, et al., each on their own behalf and on behalf of all other current and former employees of Celebrity Cruises, Inc. similarly situated,
JOHN GOMEZ, JOAO RODRIGUES, RAIMUNDO REBELLO, AGENELO ANTONIO MENEZES, LAZARO D'COSTA, MENINO SERRAO, LUIS PEREIRA, ALEXIO FERNANDES, AGNELO FERNANDES, MINGUEL PEREIRA,
versus
2 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 3 of 22
CELEBRITY CRUISES, INC.,
Defendant - Appellee.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________ (January 7, 2013)
Before TJOFLAT, PRYOR and RIPPLE,* Circuit Judges.
TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:
I.
A.
In Lobo v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc. (“Lobo I”), 488 F.3d 891 (11th Cir. 2007),
we held that the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards (“Convention”) and its implementing legislation, 9 U.S.C. §§ 202-
208, superceded the Seaman’s Wage Act, 46 U.S.C. § 10313, and required the
District Court to grant a motion to compel arbitration of a foreign seaman’s claim
for wages allegedly due under a collective bargaining agreement. We accordingly
affirmed the District Court’s order compelling the arbitration of a cabin steward’s
* Honorable Kenneth F. Ripple, United States Circuit Judge for the Seventh Circuit, sitting by designation.
3 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 4 of 22
claim for wages—in the form of tips passengers paid for his services—that his
employer, a cruise line, allegedly withheld.1
The cabin steward was Inacio Lobo. After his case was submitted to
arbitration, Lobo became dissatisfied with the representation his union,
Federazione Italianan Transporti (“FIT”), was providing him; so he returned to the
District Court—this time with a class action2 against the union and the cruise line
under § 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act (“LMRA”), 29 U.S.C. § 185,3
asserting both hybrid and non-hybrid claims for the tips he and other cabin
stewards had not received.4 Lobo v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc. (“Lobo II”), No. 08-
23386 (S.D. Fl. 2008). His hybrid claim against his employer, Celebrity Cruises,
Inc. (“Celebrity”), was that it breached the wage provisions of the collective
bargaining agreement (“CBA”) it had with FIT. His hybrid claim against FIT was
1 Lobo I was brought as a class action, but the plaintiff did not seek class certification. 2 As in Lobo I, the plaintiff did not seek class certification. 3 Lobo’s complaint invoked the District Court’s subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (federal question) and 28 U.S.C. § 1333 (admiralty). 4 A hybrid claim is a suit in which a plaintiff may simultaneously assert a claim against his employer and a claim against his union. This type of claim supersedes the Convention and permits a suit in federal court. See DelCostello v. Int’l Brotherhood of Teamsters, 462 U.S. 151, 163-65, 103 S.Ct. 2281, 2290-92, 76 L.Ed.2d 476 (1983) (“Ordinarily . . . an employee is required to attempt to exhaust any grievance or arbitration remedies provided in the collective- bargaining agreement. . . . [But] when the union representing the employee in the grievance/arbitration procedure . . . breach[es] its duty of fair representation . . . an employee may bring suit against both the employer and the union, notwithstanding the outcome or finality of the grievance or arbitration proceeding.”).
4 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 5 of 22
that it breached the duty of fair representation it owed him under § 9(a) of the
National Labor Relations Act (“NLRA”), 29 U.S.C. § 159.5 Lobo’s non-hybrid
claim was lodged against FIT; it replicated the § 9(a) allegations of the hybrid
claim.
Lobo and the members of the putative class were citizens and residents of
India. FIT is an Italian union. Celebrity is a Liberian corporation; its cruise ships
are registered in the Bahamas. The defendants, citing Benz v. Compania Naviera
Hidalgo, S.A., 353 U.S. 138, 77 S.Ct. 699, 1 L.Ed.2d 709 (1957) and McCulloch v.
