Hamp's Construction LLC v. Secretary of the Army

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
• Decided: June 30, 2026
• Docket: 24-1528
• Status: Published

Opinion

Case: 24-1528 Document: 59 Page: 1 Filed: 06/30/2026

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

HAMP'S CONSTRUCTION LLC, Appellant

v.

SECRETARY OF THE ARMY, Appellee ______________________

2024-1528 ______________________

Appeal from the Armed Services Board of Contract Ap- peals in No. 62257, Administrative Judge J. Reid Prouty, Administrative Judge Owen C. Wilson, Administrative Judge Reba Page. ______________________

Decided: June 30, 2026 ______________________

MATTHEW WAYNE WILLIS, Arnold, Willis & Conway, Dyersburg, TN, argued for appellant. Also represented by SAMMIE LEO ARNOLD.

BORISLAV KUSHNIR, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Wash- ington, DC, argued for appellee. Also represented by PATRICIA M. MCCARTHY, CORINNE ANNE NIOSI, BRETT SHUMATE. ______________________ Case: 24-1528 Document: 59 Page: 2 Filed: 06/30/2026

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Before LOURIE, REYNA, and CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judges. CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judge. Hamp’s Construction LLC (“Hamp’s Construction”) ap- peals a decision of the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (“Board”) denying Hamp’s Construction’s Type I differing site condition claim. Hamp’s Construction LLC, ASBCA No. 62257, 2024 WL 669328 (Feb. 2, 2024) (“Deci- sion”) (App’x 1–33). 1 For the reasons explained below, we affirm. I. BACKGROUND This appeal concerns a Type I differing site condition claim related to a flood control project for the Trapp Canal in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. Decision at 1–3. On July 12, 2012, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (“the Corps”) issued a solicitation for the Trapp Canal pro- ject. Decision at 3; S. App’x 1. As originally issued, the so- licitation contained a default prohibition forbidding the use of barges, but on August 3, 2012, the Corps issued an amendment rescinding that provision. Decision at 3; S. App’x 3–4, 41. The solicitation incorporated by reference Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”) clauses 52.236-2 Differing Site Conditions, and 52.236-3 Site Investigation and Conditions Affecting the Work. 2 Decision at 3;

1 We refer to the appendix filed by Hamp’s Construc- tion, ECF No. 16, as “App’x” and the supplemental appen- dix filed by the Secretary of the Army, ECF No. 24, as “S. App’x.” Because the reported version of the Board’s de- cision is not paginated, citations in this opinion are to the version of the Board’s decision included in the Appendix. For example, Decision at 1 is found at App’x 1. 2 48 C.F.R. § 52.236-2(a) states, in relevant part: “The Contractor shall promptly, and before the con- ditions are disturbed, give a written notice to the Case: 24-1528 Document: 59 Page: 3 Filed: 06/30/2026

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S. App’x 14; see 48 C.F.R. §§ 52.236-2, 52.236-3. The solic- itation also included cross-sections of the canal and ten bor- ing logs taken at various places along the canal in 2008. Decision at 3; S. App’x 43–64. 3 Mr. Jens Lorenz, an employee of Cheniere Construc- tion, Inc. (“Cheniere”), performed two pre-bid site inspec- tions of the Trapp Canal and took a number of photographs of the site. Decision at 4–5, 20–21; App’x 98–102. On Au- gust 21, 2012, Hamp’s Construction submitted a bid with Cheniere as its subcontractor. Decision at 5; S. App’x 65. Hamp’s Construction was awarded the contract on Septem- ber 4, 2012, and work on the project began shortly thereaf- ter. Decision at 5; S. App’x 65, 66. The worksite consisted of four quadrants: northwest, northeast, southwest, and southeast. The canal divided the site between east and west, and a local road divided the site between north and south. Decision at 5–6. The first phase of the project involved the northern quadrants, and

