VALLIANT, J.
Action for damages for personal injuries.
Defendant is a corporation engaged in manufacturing articles of tinware and granite ironware. Plaintiff was an employee of defendant; his work was to insert the curved or looped end of a wire handle into a part of a utensil in process of manufacture, and strike it with a hammer with a sufficient force to close the curved end so that it would not slip out. Eor this work plaintiff was furnished with a steel mandrel, attached to his workbench, and a steel hammer; there was a groove in the mandrel into which the wire was laid to receive the stroke of the hammer. While engaged in this work, upon a stroke of the hammer, a very small particle of what the plaintiff’s testimony tended to show was a steel chip from the hammer flew with force into the plaintiff’s eye; the result was great suffering and ultimate loss of the eye, which the surgeons had to cut out of its socket.
The negligence charged in the petition is in these words: “That the said hammer and tool provided by defendant to plaintiff was defective in its material, as defendant well knew, or by the exercise of reasonable caution or care might have known, and that on or about March 23, 1896, while plaintiff was using [614]*614same in performing his duties, as above set forth, a piece of the steel or iron of said hammer, by reason of said defective condition, chipped off and flew into plaintiff’s right eye causing the total destruction thereof,” etc.
The answer was a general denial and a plea that the plaintiff “was performing his labor in a careless, improper, dangerous, unworkmanlike and negligent manner, and in so doing was guilty of negligence directly contributing,” etc.
The reply was a general denial.
The plaintiff’s testimony tended to show that at the time of the accident he was twenty years and a few months old, was a baker by trade, but had been in the employ of defendant about six months and for the six weeks next preceding had been engaged in work of the kind he was doing when he suffered the injury; that a few days before, he complained to a fellow workman that the hammer he was using was too much worn to do satisfactory work, and asked this fellow workman to apply to the foreman for a new hammer for him, which was done, ánd the foreman promised a new hammer, but forgot to attend to it, and the plaintiff himself went to him and made the request. The foreman said, “Wait, and I will get you one; Loewe (the fellow workman referred to) told me already yesterday, but I forgot about it.” But the foreman still did not furnish the new hammer as requested, and Loewe went to the defendant’s man who keeps such supplies for the employees and obtained a new hammer and gave it to plaintiff. That was on Saturday ; the accident occurred the next Monday. Almost as soon as plaintiff began to work with the new hammer he noticed that chips flew off it, and he took it to the foreman and showed it to him, saying: “I believe this hammer is no good, it chips off on one side;” the foreman took the hammer in his hand, examined it, and handed it back to plaintiff, saying it was all right, and the plaintiff returned to his bench and resumed work with it. [615]*615On the next Monday morning, about ten o’clock, while thus working with the hammer, a piece chipped off and struck plaintiff in the eye; his suffering was great and his eye entirely destroyed.
The testimony of plaintiff and that of his witness Loewe, who said he was looking at him at the time, was that on the stroke which resulted in the accident, the hammer struck the wire and did not strike the mandrel. That was the only direct evidence on that point, no other witnesses professing to have seen it.
E. B. Roth, an expert in tools, testified for plaintiff that he had tested this hammer, and whilst it had the usual appearance of a factory hammer, yet it was too hard, as he had found by testing it with a file; the degree to which it was hardened could not be discovered by looking at it, but only by testing it with the file or emery wheel; a hammer once showing a tendency to chip is not safe to use without grinding a beveled edge; when once a chipping begins it usually continues. Upon cross-examination this witness said that if the mandrel was of hard steel, the striking of it by the hammer was liable to result in a chipping of the hammer, but that the hammer would not break by striking the wire; that this hammer was of first-class brand, the best in the market.
