Justice GREEN
delivered the opinion of the Court,
in which Chief Justice JEFFERSON, Justice HECHT, Justice JOHNSON, Justice WILLETT, and Justice BOYD joined.
In this case, we are asked to harmonize provisions in a pipeline construction contract to determine who bears the risk of obstacles in the pipeline’s path. Specifically, we must examine the effect of the contract’s risk-allocation provisions in light of due diligence specifications under which the pipeline owner was purportedly required, but failed, to provide accurate and complete information to the contractor regarding the location of “foreign crossings.” We conclude that the contract allocated all risk to the contractor for unknown obstacles discovered during the construction process. Accordingly, we reverse the court of appeals’ judgment and reinstate the trial court’s judgment.
I. Factual Background
El Paso Field Services, L.P. purchased an eight-inch propane pipeline from Coastal Corporation. The pipeline was approximately sixty-eight miles long, and was constructed in the 1940s as an emergency war pipeline to transport petroleum from Corpus Christi to inland U.S. Air Force bases. After determining that the pipeline was too shallow to be safe, El Paso made plans to remove the old pipeline and construct a new one that would carry butane, a byproduct of natural gas. El Paso invited MasTec, Inc., a company looking to expand its business to include energy pipelines, as well as other contractors to bid on a project to replace the section of the pipeline from Victoria to Nueces Bay. MasTec had never installed a pipeline, and its primary business usually entailed installing underground fiber-optic cables and telephone lines.
Before soliciting bids for the project, El Paso hired Gullett & Associates, Inc., a survey mapping company out of Houston, to survey the pipeline route. This survey was compiled in the form of “alignment sheets,” which showed the locations of 280
“foreign crossings” along the pipeline’s right-of-way, including other pipelines, utilities, roads, rivers, canals, fences, wells, cables, and concrete structures. The alignment sheets were included in a bid package, which was distributed to the contractors at a pre-bid meeting to help them estimate the cost of constructing the pipeline.
To bid the project, MasTec hired as its general manager Bill White, who had forty-one years of experience in the pipeline construction business and had a team of construction personnel, including many who had worked with him for almost thirty years. White attended the pre-bid meeting on MasTec’s behalf and received a copy of the alignment sheets, El Paso’s contract, and other pertinent information for estimating the cost of the project. At the meeting, El Paso encouraged each potential bidder to perform an aerial inspection of the pipeline route. Subsequently, White and his son flew by helicopter over the route to assess its general topography, landing occasionally to assess the soil conditions. White testified that bidders were prohibited from entering certain private properties along the route, but El Paso later claimed that the contractors were able to enter those areas if they were escorted by an El Paso representative.
Shortly thereafter, White submitted, on MasTec’s behalf, a completed contract and a bid on the project for $3,690,960, which was substantially lower than the other bids. The average bid for the project was $8.1 million.
El Paso narrowed its choices to two contractors, then met with White to ensure that MasTec would be able to complete the project according to El Paso’s time frame. El Paso asserts that, at that meeting, its representatives discussed MasTec’s low bid with White, and then offered White the opportunity to withdraw the bid. White disputes being told that the bid was low and denies being offered the chance to withdraw the bid. Nevertheless, El Paso subsequently awarded MasTec the contract, which the parties entered into
on
June 10, 2003.
MasTec’s work on the project commenced later that month. Although the alignment sheets showed 280 foreign crossings, MasTec discovered far more foreign crossings by the end of the project.
Many of the undiscovered foreign crossings required a special weld, called a “tie-in” weld, and about ten hours of labor, which substantially increased the cost of the work. In a letter to El Paso dated September 8, 2003, White raised the issue of extra costs associated with foreign crossings, though he did not make a demand for payment. El Paso responded by letter on September 26, 2003, reciting con-
traetual provisions and asserting that the undiscovered foreign crossings were within MasTec’s scope of work.
II. Procedural Background
In 2004, MasTec filed suit against El Paso for breach of contract and fraud, based on El Paso’s failure to locate 794 unknown foreign crossings and its subsequent refusal to compensate MasTec for its additional expenses resulting from the crossings. In the alternative, MasTec sought to recover under the theories of quantum meruit and quantum valebant. At trial, the jury was asked whether El Paso failed to comply with the contract.
To answer that question, the jury was instructed to consider “whether El Paso exercised due diligence in locating foreign pipelines and/or utility line crossings.” The jury answered that El Paso failed to comply with the contract and awarded MasTec $4,768,890 in damages. Additionally, the jury found that MasTec failed to comply with the contract by not completing the work required in the contract and awarded El Paso $104,687.09 in damages.
El Paso moved to disregard the jury’s findings and for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. El Paso urged that the “due diligence” provisions in the contract “did not involve any future performance but at best constituted a warranty.” El Paso further asserted that, regardless of the due diligence provisions in the contract, MasTec disclaimed reliance on any warranty by El Paso regarding foreign pipeline and utility crossings. The trial court granted the motion and entered a take-nothing judgment in favor of El Paso, finding that the contract was clear and unambiguous and “allocates the risk of any additional cost incurred because of foreign pipeline crossings to MasTec.” In response, MasTec filed a motion to vacate the judgment, which the trial court denied.