Sociedad Nacional de Marineros de Honduras, 372 U.S. 10, 83 S.Ct. 671, 9
L.Ed.2d 547 (1963), separately moved the District Court to dismiss Lobo’s
complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a
claim for relief. FIT also moved the court to dismiss it from the case under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(5) for insufficient service of process. In an order
entered on September 10, 2009, the court granted FIT’s Rule 12(b)(5) motion and
dismissed the complaint against it without prejudice. It agreed with both
defendants that Benz foreclosed Lobo’s hybrid claims; as Benz explicitly held, the
5 This claim arises under federal common law. See Marquez v. Screen Actors Guild, Inc., 525 U.S. 33, 44, 119 S.Ct. 292, 299, 142 L.Ed.2d 242 (1998) (“When a labor organization has been selected as the exclusive representative of the employees in a bargaining unit, it has a duty, implied from its status under § 9(a) of the NLRA as the exclusive representative of the employees in the unit, to represent all members fairly.”).
5 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 6 of 22
LMRA does not apply to labor disputes between foreign crew members and a
foreign ship owner. 353 U.S. at 143, 77 S.Ct. at 702. The court therefore
dismissed the complaint as to Celebrity with prejudice.
B.
After perfecting service of process on FIT, Lobo filed an amended complaint
against FIT alone. He reasserted a non-hybrid breach of fair representation claim
under § 9(a) as well as under federal common law. He also added a state law claim
for breach of a duty of “good faith and fair dealing.”6 FIT moved the District
Court to dismiss the amended complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. On July 7, 2010, the court granted
the motion. In its view, since the non-hybrid claim could not be brought under the
LMRA and the NLRA, the court lacked the subject matter jurisdiction needed to
entertain the amended complaint. On July 8, 2010, the District Court, in
conformance with its orders of September 10, 2009, and July 7, 2010, entered final
judgment in favor of Celebrity and FIT.
C.
6 Lobo brought the state law claim under the District Court’s supplemental jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1367. The CBA contained a provision stating that the agreement was to be construed under Florida law. The amended complaint alleged that parties to a contract are obligated to deal with one another in good faith and fairly.
6 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 7 of 22
While Lobo II was pending in the District Court, John Gomez and nine of
the cabin stewards named in that case brought a class action against Celebrity
under the Seaman’s Wage Act, seeking damages in the amount of the tips Celebrity
had allegedly withheld. Gomez v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., No. 09-22991 (S.D. Fl.
2009).7 Rather than invoking the arbitration provision of the CBA, Celebrity
moved the court to dismiss the case under the doctrine of res judicata. Celebrity
argued that the plaintiffs should have, but did not, assert their Seaman’s Wage Act
claim in Lobo II. The District Court agreed and on December 23, 2009, dismissed
the case with prejudice.8
Gomez and the nine other cabin stewards who had joined him in Lobo II and
Gomez (the “Stewards”) appealed the District Court’s judgments in both cases,
Appeal Nos. 10-13623 and 10-10406, respectively. We address the appeals
separately, beginning with Lobo II.
II.
7 Inacio Lobo was not included as a named plaintiff because he and Celebrity had settled the claim he had brought in Lobo I and, again, in Lobo II. 8 The court did so without having first certified the plaintiffs’ class.
7 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 8 of 22
The hybrid claims in Lobo II were dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure
to state a claim. We review Rule 12(b)(6) dismissals de novo, accepting the
allegations in the complaint as true and construing them in the light most favorable
to the plaintiff. Hill v. White, 321 F.3d 1334, 1335 (11th Cir. 2003).
The District Court dismissed the Stewards’ hybrid claims against Celebrity
and FIT after determining that the Supreme Court’s decisions in Benz and
McCulloch foreclosed the application of the LMRA and the NLRA to wage
disputes between foreign ships and foreign seamen.9 We agree.
It is well-settled that these statutes do not apply to wholly-foreign disputes.