On the part of defendant the testimony tended to show that the foreman, when applied to for a new hammer for plaintiff, told him he had no time to attend to it, and that he (the foreman) did not know that a new hammer had been furnished to plaintiff until after the accident; that plaintiff had never shown him the hammer, or told him it was defective; that sometimes in the kind of work the plaintiff was doing a man would miss the bail or wire and hit the mandrel; that all men in that work are liable to such mislicks,but the more experienced less apt to do so; that hitting the mandrel might cause the hammer to chip, [616]*616but hitting the wire would not; in the opinion of experts this hammer was caused to chip by hitting the mandrel; that this hammer was of the best factory known in the market, and that whilst some may be tempered too hard, that condition could not be discovered by looking at them, but only by experience or experiment. There was testimony for defendant also showing that the fragment that struck the plaintiff in the eye had been examined by a chemist under a magnifying glass and with a magnet, but it was too small to permit of an analysis and could not be classified either as steel, cast iron or iron oxide.
At the close of the plaintiff’s evidence and again at the close of all the evidence, the defendant asked an instruction to the effect that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover which was refused and exception taken.
The court instructed the jury as follows, at the request of the plaintiff:
“1. The court instructs the jury that.it was the duty of the defendant, as employer, to furnish to the plaintiff who was in its employ, such tools, appliances and instrumentalities as were reasonably safe for the purpose for which they were used; and the court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that the defendant company furnished plaintiff with a hammer to be used in the performance of his duties as such employee, which it knew to be defective, or which it, or its agent or foreman whose duty it was to superintend the plaintiff’s work, knew to be defective, or which by the exercise of reasonable diligence the company or its said agent might have known to be defective, and liable to chip off, and that in consequence of such defect the plaintiff, while exercising ordinary care, was injured while in the performance of his duties, then the jury should find for the plaintiff.
“2. The court instructs the jury that knowledge by, or notice given to, the company’s foreman who had charge of the [617]*617plaintiff, upon a matter within the scope of said foreman’s authority, was such knowledge by, or notice to, the company itself, within the meaning, of those instructions.
“3.
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VALLIANT, J.
Action for damages for personal injuries.
Defendant is a corporation engaged in manufacturing articles of tinware and granite ironware. Plaintiff was an employee of defendant; his work was to insert the curved or looped end of a wire handle into a part of a utensil in process of manufacture, and strike it with a hammer with a sufficient force to close the curved end so that it would not slip out. Eor this work plaintiff was furnished with a steel mandrel, attached to his workbench, and a steel hammer; there was a groove in the mandrel into which the wire was laid to receive the stroke of the hammer. While engaged in this work, upon a stroke of the hammer, a very small particle of what the plaintiff’s testimony tended to show was a steel chip from the hammer flew with force into the plaintiff’s eye; the result was great suffering and ultimate loss of the eye, which the surgeons had to cut out of its socket.
The negligence charged in the petition is in these words: “That the said hammer and tool provided by defendant to plaintiff was defective in its material, as defendant well knew, or by the exercise of reasonable caution or care might have known, and that on or about March 23, 1896, while plaintiff was using [614]*614same in performing his duties, as above set forth, a piece of the steel or iron of said hammer, by reason of said defective condition, chipped off and flew into plaintiff’s right eye causing the total destruction thereof,” etc.
The answer was a general denial and a plea that the plaintiff “was performing his labor in a careless, improper, dangerous, unworkmanlike and negligent manner, and in so doing was guilty of negligence directly contributing,” etc.
The reply was a general denial.
The plaintiff’s testimony tended to show that at the time of the accident he was twenty years and a few months old, was a baker by trade, but had been in the employ of defendant about six months and for the six weeks next preceding had been engaged in work of the kind he was doing when he suffered the injury; that a few days before, he complained to a fellow workman that the hammer he was using was too much worn to do satisfactory work, and asked this fellow workman to apply to the foreman for a new hammer for him, which was done, ánd the foreman promised a new hammer, but forgot to attend to it, and the plaintiff himself went to him and made the request. The foreman said, “Wait, and I will get you one; Loewe (the fellow workman referred to) told me already yesterday, but I forgot about it.” But the foreman still did not furnish the new hammer as requested, and Loewe went to the defendant’s man who keeps such supplies for the employees and obtained a new hammer and gave it to plaintiff. That was on Saturday ; the accident occurred the next Monday. Almost as soon as plaintiff began to work with the new hammer he noticed that chips flew off it, and he took it to the foreman and showed it to him, saying: “I believe this hammer is no good, it chips off on one side;” the foreman took the hammer in his hand, examined it, and handed it back to plaintiff, saying it was all right, and the plaintiff returned to his bench and resumed work with it. [615]*615On the next Monday morning, about ten o’clock, while thus working with the hammer, a piece chipped off and struck plaintiff in the eye; his suffering was great and his eye entirely destroyed.