Contracting Officer of (1) subsurface or latent physical con- ditions at the site which differ materially from those indi- cated in this contract[.]” 48 C.F.R. § 52.236-3(b) states: “The Government as- sumes no responsibility for any conclusions or interpreta- tions made by the Contractor based on the information made available by the Government. Nor does the Govern- ment assume responsibility for any understanding reached or representation made concerning conditions which can affect the work by any of its officers or agents before the execution of this contract, unless that understanding or representation is expressly stated in this contract.” 3 Another set of borings was taken in 2000, but these boring logs were not included or specifically identified in the solicitation. Decision at 4. Case: 24-1528 Document: 59 Page: 4 Filed: 06/30/2026

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Hamp’s Construction did not encounter any major prob- lems while working in those areas. Decision at 6–7. However, in May 2013, Hamp’s Construction’s troubles began while preparing for work on the southern quadrants. Decision at 7. At that time, it discovered that part of the bank of the southwest quadrant had collapsed, and there was a depression measuring approximately 100 to 200 feet by 25 feet. Decision at 7. Hamp’s Construction found four additional areas of failure and determined it would not be safe “to operate loaded construction trucks on the south- west bank,” instead opting to use equipment operating from barges. Decision at 8. These problems with bank sta- bility and need to change means of construction signifi- cantly delayed completion of the project. Decision at 8, 25. Hamp’s Construction communicated its concerns about the southwest bank to the Corps. Decision at 8, 24. On November 6, 2018, Hamp’s Construction submitted a re- quest for equitable adjustment (“REA”) of $3,948,833 and an extension of 237 calendar days to complete the project based on “encounter[ing] differing site conditions and de- fective specifications on the west bank of Trapp Canal, south of Harvey Blvd.” Decision at 25 (internal quotation marks omitted); S. App’x 69–73. On March 1, 2019, the contracting officer denied the REA, citing an absence of proof “that a differing site condition existed” under the FAR 52.236-2 criteria. Decision at 25; S. App’x 74–75. Hamp’s Construction responded, requesting that its REA be converted to a claim pursuant to the Contract Disputes Act, certifying its proposal under the Disputes clause of the contract, and requesting a final decision from the contract- ing officer. Decision at 25; S. App’x 76. On August 30, 2019, the contracting officer denied Hamp’s Construction’s claim. Decision at 25; S. App’x 77–96. Hamp’s Construction appealed to the Board, which held a hearing in December 2022. App’x 36, 39, 42. On Febru- ary 2, 2024, the Board denied the appeal, concluding that Case: 24-1528 Document: 59 Page: 5 Filed: 06/30/2026

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“[t]hough [Hamp’s Construction] undoubtedly encountered conditions on the southwest bank of the Trapp Canal that it did not expect and which caused it delays and increased costs,” the Board “[did] not find that [Hamp’s Construction] proved a necessary element of a Type I differing site condi- tion, that the conditions found were contrary to the repre- sentations in the contract documents—primarily because . . . there were no representations in those docu- ments for the area where [Hamp’s Construction] encoun- tered its problems.” Decision at 33. Hamp’s Construction timely appealed. We have juris- diction under 41 U.S.C. § 7107(a)(1)(A) and 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(10). II. STANDARD OF REVIEW “We review de novo the Board’s conclusions of law, in- cluding . . . the interpretation of a government contract.” Cooper/Ports Am., LLC v. Sec’y of Def., 959 F.3d 1373, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks and cita- tions omitted). “[T]he decision of the [Board] on a question of fact is final and conclusive and may not be set aside un- less the decision is—(A) fraudulent, arbitrary, or capri- cious; (B) so grossly erroneous as to necessarily imply bad faith; or (C) not supported by substantial evidence.” 41 U.S.C. § 7107(b)(2); see Boeing Co. v. Sec’y of Air Force, 983 F.3d 1321, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2020). III. DISCUSSION Before this court, Hamp’s Construction argues that the Board erred in: (1) determining that the contract did not provide any representations as to the southwest bank, Ap- pellant’s Br. 25–29; and (2) determining that the problems encountered were not as severe as represented by Hamp’s Construction and the ease of their repair without any com- petent proof to support its decision, id. at 29–32. We ad- dress each argument in turn. Case: 24-1528 Document: 59 Page: 6 Filed: 06/30/2026