MasTec appealed, and the court of appeals reversed the trial court’s judgment. 317 S.W.3d 431, 434 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2010). On rehearing, the court of appeals issued a new opinion, though it did not change its disposition or judgment.
Id.
The court of appeals held that Mas-Tec’s commitments and representations under the contract did not preclude its recovery based on the jury’s finding that El Paso failed to exercise due diligence in locating the foreign crossings.
Id.
at 456. The court of appeals denied El Paso’s motion for rehearing en banc.
Id.
at 431. We granted El Paso’s petition for review. 55 Tex.Sup.Ct.J. 29 (Oct. 21, 2011).
III. Standard of Review
In construing a contract, we must ascertain and give effect to the parties’ intentions as expressed in the writing itself.
Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am.,
341 S.W.3d 323, 333 (Tex.2011). In discerning the parties’ intent, “we must examine and consider the entire writing in an effort to harmonize and give effect to all the provisions of the contract so that none will be rendered meaningless.”
Id.
(quoting
J.M. Davidson, Inc. v. Webster,
128 S.W.3d 223, 229 (Tex.2003)) (internal quotation marks omitted). We begin our analysis with the
contract’s express language.
Id.
If we determine that the contract’s language can be given a certain or definite legal meaning or interpretation, then the contract is not ambiguous and we will construe it as a matter of law.
Id
But, “if the contract is subject to two or more reasonable interpretations after applying the pertinent rules of construction, the contract is ambiguous, creating a fact issue on the parties’ intent.”
J.M. Davidson,
128 S.W.3d at 229.
IV. Contract Interpretation
El Paso relies on the following risk-allocation provisions in the lump-sum contract:
7.1 REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES
[MasTec] represents and warrants to [El Paso]:
(e) That its duly authorized representative has visited the site of the Work, is familiar with the local and special conditions under which the Work is to be performed and has correlated the on site observations with the requirements of the Contract and has fully acquainted itself with the site, including without limitation, the general topography, accessibility, soil structure, subsurface conditions, obstructions and all other conditions pertaining to the Work and has made all investigations essential to a full understanding of the difficulties which may be encountered in performing the Work, and that anything in this Contract or in any representations, statements or information made or furnished by [El Paso] or any of its representatives notwithstanding, [MasTec] assumes full and complete responsibility for any such conditions pei'taining to the Work, the site of the Work or its surroundings and all risks in connection therewith;
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(g) That the Contract is sufficiently complete and detailed for [MasTec] to perform the Work required to produce the results intended by the Contract and comply with all the requirements of the Contract; ...
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8.1 CONTRACTOR’S CONTROL OF THE WORK
(a)(7) [MasTec] represents that it has had an opportunity to examine, and has carefully examined, all of the Contract documents and has fully acquainted itself with the Scope of Work, design, availability of materials, existing facilities, the general topography, soil structure, substructure conditions, obstructions, and all other conditions pertaining to the Work, the site of the Work and its surrounding; that it has made all investigations essential to a full understanding of the difficulties which may be encountered in performing the Work; and that anything in any of the Contract documents or in any representations, statements or information made or furnished by [El Paso] or its representatives notwithstanding, [MasTec] will regardless of any such conditions pertaining to the Work, the site of the Work or its surrounding, complete the Work for the compensation stated in this Contract, and pursuant to the extent of [MasTec’s] liability under this Contract, assume full and complete responsibility for any such conditions pertaining to the Work, the site of the Work or its surroundings, and all risks in connection therewith. In addition thereto, [MasTec] represents that it is fully qualified to do the Work in accor
dance with the terms of this Contract within the time specified.
Exhibits B and C to the contract place additional requirements on both parties.
Under Exhibit B-l, titled “Contractor’s Proposal,” MasTec agreed to perform “everything necessary to complete, satisfy, and discharge all Work and obligations imposed on [MasTec] connected with the performance of the Work.” This included “[f]urnish[ing] all labor, equipment and materials as described in the Specifications for all Work necessary to perform the following applicable Work as shown on the Drawings, including, but not limited to: ... welding (including tie-in and transition welds, if required).” Exhibit B-l further describes the scope of MasTec’s work:
Any Work required to complete installation of the new pipeline but not shown as a pay item is no less included in the scope of work for installation of the new 8-inch Butane Shuttle pipeline and is included in [MasTec’s] lump sum proposal. Just because an item of Work is not specifically identified, does not mean such Work is not included in [MasTec’s] scope of Work. Any item of Work [Mas-Tec] knows is required for completion of the installation but not specifically identified is to be included in [MasTec’s] Lump Sum Proposal.