The testimony of plaintiff and that of his witness Loewe, who said he was looking at him at the time, was that on the stroke which resulted in the accident, the hammer struck the wire and did not strike the mandrel. That was the only direct evidence on that point, no other witnesses professing to have seen it.
E. B. Roth, an expert in tools, testified for plaintiff that he had tested this hammer, and whilst it had the usual appearance of a factory hammer, yet it was too hard, as he had found by testing it with a file; the degree to which it was hardened could not be discovered by looking at it, but only by testing it with the file or emery wheel; a hammer once showing a tendency to chip is not safe to use without grinding a beveled edge; when once a chipping begins it usually continues. Upon cross-examination this witness said that if the mandrel was of hard steel, the striking of it by the hammer was liable to result in a chipping of the hammer, but that the hammer would not break by striking the wire; that this hammer was of first-class brand, the best in the market.
On the part of defendant the testimony tended to show that the foreman, when applied to for a new hammer for plaintiff, told him he had no time to attend to it, and that he (the foreman) did not know that a new hammer had been furnished to plaintiff until after the accident; that plaintiff had never shown him the hammer, or told him it was defective; that sometimes in the kind of work the plaintiff was doing a man would miss the bail or wire and hit the mandrel; that all men in that work are liable to such mislicks,but the more experienced less apt to do so; that hitting the mandrel might cause the hammer to chip, [616]*616but hitting the wire would not; in the opinion of experts this hammer was caused to chip by hitting the mandrel; that this hammer was of the best factory known in the market, and that whilst some may be tempered too hard, that condition could not be discovered by looking at them, but only by experience or experiment. There was testimony for defendant also showing that the fragment that struck the plaintiff in the eye had been examined by a chemist under a magnifying glass and with a magnet, but it was too small to permit of an analysis and could not be classified either as steel, cast iron or iron oxide.
At the close of the plaintiff’s evidence and again at the close of all the evidence, the defendant asked an instruction to the effect that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover which was refused and exception taken.
The court instructed the jury as follows, at the request of the plaintiff:
“1. The court instructs the jury that.it was the duty of the defendant, as employer, to furnish to the plaintiff who was in its employ, such tools, appliances and instrumentalities as were reasonably safe for the purpose for which they were used; and the court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that the defendant company furnished plaintiff with a hammer to be used in the performance of his duties as such employee, which it knew to be defective, or which it, or its agent or foreman whose duty it was to superintend the plaintiff’s work, knew to be defective, or which by the exercise of reasonable diligence the company or its said agent might have known to be defective, and liable to chip off, and that in consequence of such defect the plaintiff, while exercising ordinary care, was injured while in the performance of his duties, then the jury should find for the plaintiff.
“2. The court instructs the jury that knowledge by, or notice given to, the company’s foreman who had charge of the [617]*617plaintiff, upon a matter within the scope of said foreman’s authority, was such knowledge by, or notice to, the company itself, within the meaning, of those instructions.
“3. The' court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that the plaintiff called the attention of the defendant company’s foreman, under whose direction and supervision he was working, to the condition of the hammer plaintiff was using in his duties, and inquired whether the same was in proper condition and safe for him to use, and that said foreman informed plaintiff that it was, then plaintiff, had a right to rely upon the supposed superior knowledge of said foreman, and was justified in continuing in good faith the use of said hammer, without being guilty of contributory negligence, unless you further find that the danger was obvious, and that the plaintiff was fully aware of the same.
