Adams, J.
The Constitution enjoins upon the commissioners of the several counties the duty to exercise a general supervision and control of penal and charitable institutions, schools, roads, and bridges, of the levying of taxes, and of the finances of the counties, as prescribed by law. Constitution, Art. VII, sec. 2. After the adoption of the Constitution the Legislature conferred upon the counties, not only the functions of a corporate body, but certain statutory powers which could be exercised only by the commissioners, or in pursuance of a resolution approved by them. Among such powers are those of building, repairing, and keeping up bridges whether entirely in one county or over a stream dividing one county from another. C. S., 1297, (18), (20), (22) ; 3750, 3751, 3767. True, the powers conferred and the duties imposed on the commissioners by these and other statutes have in some instances been transferred to the board of road commissioners, or to the board of highway commissioners or other “bridge governing board” (C. S., 3778); but as distinguishable from a ministerial duty, these powers when exercised by the county commissioners under the general law involve judgment and discretion, which as a general rule the courts will not attempt to control.
Brodnax v. Groom,
64 N. C., 244;
Gleen v. Comrs.,
139 N. C., 413;
Davenport v. Board of Education,
183 N. C., 570;
Person v. Watts,
184 N. C., 499, 506;
Lee v. Waynesville, ibid.,
565;
Parks v. Comrs.,
186 N. C., 490.
The defendants say that the avowed purpose of the act is to take away their discretion, to deprive them of the right to exercise their judgment, and thus to destroy their jurisdiction over a matter of local self-government. In proof they cite the imperative language of the act: they “shall construct ... a bridge”; they “shall make contracts”; they “shall arbitrate their disagreements”; they “shall charge and collect tolls”; and “the credit of the counties is pledged.” In reply it may be said that a mandatory statute which shuts out the exercise of discretion is not for that reason in conflict with the Constitution. Counties are agencies of the State and in the exercise of governmental functions, unless directed or restrained by the organic law, are subject practically to the unlimited control of the Legislature.
S. v. Jennette,
190 N. C., 96.
In
Tate v. Commissioners,
122 N. C., 812, it is said that tbe legislative authority can direct them to do as a duty all such things as it can empower them to do; and in
Glenn v. Comrs., supra,
in reference to the building of a bridge: “If the Legislature had directed a bridge to be built and maintained in proper condition for public travel as a part of a public highway, and provided the money or directed that a special tax be levied for that purpose, we would not hesitate to direct the writ (of mandamus) to issue, commanding the board to discharge the imposed duty. The county, being an agency.of the State, and the commissioners being, in respect to the opening and maintaining of highways, state officers, may be compelled by mandamus to discharge such duty when no discretion is vested in them.”
McCormac v. Comrs.,
90 N. C., 441;
Harriss v. Wright,
121 N. C., 172;
Jones v. Comrs.,
137 N. C., 579;
Withers v. Comrs.,
163 N. C., 341. These decisions were rendered before the adoption of Art. II, sec. 29, and we are therefore face to face with the question whether the act of 1925,
supra,
is inconsistent with this provision of the Constitution.
This amendment went into effect 10 January, 1917.
Reade v. Durham,
173 N. C., 668;
Mills v. Comrs.,
175 N. C., 215. It provides that the General Assembly shall not pass any local, private, or special act relating to ferries or bridges; if therefore, the act in question is local, private, or special within the contemplation of this section it cannot be upheld. Our solution of the question may be worked out by reference to former decisions. In
Brown v. Comrs.,
173 N. C., 598, the plaintiffs sought to enjoin the defendants from issuing bonds and levying a tax “for road purposes in North Cove Township in McDowell County” on the ground that the act under which the defendants were proceeding was within the constitutional restriction; but the Court held that this restriction applies to direct legislation and not to the incidental operation of statutes, constitutional in themselves, upon subjects other than those with which they directly deal, and that as the direct legislation there was the bond issue the fact that the proceeds should be used for road purposes did not bring the act within the constitutional inhibition. Likewise in
Mills v. Comrs.,
175 N. C., 216, it was shown that the commissioners of Iredell County had been authorized by a public-local act to issue bonds in the sum of $40,000 “for the purpose of building bridges over the Catawba River jointly with the county of Catawba,” and the question was whether this act was in conflict with the constitutional amendment. It was held that there is nothing in the amendment which prohibits the Legislature from authorizing county commissioners to raise money by the issuance of bonds or by current taxation to enable them to cany out the measures necessary for the orderly government of their counties, and iñ consequence injunctive relief was denied. See, also,
Comrs. of Surry v. Trust Co.,
178 N. C., 170;
Davis v. Lenoir, ibid.,
668;
Comrs. v. Bank,
181 N. C., 347;
Emery v. Comrs, ibid.,
420;
Hill v. Comrs.,
190 N. C., 123. Tbe act construed in
Parvin v. Comrs.,
177 N. C., 508, was applicable to any county in tbe State and tbe proposed tax was intended for all tbe roads in a county (Public Laws 1917, ch. 284); and in
Honeycutt v. Comrs.,
182 N. C., 319, it was made to appear that tbe road commissioners bad tbe control and management of all tbeir public roads and bridges. There are other decisions in which bonds and tbe levy of a tax were sustained under acts construed to be permissive— tbeir primary object being tbe raising of revenue or other such purpose and not tbe direct and explicit legislation exhibited in tbe present appeal. Thus in
Martin County v. Trust Co.,
178 N. C., 26, 34, it is said that tbe object of tbe amendment was not to prohibit tbe Legislature from granting such permission in cases where under our Constitution legislative permission is necessary; and in
Comrs. v. Pruden, ibid.,
394, there is noted a distinction between tbe permissive power to issue bonds and tbe direct legislative authority to lay out, open, alter, or discontinue a particular road or highway.