Exhibit C to the contract contains a lengthy collection of “Construction Specifications” for the project, which include the due diligence language on which MasTec relies. Specification LP-5, titled “Ditching,” states under the heading “Company Foreign Line and Utility Crossings” that “[El Paso] will have exercised due diligence in locating foreign pipelines and utility line crossings. However, [MasTec] shall confirm the location of all such crossings and notify the owner prior to any ditching activity in the vicinity of the crossings.” Near the end of Exhibit C, Specification LP-17, titled “Horizontal Directional Drilling,” states under the heading “Foreign Line and Utility Crossings” that “[El Paso] will have exercised due diligence in locating foreign pipelines and/or utility line crossings. However, [MasTec] shall confirm the location of all such crossings and notify the owner prior to any [horizontal directional drilling] activity in the vicinity of the crossings.”
Here, neither party contends that the terms of the contract are ambiguous. Indeed, the contract’s plain terms are clear. MasTec agreed that it had “fully acquainted itself with the site, including without limitation ... subsurface conditions, obstructions and all other conditions pertaining to the Work.” It also agreed that it had “made all investigations essential to a full understanding of the difficulties which may be encountered in performing the Work.” In regard to potential work site conditions, MasTec “assume[d] full and complete responsibility for any such conditions pertaining to the Work, the site of the Work or its surroundings and all risks in connection therewith.” All of this was agreed to “notwithstanding” “anything in any of the Contract documents or in any representations, statements or information made or furnished by [El Paso] or its representatives.” These terms, in both Article 7.1(e) and Article 8.1(a)(7), clearly place the risk of undiscovered foreign crossings on MasTec. And they expressly resolve any tension between the due diligence specifications and the risk allocation provisions.
Because MasTec abandoned
its fraud claim, MasTec is bound by the terms of this contract, regardless of whether it thought it contained different terms.
See In re Palm Harbor Homes, Inc.,
195 S.W.3d 672, 676 (Tex.2006) (holding that absent fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation in the signing of an agreement, the parties are bound by the agreement);
see also Lonergan v. San Antonio Loan & Trust Co.,
101 Tex. 63, 104 S.W. 1061, 1066 (1907) (“[I]n the absence of fraud or other improper influence, competent persons may make their own contracts for lawful purposes and will be required to perform them.”).
MasTec argues that the contract’s broad “all risks” provisions are limited by the specific exception in the due diligence specifications in Exhibit C. Under Mas-Tec’s reading of the contract, the “all risks” provisions set out the scope of Mas-Tec’s general responsibility, but the construction specifications remove from Mas-Tec’s responsibility the location of foreign crossings through the exercise of due diligence, a responsibility that was allocated to El Paso. That reading, however, ignores the plain language of the agreement: Mas-Tec assumes “all risks in connection with” “soil structure, subsurface conditions, obstructions and all other conditions pertaining to the Work,” “notwithstanding” anything else in the contract. The specified conditions relate to the physical environment of the pipeline’s path, precisely the risk involved with unknown underground foreign crossings. MasTec seems to have understood as much; its senior vice president testified at trial that foreign crossings were included in the risks covered by Article 7.1(e). Just as we have held in the insurance policy context that “'all losses’ means
all
losses,” “all risks” in connection with the physical conditions of the pipeline’s path must mean
all
risks.
See Enter. Leasing Co. v. Barrios,
156 S.W.3d 547, 549 (Tex.2004) (per curiam).
MasTec argues that our reading of the contract renders meaningless the two due diligence specifications. Indeed, when construing a contract, we strive to “give effect to all the provisions of the contract so that none will be rendered meaningless.”
Coker v. Coker,
650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex.1983). While we have had occasion to give meaning to the phrase “due diligence” in other contexts, we must construe it here in conjunction with the specific rights and obligations contained in this contract.
See, e.g., Via Net v. TIG Ins. Co.,
211 S.W.3d 310, 314 (Tex.2006) (discussing due diligence in the context of the relationship between royalty owners and lessees in oil and gas contracts);
cf. Strickland v. Lake,
163 Tex. 445, 357 S.W.2d 383, 384 (1962) (“The term ‘diligence’ is relative and incapable of exact definition. Its meaning must be determined by the circumstances of each case. Reasonable diligence has been defined as such diligence that an ordinarily prudent and diligent person would exercise under similar circumstances. It is usually a question of fact.” (citations omitted)). Because there is no indication that the parties intended to give “due diligence” any technical or special meaning, we give the phrase its “plain, ordinary, and generally accepted meaning.”
See Heritage Res., Inc. v. NationsBank,
939 S.W.2d 118, 121 (Tex.1996). According to Black’s Law Dictionary, “due diligence” is “[t]he diligence reasonably expected from, and ordinarily exercised by, a person who seeks to satisfy a legal requirement or to discharge
an obligation.” Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed.2009). With that in mind, we must harmonize the due diligence specifications with the other contractual provisions to ascertain the true intentions of the parties.