“4. The court instructs the jury that although they believe from the evidence that the hammer in question was not directly furnished by defendant, but was furnished by a co-employee in violation of the rules of the company, yet if the jury also find from the evidence that the company’s foreman under whom plaintiff worked, was aware of the fact that plaintiff was using same in performing his duties, and gave his consent or sanction to such use, or instructed plaintiff to continue using it, then the liability of the defendant thereafter was just the same as if it had originally furnished plaintiff with said hammer.
“5. The court instructs the jury that if they find for the plaintiff they must assess his damages in such a sum, not exceeding $15,000, as they believe from the evidence will fairly compensate him for the injuries sustained; and in determining such amount they may take into consideration not only the pecuniary loss, if any, heretofore sustained by the plaintiff by reason of such injury, but also such loss, if any, as the jury believes from [618]*618the evidence he may hereafter sustain by reason of his lessened earning capacity for the remainder of his lifetime; and the jury may further take into consideration the physical pain, suffering and mental anguish resulting from such injury, and the deformity in his appearance.
“6. The court instructs the jury that the defense of contributory negligence is an affirmative one, and that the burden of proof to establish by a preponderance of the evidence such facts as will constitute such defense lies on the defendant company.”
And at. the request of defendant the court gave the following:
“3. The court instructs the jury that it is the duty of the master to supply to his servants reasonably safe'and suitable tools and appliances to enable his servants to discharge their duties with reasonable safety. This duty of the master is discharged if, in the selection of such tools and appliances, it exercises the care of an ordinarily prudent person similarly situated. He is not an insurer of the safety of his servant. The servant assumes all the ordinary and usual risks attending his employment and if he uses the tools and appliances furnished by the master, knowing them to be dangerous or unsafe for use in the purpose for which they are intended, then the law regards the servant’s so doing as a voluntary assumption by him of the increased dangers and risks occasioned by the use of such defective tools and appliances. Hence, the court instructs you that even if you find from the evidence that the plaintiff was injured by reason of the hammer breaking and a piece thereof flying into his eye, yet if you also find and believe from the evidence that said hammer had broken before said accident and injury, and the plaintiff knew this fact and that he was fully aware of the danger arising from the use of said hammer, then the continuance of the use of said hammer was a voluntary [619]*619assumption, by him of tbe increased danger and risk and be can not recover.
“4. Tbe court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that tbe tools and appliances used by the plaintiff at tbe time of receiving tbe injury complained of were reasonably safe and suitable for tbe plaintiff to use in tbe performance of bis duties, then be can not recover and tbe verdict must be for tbe defendant.
“5. Even if tbe jury find from the evidence that tbe hammer used by tbe plaintiff, when tbe injury was received, was defective and unsafe to use, and that defendant through its foreman or officers knew it to be defective and unsafe to use, yet if it further appear from tbe evidence that such defective and dangerous condition was obvious and was known to tbe plaintiff, and with this knowledge be continued to use tbe same until hurt, then tbe plaintiff can not recover, and your verdict must be for tbe defendant.
“6. Tbe court instructs tbe jury that if they believe from all tbe evidence that the accident was caused by tbe careless and unskilled manner in which plaintiff bandied or operated tbe tools used in bis work, and that but for such carelessness and unskillfulness tbe accident would not have happened, then tbe plaintiff can not recover.
“1. Tbe jury are instructed that tbe burden of proof is on tbe plaintiff to show that a piece of tbe hammer used by him when hurt chipped off and struck him in tbe eye; and if they should find from the evidence in tbe case that some other substance, and not a piece of tbe hammer, struck him in tbe eye and caused the injury complained of, then they must find a verdict for defendant.