None of these cases is finally decisive of tbe present appeal. As we have seen, tbe amendment prohibits tbe passage of any local, private, or special act relating to ferries or bridges. If we pass by tbe sale of tbe bonds and tbe levy of tbe tax, we are confronted with tbe question whether tbe legislative mandate in tbe first section of tbe act under consideration is local, private, or special.
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Adams, J.
The Constitution enjoins upon the commissioners of the several counties the duty to exercise a general supervision and control of penal and charitable institutions, schools, roads, and bridges, of the levying of taxes, and of the finances of the counties, as prescribed by law. Constitution, Art. VII, sec. 2. After the adoption of the Constitution the Legislature conferred upon the counties, not only the functions of a corporate body, but certain statutory powers which could be exercised only by the commissioners, or in pursuance of a resolution approved by them. Among such powers are those of building, repairing, and keeping up bridges whether entirely in one county or over a stream dividing one county from another. C. S., 1297, (18), (20), (22) ; 3750, 3751, 3767. True, the powers conferred and the duties imposed on the commissioners by these and other statutes have in some instances been transferred to the board of road commissioners, or to the board of highway commissioners or other “bridge governing board” (C. S., 3778); but as distinguishable from a ministerial duty, these powers when exercised by the county commissioners under the general law involve judgment and discretion, which as a general rule the courts will not attempt to control.
Brodnax v. Groom,
64 N. C., 244;
Gleen v. Comrs.,
139 N. C., 413;
Davenport v. Board of Education,
183 N. C., 570;
Person v. Watts,
184 N. C., 499, 506;
Lee v. Waynesville, ibid.,
565;
Parks v. Comrs.,
186 N. C., 490.
The defendants say that the avowed purpose of the act is to take away their discretion, to deprive them of the right to exercise their judgment, and thus to destroy their jurisdiction over a matter of local self-government. In proof they cite the imperative language of the act: they “shall construct ... a bridge”; they “shall make contracts”; they “shall arbitrate their disagreements”; they “shall charge and collect tolls”; and “the credit of the counties is pledged.” In reply it may be said that a mandatory statute which shuts out the exercise of discretion is not for that reason in conflict with the Constitution. Counties are agencies of the State and in the exercise of governmental functions, unless directed or restrained by the organic law, are subject practically to the unlimited control of the Legislature.
S. v. Jennette,
190 N. C., 96.
In
Tate v. Commissioners,
122 N. C., 812, it is said that tbe legislative authority can direct them to do as a duty all such things as it can empower them to do; and in
Glenn v. Comrs., supra,
in reference to the building of a bridge: “If the Legislature had directed a bridge to be built and maintained in proper condition for public travel as a part of a public highway, and provided the money or directed that a special tax be levied for that purpose, we would not hesitate to direct the writ (of mandamus) to issue, commanding the board to discharge the imposed duty. The county, being an agency.of the State, and the commissioners being, in respect to the opening and maintaining of highways, state officers, may be compelled by mandamus to discharge such duty when no discretion is vested in them.”
McCormac v. Comrs.,
90 N. C., 441;
Harriss v. Wright,
121 N. C., 172;
Jones v. Comrs.,
137 N. C., 579;
Withers v. Comrs.,
163 N. C., 341. These decisions were rendered before the adoption of Art. II, sec. 29, and we are therefore face to face with the question whether the act of 1925,
supra,
is inconsistent with this provision of the Constitution.
This amendment went into effect 10 January, 1917.