See Coker,
650 S.W.2d at 393.
The contract contemplates a joint effort by the parties. The due diligence specifications, which are contained in guidelines for the performance of ditching and horizontal directional drilling, state: “[El Paso]
will have exercised
due diligence in locating foreign pipelines and/or utility line crossings. However, [MasTec] shall confirm the location of all such crossings and notify the owner prior to any [ditching or horizontal directional drilling] activity in the vicinity of the crossings.” Because of the joint nature of these obligations, our construction of this contract does not render these provisions meaningless; rather, our construction gives effect to the parties’ intent that the parties agreed El Paso had already exercised due diligence to locate foreign crossings, but ultimately the risk of omissions and inaccuracies, including the obligation to investigate and protect against additional foreign crossings, falls on MasTec. Greg Floerke, MasTec’s vice president of communications, which included the pipeline unit, explained: “Due diligence in my experience typically meant other than taking existing maps and lines — crossings and lines that are shown on those maps, to take the extra step to go out [and] do something, additional due diligence to locate any foreign pipelines that might exist.”
Before soliciting bids, El Paso took steps to locate foreign crossings. El Paso had only preliminary alignment sheets from the 1940s for the pipeline at issue, and no as-built alignment sheets. Knowing that those alignment sheets were “very poor” and “inadequate,” and would not have shown any crossings installed after the pipeline was constructed, El Paso hired Gullett to survey the pipeline’s right of way. El Paso instructed Gullett to locate as many foreign crossings as it could using metal detection and visual inspection, and to compile the findings into a map (the alignment sheets) that could be distributed to potential bidders. Using four crews, Gullett’s surveyors walked the pipeline’s entire right-of-way, using an M-Scope, an advanced pipeline-locating device to find metal pipelines, as well as PVC and fiberglass pipelines with metal tracers.
Although El Paso did not instruct Gullett to use other methods to locate PVC or fiberglass crossings that an M-scope and visual inspection would not detect, the record indicates that locating those lines would be very labor-intensive, often requiring digging by hand or using a vactron, a hydraulic vacuum cleaner that pressure washes holes. Moreover, although El Paso did have parallel pipelines in the same right-of-way, the alignment sheets for those lines were also from the 1940s and would not have shown foreign crossings built since then. Similarly, although Valero had a pipeline in the same right-of-way, that pipeline was decades old, and testimony indicated that it was not customary for pipeline companies to share their survey data. El Paso provided Gullett’s full survey to potential bidders, and there is nothing to suggest that bidders were confused about the extent of El Paso’s due diligence, which consisted of hiring Gullett to map the pipeline route using an M-scope and
visual inspection to locate foreign crossings. Nor is there anything in the contract to indicate that the parties intended El Paso to have any additional due diligence obligation.
The dissent argues that El Paso’s due diligence did not meet the industry standard because El Paso did not locate and disclose 85-90% of foreign crossings. As the dissent notes, we have discussed due diligence in terms of industry practice. 389 S.W.3d at 816 (citing
Exxon Corp. v. Emerald Oil & Gas Co., L.C.,
348 S.W.3d 194, 206 (Tex.2011)). But the dissent essentially ignores the industry practice for locating foreign crossings on pipelines more than fifty years old, focusing on a numerical standard that is not supported by the record, which it believes should apply in every case. Moreover, the dissent disregards the parties’ agreement that MasTec, which was given the complete alignment sheets and blank contract before it submitted a bid, acknowledged and assumed the risk of unknown foreign crossings, “notwithstanding” any other provision in the contract or any information furnished by El Paso. MasTec agreed that the work to be performed under the contract, including “all ... procedures and techniques necessary to perform the Work,” which required MasTec to “fully acquaint ] itself with the site ... accessibility, soil structure, subsurface conditions, obstruction and all other conditions pertaining to the Work,” was consistent with “accepted industry standards.” Were we to hold, as the dissent would have us do, that locating less than 85-90% of foreign crossings is evidence of failure to exercise due diligence, we would disallow parties to define by contract what sort of diligence is due or to allocate by agreement the risk of additional unknown foreign crossings, a result that runs counter to the freedom to contract.
See Gym-N-I Playgrounds, Inc. v. Snider,
220 S.W.3d 905, 912 (Tex.2007). We refuse to amend the contract judicially to substitute an unsupported standard for the contracted-for requirement that El Paso
“will have
exercised due diligence.”
El Paso’s initial obligation to have exercised due diligence does not limit the risk allocated to MasTec for omissions and inaccuracies in El Paso’s foreign crossings information. In fact, the record indicates that MasTec understood the joint obligation contemplated by the contract. MasTec’s comptroller for the project testified that “[fit’s standard procedure in every job” for the contractor to survey a pipeline’s right-of-way to identify foreign crossings and their exact location. He further testified that such work was within MasTec’s scope of work under this contract, and that MasTec’s bid included the cost of hiring a surveying crew to locate foreign crossings. MasTec included a 15% markup in the bid as a contingency for undiscovered foreign crossings, higher than the 10% usually included for similar projects. Additionally, MasTec’s senior vice president acknowledged that, under Article 7.1(e) of the contract (“anything in this Contract ... notwithstanding”), Mas-Tec assumed the risk of unknown foreign crossings. In its response to El Paso’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, MasTec even admitted that if El Paso exercised due diligence in identifying foreign crossings, “MasTec would be responsible for the costs associated with those crossings unidentified on the Drawings.” The problem arises in this case because although MasTec understood the risk of underground surprises and knew it assumed the risk for such surprises, even including a contingency markup in its bid, MasTec, which was new to pipeline construction, underestimated the amount of that risk and submitted a very low bid. The role of the courts is not to protect
parties from their own agreements, but to enforce contracts that parties enter into freely and voluntarily.