“8. If the jury find from tbe evidence that tbe hammer used by tbe plaintiff when hurt was a new one, apparently free from defects when received by him, and was selected from a lot [620]*620of hammers furnished and to be used in the work which plaintiff was performing, which were of a brand or kind suitable or commonly used and reasonably safe to use and reasonably free from defects, and they should further find from the evidence that the plaintiff, before the accident, had not shown or exhibited said hammer to his foreman, that in the use of such hammer a piece of it chipped off and struck the plaintiff’s eye, thereby causing the injury complained of, then such injury -should be considered an accident, and your verdict must be for the defendant, even though it should appear from the evidence, that such hammer was defective and dangerous to use.”
I. At the beginning of the trial defendant objected to any evidence on the part of the plaintiff because the petition did not state a cause of action; the overruling of the objection is assigned for error. The particular in which it is contended the petition fails is, in merely stating that the hammer was defective, without stating that it was not a reasonably safe tool; in other words, that the averments are equivalent only to saying that defendant did not furnish a perfect tool, and further that it does not state that plaintiff was ignorant of the defect.
1. The petition states that the hammer was defective in its material and defendant knew it or would have known it if it had exercised reasonable care and that as a result of that defect the plaintiff, while in the performance of his duty, received the injury complained of. If the defendant had understood the petition to mean only that defendant failed to furnish an absolutely perfect tool, it should have demurred to it, and by that means have tested the sufficiency of the statement. But instead of demurring, the defendant answered, denying the statement and averring that the plaintiff injured himself by his own carelessness in the use of the hammer. The plaintiff’s petition is no more amenable to the criticism that it only charges a failure to furnish an absolutely perfect implement, than is the [621]*621defendant’s denial of that charge equivalent to saying that the implement was perfect. And if the plaintiff ought to have said in his petition that at the time of the accident he was himself exercising ordinary care, that omission is supplied by the averment in the answer that he was acting carelessly, which averment the reply denies. When the defendant files an answer and puts in issue the averments of the petition without having previously challenged their sufficiency, it is too late to do so after the jury is sworn, if the language in the petition is susceptible of a construction that states a cause of action. [Young v. Shickle, H. & H. Iron Co., 103 Mo. 324; People’s Bank v. Scalzo, 127 Mo. 164; McDermott v. Class, 104 Mo. 14, l. c. 21, 22; Hutsell v. Crewse, 138 Mo. 1, l. c. 4.]
The petition with the answer and reply sufficiently made up issues to justify the court in proceeding with the trial.
2. It was not necessary for the plaintiff to have said in his petition that he did not know of the defect in the hammer. If he knew it in such way as to preclude his recovery, it was a matter of defense, and such plea was not to be anticipated in the petition. [Fisher v. Lead Co., 156 Mo. 479.] If we construe the pleadings as strictly as defendant would have us do, we should find that the fact of the plaintiff’s knowledge of the defect was really not in issue at all, because the defendant’s plea of contributory negligence does not include that fact, but relates only to the manner of plaintiff in doing his work; The court did not err in overruling the objection to any evidence in support of the petition on the ground stated.
II. The plaintiff’s testimony tended to show that the hammer in question was unfit for use and liable to produce the result that it did produce, and that the attention of the defendant’s foreman was drawn to it and instead of testing it as he should have done he gave it only a superficial examination and returned it to the plaintiff with the assurance that it 'was “all [622]*622right.” The foreman was an experienced man and the plaintiff had but little experience in that business, and, if his testimony was true, he had a right to rely in the superior knowledge of the foreman and resume work with the hammer, notwithstanding he had seen the chipping. He had a right to believe that the foreman’s superior knowledge of such tools gave him to know after examining it, that although the hammer had chipped, yet it would not continue to do so, or that no danger from its use was to be apprehended. At all events, the danger from using it was not so obvious as to justify him in refusing to return to his work when the foreman returned the hammer to him with assurance of its good condition. [Stephens v. Railroad, 96 Mo. 207; Sullivan v. Railroad, 107 Mo. 66, 78; Herdler v. Buck Stove Co., 136 Mo. 3, l. c. 17; Doyle v. Trust Co., 140 Mo. 1, l. c. 19.]