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A. Hamp’s Construction argues that the Board erred in determining that the contract did not provide any repre- sentations as to the southwest bank in denying its Type I differing site condition claim. See Appellant’s Br. 25–29. We disagree. Type I differing site conditions arise when “the condi- tions encountered differ from those indicated in the con- tract[.]” H.B. Mac, Inc. v. United States, 153 F.3d 1338, 1343 (Fed. Cir. 1998). “In order to be eligible to recover for a Type I differing site condition, a contractor must first prove, as a threshold matter, that the contract contained some identification of the conditions to be encountered at the site.” Renda Marine, Inc. v. United States, 509 F.3d 1372, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (citing H.B. Mac, 153 F.3d at 1345; P.J. Maffei Bldg. Wrecking Corp. v. United States, 732 F.2d 913, 916 (Fed. Cir. 1984)). Accordingly, “[a] con- tractor cannot be eligible for an equitable adjustment for a Type I differing site condition unless the contract indicated what that condition would be.” H.B. Mac, 153 F.3d at 1345. While “a contract ‘indication’ need not be explicit or specific, the contract documents must still provide suffi- cient grounds to justify a bidder’s expectation of latent con- ditions materially different from those actually encountered.” P.J. Maffei, 732 F.2d at 916 (citing Foster Constr. C.A. & Williams Bros. v. United States, 435 F.2d 873, 875 (Ct. Cl. 1970)). “[T]here must be reasonably plain or positive indications in the bid information or contract documents that such subsurface conditions would be other- wise than actually found in contract performance.” Id. (al- teration in original) (quoting Pac. Alaska Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 436 F.2d 461, 469 (Ct. Cl. 1971)); see also Comtrol, Inc. v. United States, 294 F.3d 1357, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (requiring “affirmative[]” representation for a Type I differing site condition). Determining whether a contract contains such plain and positive “indications” is a matter of contract interpretation that this court reviews Case: 24-1528 Document: 59 Page: 7 Filed: 06/30/2026

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de novo. P.J. Maffei, 732 F.2d at 916; Randa/Madison Joint Venture III v. Dahlberg, 239 F.3d 1264, 1274 (Fed. Cir. 2001). “[A] proper technique of contract inter- pretation is for the court to place itself into the shoes of a reasonable and prudent contractor and decide how such a contractor would act in interpreting the contract docu- ments.” H.B. Mac, 153 F. 3d at 1345. Specifically, Hamp’s Construction argues that the bor- ing logs, contract drawings, and solicitation amount to in- dications 4 as to the subsurface conditions at the site. Appellant’s Br. 25–29. We discuss each contract document in turn. i. First, we turn to the boring logs provided with the con- tract. Hamp’s Construction argues that the subsurface conditions on the other banks were substantially similar to those on the southwest bank and that the provided boring logs amounted to an “implied representation” that indi- cated necessary soil strengths to permit “top-of-bank per- formance” on the southwest bank. Appellant’s Br. 26, 28. We disagree. The solicitation included ten boring logs taken in 2008. Decision at 3. Eight of these boring logs were taken from the east side of the canal, and two of the boring logs were taken from the west side of the canal. Id. Hamp’s Con- struction admits that only one of the eight boring logs pro- vided with the contract was located on the “northern most end” of the southwest bank and was not located where Hamp’s Construction encountered difficulties. Appellant’s Br. 26; Appellant’s Reply Br. 1. Additionally, Hamp’s