See Wood Motor Co. v. Nebel,
150 Tex. 86, 238 S.W.2d 181, 185 (1951).
MasTec argues that our construction of the contract renders meaningless other provisions, such as those relating to weather conditions, acts of God, and bodily injury. But those conditions and circumstances do not arise in the context of the physical environment of the pipeline’s path, and thus do not fall within the plain language of the “all risks” provision at issue here, which limits the risks MasTec assumed to “conditions pertaining to the Work.” The fact that those other risks are expressly addressed elsewhere in the contract does not affect the meaning of the “all risks” provisions in 7.1(e) and 8.1(a)(7). In fact, those other contract provisions support our reading of the contract because they show that the parties knew how to state clearly when some risks were not to be assumed by MasTec.
Our jurisprudence supports this construction of the contract. In
Lonergan v. San Antonio Loan & Trust Co.,
we held that for an owner to be liable to a contractor for a breach of contract based on faulty construction specifications, the contract must contain terms that could fairly imply the owner’s “guaranty of the sufficiency of the specifications,” which were provided to the owner by an architect. 104 S.W. at 1066. Here, as in
Lonergan,
El Paso did not guarantee the accuracy of Gullett’s alignment sheets. El Paso and MasTec both relied on what Gullett’s surveyors were able to locate, with the negotiated provision that MasTec would confirm the surveyor’s work and assume the risks of “subsurface conditions, obstructions, and other conditions pertaining to the Work.” We adhere to the “practically ... universal rule” that “where one agrees to do, for a fixed sum, a thing possible to be performed, he will not be excused or become entitled to additional compensation, because unforeseen difficulties are encountered.”
City of Dallas v. Shortall,
131 Tex. 368,114 S.W.2d 536, 540 (1938) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Someone has to bear the loss of the additional costs of constructing the pipeline around the undiscovered foreign crossings. As in
Lonergan,
“the parties were each competent to contract, and there is no circumstance indicating the slightest unfairness in the transaction.” 104 S.W. at 1065. While MasTec was new to this type of construction project, it is a sophisticated party and presumably had experienced attorneys review the contract.
See Schlumberger Tech. Corp. v. Swanson,
959 S.W.2d 171, 179 (Tex.1997) (allowing sophisticated parties to contractually preclude a claim for fraudulent inducement);
see also Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am,.,
341 S.W.3d 323, 350 (Tex.2011). And there is nothing to suggest that the contractual provisions at issue here are unique or novel. Sophisticated parties, like all parties to a contract, have “an obligation to protect themselves by reading what they sign.”
Thigpen v. Locke,
363 S.W.2d 247, 253 (Tex.1962). Ultimately, this contract “constitute[s] the allocation by market participants of risks and benefits” regarding the pipeline’s construction.
Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott,
128 S.W.3d 211, 220 (Tex.2003). “The Court’s role is not to redistribute these risks and benefits but to enforce the allocation that the parties previously agreed upon.”
Id.
(citing 11 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 31.5 (4th ed.2003)).
We have an obligation to construe a contract by the language contained in the document. We have “long recognized
Texas’ strong public policy in favor of preserving the freedom of contract.”
Fairfield Ins. Co. v. Stephens Martin Paving, L.P.,
246 S.W.3d 653, 664 (Tex.2008);
see also Wood Motor Co. v. Nebel,
150 Tex. 86, 238 S.W.2d 181, 185 (1951). “Freedom of contract allows parties to ... allocate risk as they see fit.”
Gym-N-I Playgrounds, Inc.,
220 S.W.3d at 912. Contract enforcement is an “indispensable partner” to the freedom of contract.
Fairfield,
246 S.W.3d at 664. Were we to hold in Mas-Tec’s favor, and conclude that El Paso must bear the risk of unknown underground obstacles under this contract, we would render meaningless the parties’ risk-allocation agreement and ultimately prohibit sophisticated parties from agreeing to allocate risk in construction contracts.
See Gym-N-I Playgrounds, Inc.,
220 S.W.3d at 912;
Italian Cowboy Partners,
341 S.W.3d at 333 (instructing that we examine the entire writing and harmonize all provisions, rendering none meaningless). That result would undermine the longstanding policy of this state.