In Benz, the Supreme Court concluded that “Congress did not fashion [the LMRA]
to resolve labor disputes between nationals of other countries operating ships under
foreign laws. The whole background of the Act is concerned with industrial strife
between American employers and employees.” 353 U.S. at 143-44, 77 S.Ct. at
702. The Benz court found this legislative history compelling, as “inescapably
describ[ing] the boundaries of the Act as including only the workingmen of our
own country and its possessions.” Id. at 144, 77 S.Ct. at 703. Similarly, the
9 The LMRA was actually a series of amendments to the NLRA. Because the implied duty of fair representation has been found under § 9(a) of the original NLRA, and the vehicle to bring a hybrid claim has been found under the later addition of § 301 of the LMRA, we join the parties and the District Court in distinguishing between the acts.
8 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 9 of 22
Supreme Court has held that the NLRA does not extend to foreign crews working
aboard foreign ships because such an application would interfere with the “internal
management and affairs” of the ship. McCulloch, 372 U.S. at 20-21, 83 S.Ct. at
677. Thus, as the Supreme Court indicated in Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line
Ltd., 545 U.S. 119, 130, 125 S.Ct. 2169, 2177, 162 L.Ed.2d 97 (2005), Benz and
McCulloch stand for the proposition that “[a]bsent a clear statement of
congressional intent, general statutes [like the LMRA or the NLRA] may not apply
to foreign-flag vessels insofar as they regulate matters that involve only the
internal order and discipline of the vessel.”
We need not labor long to determine whether a wage dispute between a
foreign-flag vessel and its foreign crew falls within the internal affairs of a ship.
Benz and McCulloch have plainly answered that question. See Benz, 353 U.S. at
142-44, 77 S.Ct. at 701-02 (holding the LMRA inapplicable to the picketing of a
foreign ship operated entirely by foreign seamen); McCulloch, 372 U.S. at 12-13,
83 S.Ct. at 672-73 (holding that the National Labor Relations Board could not
order a union election because the NLRA did not apply to foreign seamen aboard
foreign vessels). As the Supreme Court has made clear, the LMRA and NLRA do
not apply to “wage disputes arising on foreign vessels between nationals of other
9 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 10 of 22
countries,” even when “the vessel comes within our territorial waters.”10 Benz, 353
U.S. at 142, 77 S.Ct. at 702.
Here, the Stewards are engaged in a wage dispute with their employer,
Celebrity, and their labor union, FIT. All parties in this dispute are foreign. The
holdings of Benz and McCulloch control.
The Stewards contend that Benz is inapplicable. They attempt to distinguish
the case by noting that Benz concerned the picketing of ships, whereas the
Stewards’ claim concerns a contractual breach over wages. The seamen in Benz,
however, were picketing because they “demanded that their term of service be
reduced, their wages be increased, and more favorable conditions of employment
be granted.” 353 U.S. at 139, 77 S.Ct. at 700. Just like the Stewards, the Benz
plaintiffs were engaged in (among other things) a wage dispute arising from their
employment contract with their foreign-flag vessel. The LMRA does not apply to
these disputes.
The Stewards next argue that, even if Benz is on point, it was implicitly
overruled by Hellenic Lines, Ltd. v. Rhoditis, 398 U.S. 306, 90 S.Ct. 1731, 26
L.Ed.2d 252 (1970). According to the Stewards, Hellenic Lines replaced the Benz
10 The Stewards raise the argument that the presumption against extraterritorial application should not apply here. This contention is inapposite. The question of applicability turns on the identity of parties, not whether their conduct occurred within United States territory.
10 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 11 of 22
and McCulloch “internal affairs” framework with a choice of law analysis
determined by the points of contact an employer has with the United States. This
mode of analysis was rejected by the Supreme Court in McCulloch. 372 U.S. at 19
n.9, 83 S.Ct. at 676 n.9 (noting that points of contact analysis is inappropriate when
application of the NLRA would interfere with the internal order of the ship, though
could be applied to contexts arising under the Jones Act). Hellenic Lines did not
disturb McCulloch’s holding. In Hellenic Lines the Supreme Court found that tort
claims brought under the Jones Act could be maintained by a foreign seaman
against a foreign ship. 372 U.S. at 308-310, 83 S.Ct. at 1733-34. The Supreme
Court, however, has not extended the Hellenic Lines analysis to maritime contract
cases—such as this case—and this court has expressly declined to do so. See
Dresdner Bank AG v. M/V Olympia Voyager, 446 F.3d 1377, 1381 (11th Cir.