4 Both parties agreed that implicit “representation” and “indication” are interchangeable terms. Oral Arg. at 03:12–03:24, 22:44–23:24, http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov /oral-arguments/24-1528_12082025.mp3. Case: 24-1528 Document: 59 Page: 8 Filed: 06/30/2026

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Construction’s own geotechnical expert, Dr. Traughber, stated that “[t]he Corps did not present any boring log in- formation in the Contract Documents for the west side ca- nal region for which the Contractor alleges that unsafe conditions exist for land-based construction operations.” App’x 214 (emphasis in original); Decision at 29. Hamp’s Construction argues that it was reasonable to rely on the boring logs because “the two borings on the [west 5] bank were essentially identical to those throughout the remainder of the project,” Appellant’s Br. 26, and the boring logs at other locations “were consistent with each other and indicated that the canal banks would support the operation of construction equipment on the top of bank.” Appellant’s Reply Br. 12. We again disagree. 6 The Board did not err in its determination that it would have been unreasonable for a contractor to rely on the bor- ings taken from locations other than the southwest bank because substantial evidence supports the Board’s under- lying finding that “the conditions on the southwest bank

5 Hamp’s Construction states “SW” here in its brief, but, as noted above, admits in its reply brief that one boring was on the northwest bank and one was at the “northern most end” of the southwest bank. Appellant’s Reply Br. at 1. For clarity, we refer to these borings as being on the “west” bank. 6 Hamp’s Construction also argues that the mere ab- sence or omission of boring logs from the southwest bank provided an “implied representation as to the subsurface conditions.” Appellant’s Br. 26–27, Appellant’s Reply Br. 12–17. However, this argument was not presented to the Board and is forfeited. S. App’x 97–121; S. App’x 123– 41; see, e.g., In re Google Tech. Holdings LLC, 980 F.3d 858, 863 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (“[A] position not presented in the tri- bunal under review will not be considered on appeal in the absence of exceptional circumstances.”). Case: 24-1528 Document: 59 Page: 9 Filed: 06/30/2026

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were notably different—and far worse—than those on the eastern side of the canal.” Decision at 29; id. at 24. “The reasonableness of reliance on borings taken at a distance from a project site cannot be determined based on a bright line rule, but must rather be determined based on the geo- logic and topographic features present in each case.” H.B. Mac, 153 F.3d at 1346. Although Hamp’s Construction argues that “the data provided indicated conditions substantially similar” on the southwest and other banks, Appellant’s Br. 28, the Board’s finding to the contrary is supported by substantial evi- dence. First, the Board supported its finding with a review of reports and testimony from Hamp’s Construction’s ex- perts, Dr. Traughber and Mr. Connole. Decision at 17–19. Specifically, the Board cited Dr. Traughber’s expert report, which identified a “soil void filled with a thin slurry” at WB-1, a boring log taken from the west bank. Decision at 18; see also App’x 215–16 (stating 2008 boring WB-1 “de- picts a slurry-filled void”). In his discussion of the boring logs, Dr. Traughber additionally stated: “The soil condi- tions/stratification are markedly different on the east and west sides of the Trapp Canal within the reach of the sub- ject Construction Contract.” App’x 213. Second, the Board determined that the cross-sections provided with the solic- itation show a “relatively steep drop off in the western banks compared to the bank on the eastern side[.]” Deci- sion at 19, 23; S. App’x 43–54. Third, the Board found that the photographic evidence taken by Mr. Lorenz during his pre-bid site visits, among other evidence, reflected that “[the southwest bank] was the kind of place that such slope failures could happen and had happened in the past.” De- cision at 23; see id. at 21–23. Given that the Board’s finding that conditions on the west bank were not the same as conditions at other loca- tions at the worksite is supported by substantial evidence, a reasonable contractor would not regard the boring logs Hamp’s Construction possessed as constituting indications Case: 24-1528 Document: 59 Page: 10 Filed: 06/30/2026