V. Conclusion
For the reasons expressed above, we hold that the contract allocated risk for undiscovered foreign crossings to MasTec, and MasTec therefore must bear the loss of additional costs associated with the unknown foreign crossings. Because Mas-Tec was contractually obligated to bear this loss, we agree with the trial court that the jury’s answers to questions about Mas-Tec’s recovery for breach of contract based on due diligence are immaterial. Accordingly, we reverse the court of appeals’ judgment and reinstate the judgment of the trial court.
Justice GUZMAN filed a dissenting opinion, in which Justice MEDINA and Justice LEHRMANN joined.
Justice GUZMAN, joined by Justice MEDINA and Justice LEHRMANN, dissenting.
Since early in Texas’s statehood, this Court has recognized that specific laws prevail over conflicting general laws.
For over eight decades, we have applied the same principle when construing contracts.
In this contract dispute over a due diligence obligation, two clauses required El Paso to perform due diligence in locating foreign crossings while another clause stated that MasTec assumed all risk pertaining to the work, notwithstanding other provisions in the contract. Our time-honored rules of construction require us to interpret the specific due diligence provisions as an exception to the general all risk provision, thereby giving both meaning. But today, the Court departs from that time-honored tradition and negates the due diligence provisions in their entirety. Whatever method an owner chooses to locate foreign crossings, the industry standard is to disclose 85-90% of them. El Paso disclosed only 35%. The jury was entitled to — and did — find that El Paso did not exercise due diligence. Because I cannot agree with the Court’s significant departure
from our long line of
precedents governing our approach to contract construction, I respectfully dissent.
I. Factual Background
This case involves the replacement of a metal pipeline. When a pipeline crosses a foreign object (such as other pipelines, roads, rivers, fences, and other structures),
that object is referred to as a foreign crossing. Replacing the portion of a pipeline at a foreign crossing often requires the investment of a significant amount of resources, most notably manpower. It is customary for pipeline owners to compile information on foreign crossings (known as alignment sheets) as the foreign crossings to their pipelines are built or modified. As a matter of due course, at the time a pipeline is going to be replaced, owners make their alignment sheets available to bidding contractors so they evaluate the potential need for additional time or resources and factor that additional criteria into the bid. In some cases, a contractor will be able to inspect the pipeline easement before bidding the job, but such an inspection will not always detect fiberglass or plastic pipelines. Metal detectors cannot detect such lines if they have no metal tracers, and pipelines are not always marked on the surface. The most accurate pre-bid method of identifying foreign crossings is from the owner’s alignment sheets.
Here, El Paso purchased a 68-mile pipeline built during World War II. El Paso decided to replace the line because it was too shallow. El Paso had received the preliminary alignment sheets dating to before the pipeline was built. It had no alignments sheets showing foreign crossings built since 1940. An El Paso representative described its alignment sheets as “very inadequate, but it is all we had to work with.”
Accordingly, El Paso hired a surveying company to assess the route and identify foreign crossings. The surveyor testified that El Paso did not ask him to detect lines with no metal. The surveyor walked the line using metal detectors and noting physical markings of lines. At a pre-bid meeting, El Paso disclosed to pipeline contractors the surveyor’s alignment sheets— which showed 280 foreign crossings. The industry practice for contractors is to allocate a 10-15% contingency in a bid to account for, among other things, unexpected and unidentified foreign crossings.
El Paso owned another pipeline of the same size in the same right of way. El Paso had a survey for that adjacent pipeline that showed significantly more foreign crossings than the survey of the pipeline at issue here.
After soliciting bids, El Paso selected MasTec, which submitted the lowest bid. Importantly, the contract they agreed to twice specified that “[El Paso] will have exercised due diligence in locating foreign pipelines and utility line crossings.” The contract also provided “that anything in this Contract or in any representations, statements or information made or furnished by [El Paso] or any of its representatives notwithstanding, [MasTec] assumes full and complete responsibility for any such conditions pertaining to the Work, the site of the Work or its surroundings and all risks in connection therewith.”
Once the pipeline replacement construction commenced, MasTec hired Steve Edwards, who specialized in detecting foreign crossings, to work ahead of the construction crew to confirm the location of foreign crossings. Edwards used a metal detector, referred to as an M-scope, to locate metal lines as well as fiberglass and PVC lines with metal tracers. But the device could not detect lines containing no metal. Edwards testified that the only method to identify such lines is to speak with land
owners to generally determine where pipelines are situated and then pressure wash and remove the soil to locate the lines.
In a typical job, Edwards testified he would discover 5-10% more foreign crossings than an owner had disclosed. Here, Edwards located approximately 794 total foreign crossings
— 284% more than El Paso disclosed. The jury found that El Paso failed to comply with the contract. At trial, the jury was asked whether El Paso exercised due diligence in locating foreign crossings. The jury found that El Paso breached the contract.
II. Discussion
The primary goal when construing a written contract is to ascertain the true intent of the parties as expressed in the writing.
Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett,
164 S.W.3d 656, 662 (Tex.2005). We accomplish this by examining the entire writing so as to harmonize all provisions and render none meaningless.