2006) (declining to extend the Lauritzen and Hellenic Lines points of contact
analysis to maritime contracts). Indeed, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the
reasoning of Benz and McCulloch in Spector—a case post-dating Hellenic
Lines—where it determined the applicability of the Americans with Disabilities
Act to foreign ships. 545 U.S. at 129-30, 125 S.Ct. at 2177. The analysis in Benz
and McCulloch continues to be the relevant inquiry.
The Stewards claim that, even if Benz and McCulloch control, the internal
11 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 12 of 22
affairs of Celebrity’s ships would not be disrupted were we to apply the LMRA
and the NLRA to this dispute. They argue that applying these statutes would
merely compel the paying of wages, not affect the “movement and functioning” of
the ships. This argument misapprehends the internal affairs inquiry. Federal
courts are not charged with predicting the operational consequences of applying
these statutes on a case-by-case basis. Nor have the Stewards presented support
suggesting otherwise. To adopt this reasoning would lead to the kind of inquiry
into the “internal order and discipline” that McCulloch concluded would be
“entirely infeasible in actual practice.” 372 U.S. at 19, 83 S.Ct. at 676. Because
the Supreme Court has already determined that wage disputes between a foreign
vessel and its foreign crew fall within the internal affairs of a ship, we are
foreclosed from revisiting the question. Benz, 353 U.S. at 142-43, 77 S.Ct. at 702.
The Stewards also contend that applying these statutes will not negatively
impact international comity. This argument addresses the canon of statutory
construction applied in Benz and McCulloch that, absent an express statement from
Congress, we do not construe statutes to extend to disputes between foreign parties
where the United States maintains no interest. See Spector, 545 U.S. at 131-32,
125 S.Ct. at 2178 (“It is reasonable to presume Congress intends no interference
with matters that are primarily of concern only to the ship and the foreign state in
12 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 13 of 22
which it is registered.”). The Supreme Court has refused to disrupt this rule unless
clearly instructed by Congress, Benz, 353 U.S. at 147, 77 S.Ct. at 704, particularly
where, as here, the legislative record bears no mention of foreign application. See
Windward Shipping (London) Ltd. v. Am. Radio Ass’n, AFL-CIO, 415 U.S. 104,
113, 94 S.Ct. 959, 964, 39 L.Ed.2d 195 (1974) (“We are even more reluctant to
attribute to Congress an intention to disrupt this comprehensive body of law by
construction of an Act unrelated to maritime commerce and directed solely at
American labor relations.”).
This canon is rooted in a general concern for international comity.
Nevertheless, the Stewards argue that this canon should be applied on a case-by-
cases basis and not under these facts. They argue that, unlike in McCulloch where
Honduras had a strong interest in applying its laws to Honduran citizens, the
Bahamas has no interest in applying its labor laws here because the Stewards are
citizens of India, not the Bahamas.
A case-specific inquiry into the effect on international relations is not
permitted. Though the McCulloch court had occasion to illustrate how the
application of these statutes could readily arouse international discord, see 372
U.S. at 21, 83 S.Ct. at 677, the case-specific facts of a particular dispute do not
govern the analysis. Benz clearly illustrates that the concern for international
13 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 14 of 22
comity in these cases is general in nature and not allayed by a case-by-case,
effects-oriented inquiry. Though that case was about the LMRA, the Benz court
recounted the international rancor that was aroused when Congress proposed
certain amendments to the Seamen’s Wage Act11—a statute unrelated to the
LMRA. The Court explained that the extension of the LMRA to disputes between
foreign parties had the potential to create an analogous reaction. The Court
mentioned no brewing international backlash over the potential extension of the
LMRA itself; it merely used the Seaman’s Wage Act tensions to illustrate the
potential for international discord were the Court to apply generally-worded
statutes to wholly-foreign disputes without express instruction from Congress. See
Benz, 353 U.S. at 146, 77 S.Ct. at 703-04. An actual or imminent international
quarrel therefore is not necessary to deny the application of these statutes;
Congress must speak clearly regardless of the specific facts of a particular case.