Reade v. Durham,
173 N. C., 668;
Mills v. Comrs.,
175 N. C., 215. It provides that the General Assembly shall not pass any local, private, or special act relating to ferries or bridges; if therefore, the act in question is local, private, or special within the contemplation of this section it cannot be upheld. Our solution of the question may be worked out by reference to former decisions. In
Brown v. Comrs.,
173 N. C., 598, the plaintiffs sought to enjoin the defendants from issuing bonds and levying a tax “for road purposes in North Cove Township in McDowell County” on the ground that the act under which the defendants were proceeding was within the constitutional restriction; but the Court held that this restriction applies to direct legislation and not to the incidental operation of statutes, constitutional in themselves, upon subjects other than those with which they directly deal, and that as the direct legislation there was the bond issue the fact that the proceeds should be used for road purposes did not bring the act within the constitutional inhibition. Likewise in
Mills v. Comrs.,
175 N. C., 216, it was shown that the commissioners of Iredell County had been authorized by a public-local act to issue bonds in the sum of $40,000 “for the purpose of building bridges over the Catawba River jointly with the county of Catawba,” and the question was whether this act was in conflict with the constitutional amendment. It was held that there is nothing in the amendment which prohibits the Legislature from authorizing county commissioners to raise money by the issuance of bonds or by current taxation to enable them to cany out the measures necessary for the orderly government of their counties, and iñ consequence injunctive relief was denied. See, also,
Comrs. of Surry v. Trust Co.,
178 N. C., 170;
Davis v. Lenoir, ibid.,
668;
Comrs. v. Bank,
181 N. C., 347;
Emery v. Comrs, ibid.,
420;
Hill v. Comrs.,
190 N. C., 123. Tbe act construed in
Parvin v. Comrs.,
177 N. C., 508, was applicable to any county in tbe State and tbe proposed tax was intended for all tbe roads in a county (Public Laws 1917, ch. 284); and in
Honeycutt v. Comrs.,
182 N. C., 319, it was made to appear that tbe road commissioners bad tbe control and management of all tbeir public roads and bridges. There are other decisions in which bonds and tbe levy of a tax were sustained under acts construed to be permissive— tbeir primary object being tbe raising of revenue or other such purpose and not tbe direct and explicit legislation exhibited in tbe present appeal. Thus in
Martin County v. Trust Co.,
178 N. C., 26, 34, it is said that tbe object of tbe amendment was not to prohibit tbe Legislature from granting such permission in cases where under our Constitution legislative permission is necessary; and in
Comrs. v. Pruden, ibid.,
394, there is noted a distinction between tbe permissive power to issue bonds and tbe direct legislative authority to lay out, open, alter, or discontinue a particular road or highway.
None of these cases is finally decisive of tbe present appeal. As we have seen, tbe amendment prohibits tbe passage of any local, private, or special act relating to ferries or bridges. If we pass by tbe sale of tbe bonds and tbe levy of tbe tax, we are confronted with tbe question whether tbe legislative mandate in tbe first section of tbe act under consideration is local, private, or special. Tbe language is: “The board of county commissioners of Yadkin County and tbe board of county commissioners of Surry County shall construct or cause to be constructed a serviceable and satisfactory bridge across tbe Yadkin River between Yadkin County and Surry County at Rockford at a cost not to exceed twenty-five thousand dollars.” In
Mills v. Comrs., supra,
it is said that tbe word “local” has received no fixed or generally recognized meaning and must be defined by reference to tbe context; that tbe General Assembly bad previously been urged many times to authorize a particular highway or to establish a bridge or ferry at a specified place by direct legislation; and that it was in reference to local, private, and special measures of this character that tbe amendment was adopted.
Mr. Justice Holmes
observed, “Tbe phrase ‘local law’ means, primarily, at least, a law that in fact, if not in form, is directed only to a specifio spot.”
Gray v. Taylor,
227 U. S., 51, 57 Law Ed., 413. Local Laws are special as to place, and special laws are those made for individual cases. Lewis Sutherland on Statutory Construction (2 ed.), sec. 199
et seq.; In re Harris,
183 N. C., 633;
Armstrong v. Comrs.,
185 N. C., 405. Tbe first section of tbe act before us commands tbe commissioners of Surry and Yadkin counties to construct one bridge across tbe Yadkin River at a place which is pointed out and particularly defined; it is
direct legislation addressed to tbe accomplishment of a single designated purpose at a “specific spot”; it is therefore a local and special act, and as such is expressly prohibited by Art. II, see. 29, of the Constitution. In further elucidation of this provision the following additional cases may be consulted:
Trustees v. Trust Co.,
181 N. C., 306;
Sechrist v. Comrs., ibid.,
511;
Robinson v. Comrs.,
182 N. C., 590;
Galloway v. Board of Education,
184 N. C., 245. The judgment is
Reversed.