Id.; King v. Dallas Fire Ins. Co.,
85 S.W.3d 185, 193 (Tex.2002). “No single provision taken alone will be given controlling effect; rather, all the provisions must be considered with reference to the whole instrument.”
Coker v. Coker,
650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex.1983). To harmonize conflicting provisions, we treat narrow provisions as exceptions to general provisions.
Forbau v. Aetna Life Ins. Co.,
876 S.W.2d 132, 133— 34 (Tex.1994);
see also Jackson v. State Office of Admin. Hearings,
351 S.W.3d 290, 297 (Tex.2011);
Kuntz v. Spence,
67 S.W.2d 254, 257 (Tex.1934);
Great S. Life Ins. Co. v. Cherry,
24 S.W.2d 512, 513 (Tex.Civ.App.-Eastland 1930, writ ref 'd).
Construing the contract here requires that we examine the term due diligence. Because the contract did not define due diligence, we must ascribe the term its ordinary meaning.
Heritage Res., Inc. v. NationsBank,
939 S.W.2d 118, 121 (Tex.1996). As the Court notes, Black’s Law Dictionary defines due diligence as “[t]he diligence reasonably expected from, and ordinarily exercised by, a person who seeks to satisfy a legal requirement or to discharge an obligation.” Black’s Law Dictionary 523 (9th ed.2009). We have stated that “ ‘diligence’ is relative and incapable of exact definition. Its meaning must be determined by the circumstances of each case. Reasonable diligence has been defined as such diligence that an ordinarily prudent and diligent person would exercise under similar circumstances.”
Strickland v. Lake,
163 Tex. 445, 357 S.W.2d 383, 384 (1962). Due diligence “is usually a question of fact.”
Id.
In construing the term as requiring MasTec to shoulder the risk for El Paso’s lack of diligence, the Court ignores well settled rules of construction that no clause should be rendered meaningless and that a narrow provision is construed as an exception to a conflicting general provision. And because there was some evidence that El Paso failed to use due diligence, we should not disturb the jury’s finding.
A. The Court Negates the Due Diligence Requirements
The Court maintains that its reading of the contract does not negate the due diligence requirements but instead contemplates a joint effort with El Paso conducting a survey and MasTec assuming the risk for the inaccuracies in the survey. But substantively, this reading negates the due diligence clauses. What if El Paso hired a surveyor that found zero foreign crossings? Is it plausible that the parties would intend that such a finding eonsti-
tutes due diligence? Under the Court’s rationale, such an illogical approach would have been the intended outcome merely because El Paso hired a surveyor. The Court is in effect rewriting the contract to negate the due diligence requirements and, in so doing, violates our long-standing rules of interpretation.
We determine the intent of the parties by assessing the entire writing and giving effect to all provisions.
Valence Operating,
164 S.W.3d at 662. In order to assure that no one provision controls all others, we have long treated specific provisions as exceptions to general provisions.
Forbau,
876 S.W.2d at 133-34;
Kuntz,
67 S.W.2d at 257;
Cherry,
24 S.W.2d at 513. The clause the Court relies on is unquestionably general (that MasTec assumes all risk, notwithstanding other provisions). The clauses stating that El Paso must use due diligence in locating foreign crossings are specific. But rather than giving both provisions meaning (as we must) by treating the diligence provisions as a limited exception to the risk provision, the Court negates the diligence provisions in their entirety. To do so forces MasTec to shoulder the due diligence burden the contract squarely places on El Paso. Here, the contract requires that we give meaning to both provisions and allow the jury to decide whether El Paso’s disclosure satisfied its due diligence obligation. The Court ignores well settled rules and, in error, disregards the jury’s verdict.
To illustrate the importance of ascribing some meaning to a due diligence clause, an example is helpful. The parties’ contract contains a force majeure clause that relieves each party of liability for failure to perform due to a force majeure event. This force majeure clause would presumably include hurricanes. Hurricanes are risk. Under the Court’s view, MasTec would assume the risk of a hurricane in the all risk clause, despite the fact that it specifically bargained to not assume the risk of a hurricane in the force majeure clause.
But such an interpretation renders the force majeure clause meaningless — an outcome we seek to avoid.
Valence Operating,
164 S.W.3d at 662;
Coker,
650 S.W.2d at 393. The rules of construction are in place to determine the intent of the parties when harmonizing conflicting provisions.
Valence Operating,
164 S.W.3d at 662. They do precisely that here by specifically allocating narrow risks (such as force majeure events and due diligence for locating foreign crossings) and then shouldering MasTec with all other risk.
There are circumstances in which an all risk provision may trump a due diligence provision. For example, the due diligence clause could: (1) state the information provided was a courtesy but due diligence was within the contractor’s scope of work;
(2) disclaim any accuracy of the due diligence; or (3) have the other party disclaim any reliance on the due diligence.
This contract contained no such disclaimers.