We would upend this principle were we to entertain the Stewards’ argument here.
Lastly, the Stewards contend that § 301 of the LMRA is coextensive with
the remedies under the Seaman’s Wage Act, which expressly permits foreign
seamen to bring suit against foreign ships. The Stewards base this argument on
11 These amendments would have extended the Seaman’s Wage Act to advance payments given to foreign seaman by foreign vessels. See Benz, 353 U.S. at 146, 77 S.Ct. at 703-04.
14 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 15 of 22
U.S. Bulk Carriers, Inc. v. Arguelles, 400 U.S. 351, 357, 91 S.Ct. 409, 413, 27
L.Ed.2d 456 (1971), which held that § 301 functions as “an optional remedy” to
seamen in addition to those available under the Seaman’s Wage Act. The holding
in Bulk Carriers was a narrow one: the Court held that the express remedy in the
Seaman’s Wage Act was not implicitly overruled by the addition of arbitration
procedures in § 301 of the LMRA; rather, the LMRA merely afforded seamen an
additional path to recovery. Id. at 357-58, 91 S.Ct. at 413. Furthermore, the
plaintiff in Bulk Carriers was an alien resident of Baltimore that was represented
by an American union and worked aboard an American ship. Arguelles v. U.S.
Bulk Carriers, Inc., 408 F.2d 1065, 1066, 1068 (4th Cir. 1969). Because the
dispute in Bulk Carriers involved an American ship and an American union, there
is no justification for reading that case as extending § 301 to disputes between
foreign parties. See Int’l Longshoremen’s Local 416, AFL-CIO v. Ariadne
Shipping Co., 397 U.S. 195, 199-200, 90 S.Ct. 872, 874, 25 L.Ed.2d 218 (1970)
(holding that American residents hired by a foreign ship to work on an American
dock did not involve the internal affairs of a foreign ship).12
12 The Stewards’ have also presented plain meaning and legislative purpose arguments. They are foreclosed by Benz and McCulloch. Benz, 353 U.S. at 144, 77 S.Ct. at 702-03 (noting the complete absence of legislative history indicating the LMRA’s application to disputes between foreign parties); McCulloch, 372 U.S. at 19-20, 83 S.Ct. at 676-77 (rejecting a literal reading of the NLRA’s language given the extensive legislative history suggesting the Act applies only to American workingmen and their employers).
15 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 16 of 22
Next, we address the District Court’s decision to dismiss the Stewards’ non-
hybrid claims under Rule 12(b)(1). We review dismissal for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction de novo. Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola Co., 578 F.3d 1252, 1260 (11th
Cir. 2009). In its July 7, 2010, order, the District Court considered the
applicability of the judicially-created duty of fair representation. Finding no other
source for the duty of fair representation other than in the NLRA and finding the
NLRA inapplicable to the Stewards’ case, the District Court dismissed the
Stewards’ claim under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
To determine whether a complaint states a federal cause of action is a merits
question. Morrison v. Nat’l Australia Bank, Ltd., — U.S. —, 130 S. Ct. 2869,
2877, 177 L.Ed.2d 535 (2010). “Subject-matter jurisdiction, by contrast, refers to
a tribunal’s power to hear a case.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Where a
plaintiff’s well-pleaded complaint alleges a cause of action arising under federal
law, subject matter jurisdiction exists for a federal court to determine whether the
allegations entitle him to relief. City of Chicago v. Int’l Coll. of Surgeons, 522
U.S. 156, 163, 118 S.Ct. 523, 529, 139 L.Ed.2d 525 (1997); see Bell v. Hood, 327
U.S. 678, 682, 66 S.Ct. 773, 776, 90 L.Ed. 939 (1946) (“Jurisdiction . . . is not
defeated . . . by the possibility that the averments might fail to state a cause of
16 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 17 of 22
action on which petitioners could actually recover.”). Because the Stewards
sufficiently alleged a breach of the federal common law duty of fair representation
under the NLRA, the District Court had subject matter jurisdiction to hear the case
under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. See Marquez, 525 U.S. at 49, 119 S.Ct. at 302 (“[W]hen a
plaintiff alleges a breach of the duty of fair representation, this claim is cognizable
in . . . federal court.”).
