Cosette Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. United States
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Opinion
In the United States Court of Federal Claims
COSETTE PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., No. 25-cv-279 Plaintiff, Filed Under Seal: October 31, 2025 v. Publication: November 17, THE UNITED STATES, 20251 Defendant.
Travis L. Mullaney of ArentFox Schiff LLP, Washington, D.C. argued for Plaintiff. With him on the briefs were Kevin Pinkney, Richard J. Webber, and Aida Al-Akhdar of ArentFox Schiff LLP, Washington, D.C.
Mikki Cottet of the United States Department of Justice, Civil Division, Washington, D.C. argued for Defendant. With her on the briefs were Yaakov M. Roth, Patricia M. McCarthy and William J. Grimaldi of the United States Department of Justice, Civil Division, Washington, D.C., and Jennifer Claypool and Jason Fragoso of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
This action is a bid protest concerning the Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA’s or
Government’s) efforts to procure prasugrel, a blood thinner used to reduce the risk of heart attacks
and strokes. In this case, the VA seeks to obtain a lower-cost, generic version of the drug because
the brand-name version of prasugrel—manufactured by Plaintiff Cosette Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(Cosette or Plaintiff)—is significantly more expensive. In procuring the drug, however, the VA
must comply with federal law which mandates, with discrete exceptions, that the drug be
1 This Memorandum and Order was filed under seal on October 31, 2025, in accordance with the Protective Order entered in this case. ECF No. 43. On November 14, 2025, the parties filed a Notice proposing redactions to the Memorandum and Order. ECF No. 45. The sealed and public versions of this Memorandum and Order are identical, except for some redactions, this footnote, and the addition of the publication date.
1 manufactured in the United States or certain approved countries. In particular, the Trade
Agreements Act of 1979, 19 U.S.C. §§ 2501 et seq., (TAA) constrains the agency’s choices. The
statute prohibits federal agencies from purchasing products manufactured in certain countries,
unless, as relevant to this action (i) no statutorily-compliant alternative is offered, or (ii) the
compliant alternatives are “insufficient” to fulfill the Government’s requirements. 19 U.S.C.
§ 2512(a)(2). Despite receiving a TAA-compliant offer from Cosette, which manufactures its
prasugrel in Germany,2 a compliant country under the TAA, the VA nevertheless awarded the
contract to Golden State Medical Supplies, Inc. (Golden State), which manufactures its generic
version of prasugrel in India, a non-compliant country under the TAA. Cosette challenges that
award here, contending that since it submitted the only TAA-compliant offer, the VA was bound
by law to (i) award Cosette the contract for the supply of prasugrel, (ii) procure the drug via the
current Federal Supply Schedule contract with Cosette, or (iii) cancel the Solicitation and procure
a generic form of prasugrel on the open market. In contrast, despite the TAA’s prohibition on
purchasing products manufactured in India, the VA contends that the award to Golden State is
nevertheless permissible under one of the TAA’s above-referenced statutory exceptions because
Cosette’s significantly higher price rendered its offer “insufficient to fulfill the requirements of the
United States Government.” See ECF No. 29 at 29 (Def. MJAR); 19 U.S.C. § 2512(a)(2)(B).
2 Cosette performs its final manufacturing in Germany, while its active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) comes from Japan. ECF No. 27 at 12 (Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record). Under the TAA’s definition, a product comes from the last country where “it has been substantially transformed.” 19 U.S.C. § 2518(4)(B). Cosette acknowledges that the manufacture of the API (rather than the final manufacture) has historically been the country of the last substantial transformation but argues that the place of final manufacture “may also be relevant.” ECF No. 27 at 12 n.1. As both Germany and Japan are TAA-compliant countries, the parties do not dispute that Cosette’s prasugrel is TAA-compliant. See ECF No. 29 at 15 (Defendant’s Cross- Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record).
2 Resolution of this dispute turns on whether an offer is “insufficient” under the TAA if it
would impose significantly greater expenses on the agency (i.e., Cosette’s offer) than would an
otherwise non-TAA-compliant alternative (i.e., Golden State’s offer). In urging the Court to rule
in its favor, the VA advances many policy rationales, many of them seemingly well-founded;
however, it is evident that Congress opted not to write such a “high price” exception into the plain
text of the TAA. However much the VA may prefer a lower price—and however laudable the
VA’s policy reasons to protect the public fisc may be—the agency is bound to the framework
Congress enacted. The VA must comply with the TAA when making its award decision, and this
Court is similarly bound to interpret laws as enacted by Congress, regardless of any compelling
policy rationales the VA advances to the contrary.