The plaintiff’s testimony also tended to show that when a hammer begins td chip it will continue to do so unless a beveled edge is ground on it, and that it is unsafe for use. It is true, the plaintiff’s expert witness on cross-examination said that the. hammer would not chip if it struck the curved wire, and that if it chipped it was probably because it missed the wire and struck the mandrel, yet the plaintiff and Loewe both testified that in this instance it did hit the wire and did not hit the mandrel; that was a question of fact for the jury.
Appellant contends that there was no evidence to show that it was a steel chip from the hammer that struck the plaintiff’s eye. The evidence showed that the object that did the injury was so infinitesimal that it could not be recognized, and of course it was impossible for the plaintiff to have seen it when it flew off the hammer, if it did so. The evidence was that the wire was soft and not likely to chip, and so was the metal of which the utensil in course of making was composed. It often occurs in the trial of a lawsuit that the triers of fact must reach [623]*623a conclusion from reasoning upon probabilities without positive proof. There was sufficient proof in this case to justify a jury in concluding that it was a small chip from that hammer that destroyed the plaintiff’s eye. The court committed no error in giving the case to the jury.
III. The instructions given, both for plaintiff and defendant, correctly state the law of the case, except the sixth instruction for defendant which is too general. But the second instruction asked by the defendant and refused was also a correct statement of the law on the point it referred to, and was not covered by any other instruction. That instruction is as follows :
“2. The court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that the only tools used by this plaintiff to perform his work, were a hammer and a mandrel, and that said tools were reasonably safe and suitable tools for the plaintiff to use in the performance of his duties, but that this plaintiff used the hammer in so careless a manner as to strike the mandrel instead of the wire handle of the utensil, and thereby caused a piece of the hammer to chip off and fly up and strike him in the eye, thus causing the injury, then the plaintiff himself was negligent and can not recover.”
The court may have refused that instruction on the ground that there was no evidence to show that the plaintiff struck the mandrel instead of the wire. There was no positive evidence that such was the fact, but there was evidence from which, if deemed sufficient by the triers, they might lawfully have drawn that inference. The testimony of the experts, including the plaintiff’s expert, was, that the hammer could not break by hitting- the wire, but would break by hitting the mandrel. Against this was the positive testimony of the plaintiff and Loewe that he struck the wire and not the mandrel when the chip flew; but the jury were not obliged to believe them in the face of the [624]*624experts who said that that could not result.
The instruction does not mean, that the plaintiff can not recover if the chip was caused to fly by striking the mandrel, unconnected with any idea of negligence on his part. There was some testimony tending to show that striking the mandrel was sometimes inevitable, and if that is so, then, even if the plaintiff struck the mandrel, but without negligence on his part and the chip resulted from a defect in the hammer which rendered it not reasonably safe, the plaintiff would not be precluded. And on the other hand, if the striking 'of the mandrel and the flying of the chip are sometimes accidents inevitable, without either negligence of the operator or defect in the implement, then the consequence is a risk of the employment, and it is damage without injury.
But under this instruction the jury are directed to find for the defendant if the hammer was a reasonably safe tool and the chip resulted from negligence in striking the mandrel. The court erred in refusing that instruction.
The defendant’s sixth instruction should have been refused because it does not refer to any act of the plaintiff which would constitute negligence, but authorized a verdict for defendant if the jury should find that the plaintiff was careless in any respect. An instruction should authorize a finding of negligence, only when it specifies the act which the jury is to find the party committed and which act constitutes negligence.
The only error we find in the record of which the appellant can complain is the refusal of its second instruction above mentioned. Eor this error the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded to the circuit court to be retried according ‘to the law as herein expressed.
Brace, P. J., and Marshall, J., concur; Robinson, J.,
is of the opinion that the judgment should be reversed without remanding.