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as to the conditions on the southwest bank. See Decision at 24 (stating that pre-bid evidence “would have made clear to a reasonable contractor that conditions on the west bank of the Trapp Canal were not the same, and were substan- tially worse, than those on its east bank”); Randa/Madi- son, 239 F.3d at 1274–75 (applying de novo review of contract interpretation and agreeing that “substantial evi- dence” supported the Board’s underlying factual determi- nation regarding indication of soil permeability range); H.B. Mac, 153 F.3d at 1346–47 (determining a reasonable contractor would not have understood the contract docu- ments, including soil borings taken about 300 yards from a site in an area with high variability in subsurface condi- tions, as providing affirmative indication of subsurface con- ditions at the site); see also Meridian Eng’g Co. v. United States, 885 F.3d 1351, 1357–58 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (determin- ing a reasonable contractor would not understand contract and boring logs as providing affirmative indication of non- saturated soil conditions despite indications of “hard un- yielding material” at other parts of the site). Hamp’s Construction’s reliance on Renda Marine, Inc. v. United States, 509 F.3d 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2007) for its po- sition that it reasonably relied on borings from areas out- side of the southwest bank is misplaced. Appellant’s Reply Br. 11. In Renda Marine, Renda asserted a Type I differing site condition for dredging work in an area known as the Flare Area, when it encountered stiff clays where it claimed that it expected to encounter soft clays. 509 F.3d at 1376. Renda argued that it was reasonable to rely solely on two boring logs, taken in the Flare Area at depths below where it would be dredging, that did not indicate the pres- ence of stiff clays, and ignore other boring logs from the op- posite bank aligned with the Flare Area that did show the presence of stiff clays. Id. at 1376–77. This court did not disturb the trial court’s rejection of Renda’s Type I claim, which rejection was premised on the trial court’s findings that stiff clays were foreseeable in the Flare Area. Id. Case: 24-1528 Document: 59 Page: 11 Filed: 06/30/2026

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at 1378. In doing so, this court’s decision relied on a sepa- rate requirement of a Type I differing site conditions claim, namely “that the conditions encountered were not reason- ably foreseeable in light of all information available to the contractor when bidding,” a question of fact that is re- viewed for clear error. Id. at 1376, 1378. By contrast, this appeal addresses the Board’s determination on the “thresh- old matter” that the contract did not contain representa- tions or indications as to the subsurface conditions on the southwest bank. Id. at 1376; Appellant’s Br. 25–29; Deci- sion at 27–30. Additionally, rather than possessing information in the contract documents and disregarding it, Hamp’s Construc- tion simply did not possess boring logs or other information indicating what the conditions were like on the southwest bank. See Decision at 3 (noting eight borings on the east side of the canal and two on the northern portion of the west side). Given the Board’s finding, supported by sub- stantial evidence, that conditions on the southwest bank were visibly different and worse than in other locations, the boring logs Hamp’s Construction possessed did not consti- tute indications to a reasonable contractor as to the condi- tions on the southwest bank. In sum, we agree with the Board’s determination that a reasonable contractor would not regard the boring logs provided with the contract from other areas of the site as indicating the geotechnical conditions in the locations where the failures actually occurred. ii. Next, we turn to the contract drawings. Hamp’s Con- struction argues that “the government’s contract draw- ings . . . contained notes which expressly showed ‘Construction Traffic’ on the top of the [southwest] and [southeast] banks,” thus allowing a contractor to “reasona- bly infer the sufficiency of the top-of-bank for normal con- struction equipment utilized for the contract work.” Case: 24-1528 Document: 59 Page: 12 Filed: 06/30/2026