The description of El Paso’s alignment sheets as due diligence along with the lack
of disclaimers brings this case outside the ambit of our holdings in
Lonergan v. San Antonio Loan & Trust Co.,
101 Tex. 63, 104 S.W. 1061 (1907), and
City of Dallas v. Shortall,
131 Tex. 368, 114 S.W.2d 536 (1938).
Lonergan
involved an owner supplying an architect’s defective specifications to a contractor.
Lonergan,
104 S.W. at 1065. We based our holding that the owner was not liable to the contractor for the defective specifications on two principles.
Id.
First, the contractor in all probability knew better than the owner that the architect’s specifications were defective.
Id.
Here, El Paso had superior knowledge of the foreign crossings as it owned the pipeline and owned another pipeline in the same easement with alignment sheets showing significantly more foreign crossings. Second, in
Lonergan,
the contract in no way made the owner the guarantor of the accuracy of the specifications.
Id.
at 1066. Here, the contract stated that the owner’s investigation and disclosure of the foreign crossings was “due diligence.”
Lonergan
does not support El Paso.
Likewise,
Shortall
does not support El Paso. There, the owner stated: “In case these specifications or plans are not thoroughly understood, parties making bids shall apply to the Engineer for further information before bids are submitted, as no claims on any such grounds will be entertained....” 114 S.W.2d at 538. El Paso made no such disclaimer advising that the foreign crossings “are not thoroughly understood” but instead stated that its alignment sheets constituted due diligence. El Paso’s use of the term due diligence and the lack of any disclaimers effectively vitiate its reliance on
Lonergan
or
Shortall.
B. There Is Some Evidence El Paso Did Not Use Due Diligence
Construing the contract to mean that the due diligence clauses required El Paso to use due diligence (as they must), we must determine if there is some evidence supporting the jury’s finding that El Paso breached its obligation. We have defined due diligence as what an ordinarily prudent and diligent person would do in similar circumstances.
Strickland,
357 S.W.2d at 384. We have also discussed due diligence in the oil and gas context in terms of industry practice.
See Exxon Corp. v. Emerald Oil & Gas Co., L.C.,
348 S.W.3d 194, 206 (Tex.2011).
Here, the testimony indicates that the industry standard is for contractors to allot a 10-15% contingency for such things as foreign crossings an owner did not disclose. In other words, the industry standard is for owners to disclose 85-90% of foreign crossings. El Paso disclosed 35% of the foreign crossings. The gross disparity between the industry standard and El Paso’s disclosure evinces that El Paso failed to use due diligence and the jury’s finding must not be disturbed.
The Coui't attempts to distinguish this undisputed testimony in two ways: (1) that industry standards are not necessarily synonymous with industry practices; and (2) that the standard for due diligence for older pipelines is the same as for newer pipelines. The record is devoid of support for either position. First, the Court is unable to cite any authority for treating industry standards and practices differently in the due diligence context. If an owner used a- novel method of locating pipelines and found 100% of them, it would be difficult to claim that it failed to use due diligence. Regardless of the practice El Paso employed (hiring a surveyor and not instructing it to locate nonmetal lines), it grossly failed to meet the industry standard (identifying 85-90% of pipelines). The failure in the Court’s interpretation is
that El Paso warranted the work in locating foreign crossings as due diligence: “[El Paso] will have exercised due diligence in locating foreign pipelines and utility line crossings.” Under the guise of industry practice, the Court changes the focus of due diligence to the hiring of a surveyor — not the locating of foreign crossings.
Neither is there support for the Court’s assertion that the standard for older pipelines is the same. The Court again conflates categories to rewrite the contract. Due diligence looks at similar situations.
Strickland,
357 S.W.2d at 384. Older pipelines can have non-metal foreign crossings that were placed before laws required metal tracers in non-metal lines. El Paso’s method of using a metal detector and visual inspection may well be suitable for locating foreign crossings for a newer pipeline (which involves few unidentified, non-metal foreign crossings). But El Paso’s method was unsuitable for an older pipeline with a significant number of nonmetal lines, as evinced by El Paso’s 1940s survey of an adjacent pipeline identifying significantly more foreign crossings than the recent survey of the pipeline at issue. Due diligence, as it is commonly understood, requires that El Paso use greater efforts in locating foreign crossings in an older pipeline, such as instructing the surveyor to locate non-metal lines. El Paso could have avoided its obligation, assuming it considered it onerous, by simply disclaiming due diligence. It did not do so here.
In any event, El Paso’s methodology was so deficient that it identified only 35% of foreign crossings, far less than the industry standard of 85-90% and even less than El Paso’s survey from its adjacent pipeline in the 1940s. There is some evidence to support the jury’s finding that El Paso breached its obligation.
III. Conclusion
Well settled rules of contract construction require us to construe the due diligence clauses in this contract as a limited exception to the all risk clause. Ignoring these well settled rules, the Court renders meaningless a more specific provision. The industry standard is for owners to disclose 85-90% of foreign crossings. Here, El Paso disclosed a mere 35%. In sum, the jury was entitled to find that El Paso breached its due diligence obligation, and we should not set aside its finding. I respectfully dissent.