Nevertheless, we affirm the dismissal of the fair representation claim under
Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim.13 See Lucas v. W.W. Grainger, Inc., 257
F.3d 1249, 1256 (11th Cir. 2001) (“[W]e may affirm [the District Court’s]
judgment on any ground that finds support in the record.”) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
The Stewards contend that even if the hybrid mechanism of § 301 of the
LMRA is inapplicable, they can still maintain a non-hybrid claim against FIT
under § 9(a) of the NLRA. They argue that our precedent dictates that the NLRA
applies when a foreign union engages in wrongful conduct through its agents
13 Though the District Court had jurisdiction to hear the fair representation claim, this does not revive the Stewards’ state law claim for breach of good faith and fair dealing. The District Court indicated that even if it if had original jurisdiction it would decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the Stewards’ state law claim. We need not disturb this disposition. See Raney v. Allstate Ins. Co., 370 F.3d 1086, 1089 (11th Cir. 2004) (“We have encouraged district courts to dismiss any remaining state claims when . . . the federal claims have been dismissed prior to trial.”).
17 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 18 of 22
within the United States. To support this contention, the Stewards look to our
decision in Dowd v. Int’l Longshoremen’s Assoc., AFL-CIO, 975 F.2d 779 (11th
Cir. 1992). Dowd does not support this argument. Dowd concerned the
application of the NLRA to an American labor union that induced a foreign union
to pressure foreign importers to establish a secondary boycott in the United States.
Id. at 781. The application of the NLRA to the American union in that case—and
the noticeable absence of NLRA claims against the foreign union—actually
supports the argument that the NLRA does not apply to the Stewards’ claims.
Indeed, in Dowd we restated the Supreme Court’s holding in McCulloch. 975 F.2d
at 788 (“[T]he NLRA does not regulate the practices of owners of foreign vessels
which are temporarily present in an American port with regard to foreign
employees working on these vessels.”). The Stewards have failed to identify a
source for the duty of fair representation other than the NLRA. Because the NLRA
does not apply when its application would only concern the internal affairs of a
foreign vessel, the Stewards cannot bring a fair representation claim under it here.
III.
We now move to Gomez. The doctrine of res judicata, or claim preclusion,
bars the parties to an action from litigating claims that were or could have been
18 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 19 of 22
litigated in a prior action between the same parties. Jaffree v. Wallace, 837 F.2d
1461, 1466 (11th Cir. 1988). The party asserting claim preclusion as a defense
must establish four elements: (1) the prior decision must have been rendered by a
court of competent jurisdiction; (2) there must have been a final judgment on the
merits; (3) both cases must involve the same parties or their privies; and (4) both
cases must involve the same causes of action. In re Piper Aircraft Corp., 244 F.3d
1289, 1296 (11th Cir. 2001). We review a claim preclusion decision de novo. Id.
at 1295.
The question before us is whether the dismissal of the LMRA claim in Lobo
II precluded the Stewards from bringing a claim under the Seaman’s Wage Act in
Gomez. The parties agree that the District Court exercised competent jurisdiction
and that the actions involve the same parties. The parties dispute whether the
District Court’s order dismissing the LMRA claim was a final judgment on the
merits and whether the cases share the same cause of action.
We agree with the Stewards that the District Court’s September 10, 2009,
order dismissing the LMRA claims in Lobo II was not a final judgment. Although
the Stewards appealed that order, we dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction
19 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 20 of 22
because the order was not final or immediately appealable. This order was not
claim preclusive. See First Ala. Bank, N.A. v. Parsons Steel, Inc., 825 F.2d 1475,
1480 n.5 (11th Cir. 1987) (“Nonappealable interlocutory orders are not entitled to
collateral estoppel or res judicata effect.”)14 Nevertheless, we take judicial notice
of the District Court’s entry of judgment on July 8, 2010, in Lobo II. This
judgment rendered the September 10, 2009, dismissal final.