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Appellant’s Br. 25. Other than a mention in its factual rep- resentations, S. App’x 108, Hamp’s Construction failed to make any argument to the Board about contract drawings depicting construction traffic access. S. App’x 117–21; S. App’x 123–41. Accordingly, this argument is forfeited. See, e.g., In re Google Tech. Holdings, 980 F.3d at 863. Even if we were to reach the merits of this argument, Hamp’s Construction failed to include these drawings in its appendix on appeal, making it nearly impossible for this Court to review the alleged representations contained in those drawings. Rather, Hamp’s Construction cites to wit- ness testimony stating that drawings in the contract con- tained “arrows” indicating “access” and “construction traffic.” Appellant’s Br. 7; Appellant’s Reply Br. 2; see App’x 122. Accordingly, this evidence is insufficient to con- stitute affirmative indications of sub-surface conditions to a reasonable contractor. See H.B. Mac, 153 F.3d at 1345. iii. Last, we turn to the solicitation. Hamp’s Construction argues that, because the original solicitation prohibited the use of marine equipment, this amounted to a “contractual indication of the suitability of the banks for top of bank op- erations.” Appellant’s Br. 23, 25; see S. Appx 41 (“No barges will be allowed in the canal[.]”). We disagree. As the Board recognized, Hamp’s Construction’s argu- ment on this point “collapses” because this prohibition was removed from the solicitation before Hamp’s Construction made its bid. Decision at 30; S. App’x 4 (substituted with “The canal work may have to be performed using a floating platform, barge and/or other specialized equipment.”); S. App’x 3 (amended August 3, 2012); S. App’x 65 (bid sub- mitted August 21, 2012); cf. H.B. Mac, 153 F.3d at 1347 (“Mac cannot rely on [a document] to show a differing site condition because [the document] was not included in the bid documents[.]”). Hamp’s Construction also explicitly disclaimed its reliance on the original prohibition, stating Case: 24-1528 Document: 59 Page: 13 Filed: 06/30/2026

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that it was “not the basis for its claim” before the Board. S. App’x 124. Thus, a reasonable contractor would not in- terpret the pre-amendment solicitation as providing an in- dication as to sub-surface conditions at the site. A reasonable contractor would not interpret the boring logs, contract drawings, or pre-amendment solicitation to make representations as to the site conditions. Accord- ingly, we hold that a reasonable contractor, reading the contract documents as a whole, would not interpret them as providing indications as to the site conditions on the southwest bank of Trapp Canal where the unexpected con- ditions occurred. B. Hamp’s Construction further argues that “[t]he Board erred in determining that the problems encountered were not as severe as represented by [Hamp’s Construction] and arbitrarily determined the ease of their repair without any competent proof to substantiate its decision.” Appellant’s Br. 29–32. Indicating that “there was no testimony pre- sented as to any repairs that could have been made,” Hamp’s Construction argues that “the Board’s determina- tion as to the nature and feasibility of potential repairs or remediation are not based on facts presented to it” and “cannot legally form the basis for its decisions.” Id. at 30, 31–32. We disagree with Hamp’s Construction’s character- ization of the Board’s decision. Despite the Board’s comments on severity and ease of repair, the Board did not deny Hamp’s Construction’s ap- peal based on a finding that the problems were insuffi- ciently severe. To the contrary, the Board found that “[t]here were real problems on the southwest bank” and that “[Hamp’s Construction] exercised its judgment rea- sonably to find this portion of the bank to be in a condition preventing heavy equipment from operating on it.” Deci- sion at 16. Instead, the Board’s decision rests on a deter- mination that, despite Hamp’s Construction’s “strong case Case: 24-1528 Document: 59 Page: 14 Filed: 06/30/2026

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that it was surprised” by the conditions on the southwest bank, “it fail[ed] in its request for relief because it cannot prove that the government provided misleading infor- mation in the contract documents.” Decision at 27, 33. Be- cause we agree with the Board that the contract contained no indications as to subsurface conditions on the southwest bank––a threshold requirement of a Type I claim, Renda Marine, 509 F.3d at 1376––the Board’s statements on se- verity make no difference to the outcome on appeal. IV. CONCLUSION We have considered Hamp’s Construction’s remaining arguments and find them unpersuasive. For the reasons above, we affirm. AFFIRMED