We also conclude that the September 10, 2009, order was an adjudication on
the merits because the order was a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal with prejudice. Hall v.
Tower Land & Inv. Co., 512 F.2d 481, 483 (5th Cir. 1975) (“[G]ranting
defendant’s motion to dismiss for plaintiff’s failure to state a claim upon which
relief can be granted operates as an adjudication on the merits.”); see Citibank,
N.A. v. Data Lease Fin. Corp., 904 F.2d 1498, 1501 (11th Cir. 1990) (“[D]ismissal
of a complaint with prejudice satisfies the requirement that there be a judgment on
the merits.”). The Stewards’ contention that a judgment on the merits occurs only
14 Celebrity correctly observes that the categories of appealable orders and orders entitled to preclusive effect do not always overlap. Yet the differences between the two arise not because some preclusive orders are non-final, but because some non-preclusive orders are nevertheless appealable. See, e.g., 18 Moore’s Federal Practice - Civil § 131.30[2][c][i] (3d ed. 2010) (“The Supreme Court has construed the term ‘final decision’ to embrace some collateral orders the effect of which cannot be rectified on appeal from final judgment. Furthermore, 28 U.S.C. § 1292 provides for appeals of certain interlocutory orders. Even though such matters are ‘appealable,’ they could not be the basis for claim preclusion.” (footnotes omitted)). 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1) is particularly on point: interlocutory orders denying a motion to compel arbitration are generally appealable.
20 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 21 of 22
when the rendering court has addressed the substance of every claim to be later
precluded is baseless. The District Court’s judgment of July 8, 2010, constitutes a
final adjudication on the merits as to Celebrity.15
Next, the parties dispute whether the cause of action in Gomez is the same as
the one in Lobo II. A cause of action is the same for res judicata purposes if it
“arises out of the same nucleus of operative fact, or is based upon the same factual
predicate, as a former action.” Piper, 244 F.3d at 1297. The Stewards argue that
there is no common nucleus of operative fact here because the LMRA claim in
Lobo II arose out of Celebrity’s conduct during the arbitration and not out of the
company’s failure to pay wages. But claim preclusion “applies not only to the
precise legal theory presented in the prior case, but to all legal theories and claims
arising out of the same nucleus of operative fact.” NAACP v. Hunt, 891 F.2d
1555, 1561 (11th Cir. 1990).
The test for a common nucleus of operative fact is “whether the same facts
are involved in both cases, so that the present claim could have been effectively
15 The Stewards also argue that the District Court’s dismissal of the claim against Celebrity in Lobo II was “purely a dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction”—and thus lacks claim-preclusive effect. In its September 10, 2009 order, the District Court dismissed the Stewards’ hybrid claim against Celebrity for failure to state a claim, not for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The Stewards’ characterization of the District Court’s September 10, 2009, order is meritless.
21 Case: 10-13623 Date Filed: 01/07/2013 Page: 22 of 22
litigated with the prior one.” Piper, 244 F.3d at 1301. A comparison of the
complaints reveals that the facts in the LMRA claim in Lobo II and the Seaman’s
Wage Act claim in Gomez were alleged verbatim. This satisfies the same cause of
action requirement.
IV.
We affirm the District Court in Appeal No. 10-13623. Because the Stewards
are foreign employees involved in an internal wage dispute with a foreign ship,
neither the LMRA nor the NLRA apply to the Stewards’ challenges. Since their
claims are dependant upon the protections of those acts, the District Court properly
dismissed their claims against Celebrity and FIT in Lobo II.
We affirm the District Court in Appeal No. 10-10406. Because the Stewards
could have raised their Seaman’s Wage Act claim in Lobo II but did not, we affirm
the District Court’s order in Gomez to dismiss the claim as barred by the doctrine
of res judicata.
AFFIRMED