Accordingly, for the reasons described below, Cosette’s Motion for Judgment on the
Administrative Record (ECF No. 27) is GRANTED IN PART and the VA’s Cross-Motion for
Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 29) is DENIED IN PART.
BACKGROUND
I. Statutory and Regulatory Context
Two relevant statutes limit the Government’s ability to purchase goods originating abroad.
Acetris Health, LLC v. United States, 949 F.3d 719, 722-23 (Fed. Cir. 2020). The first, the Buy
American Act of 1933 (BAA), 41 U.S.C. §§ 8301-8305, was enacted during the Great Depression
“to create jobs for American workers and protect American industry.” United States v. Rule Indus.,
Inc., 878 F.2d 535, 538 (1st Cir. 1989). The BAA requires federal agencies to acquire “only
manufactured articles, materials, and supplies that have been manufactured in the United States,”
unless the head of the procuring agency determines that doing so would be inconsistent with the
3 public interest, would result in unreasonable cost,3 or that suitable domestic products are not
available in sufficient quantity or quality. 41 U.S.C. § 8302(a)(1).
As noted, this bid protest turns in large part on the construction and application of the
second statute, the Trade Agreements Act of 1979, 19 U.S.C. §§ 2501 et seq., and its implementing
regulations. The Trade Agreements Act of 1979 was enacted in part to implement the United
States’ commitments under international trade agreements, including the World Trade
Organization Government Procurement Agreement (WTO GPA)—a multilateral trade agreement
that requires signatory countries to open government procurement markets to one another on equal
and nondiscriminatory terms. 19 U.S.C.
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In the United States Court of Federal Claims
COSETTE PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., No. 25-cv-279 Plaintiff, Filed Under Seal: October 31, 2025 v. Publication: November 17, THE UNITED STATES, 20251 Defendant.
Travis L. Mullaney of ArentFox Schiff LLP, Washington, D.C. argued for Plaintiff. With him on the briefs were Kevin Pinkney, Richard J. Webber, and Aida Al-Akhdar of ArentFox Schiff LLP, Washington, D.C.
Mikki Cottet of the United States Department of Justice, Civil Division, Washington, D.C. argued for Defendant. With her on the briefs were Yaakov M. Roth, Patricia M. McCarthy and William J. Grimaldi of the United States Department of Justice, Civil Division, Washington, D.C., and Jennifer Claypool and Jason Fragoso of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
This action is a bid protest concerning the Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA’s or
Government’s) efforts to procure prasugrel, a blood thinner used to reduce the risk of heart attacks
and strokes. In this case, the VA seeks to obtain a lower-cost, generic version of the drug because
the brand-name version of prasugrel—manufactured by Plaintiff Cosette Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(Cosette or Plaintiff)—is significantly more expensive. In procuring the drug, however, the VA
must comply with federal law which mandates, with discrete exceptions, that the drug be
1 This Memorandum and Order was filed under seal on October 31, 2025, in accordance with the Protective Order entered in this case. ECF No. 43. On November 14, 2025, the parties filed a Notice proposing redactions to the Memorandum and Order. ECF No. 45. The sealed and public versions of this Memorandum and Order are identical, except for some redactions, this footnote, and the addition of the publication date.
1 manufactured in the United States or certain approved countries. In particular, the Trade
Agreements Act of 1979, 19 U.S.C. §§ 2501 et seq., (TAA) constrains the agency’s choices. The
statute prohibits federal agencies from purchasing products manufactured in certain countries,
unless, as relevant to this action (i) no statutorily-compliant alternative is offered, or (ii) the
compliant alternatives are “insufficient” to fulfill the Government’s requirements. 19 U.S.C.
§ 2512(a)(2). Despite receiving a TAA-compliant offer from Cosette, which manufactures its
prasugrel in Germany,2 a compliant country under the TAA, the VA nevertheless awarded the
contract to Golden State Medical Supplies, Inc. (Golden State), which manufactures its generic
version of prasugrel in India, a non-compliant country under the TAA. Cosette challenges that
award here, contending that since it submitted the only TAA-compliant offer, the VA was bound
by law to (i) award Cosette the contract for the supply of prasugrel, (ii) procure the drug via the
current Federal Supply Schedule contract with Cosette, or (iii) cancel the Solicitation and procure
a generic form of prasugrel on the open market. In contrast, despite the TAA’s prohibition on
purchasing products manufactured in India, the VA contends that the award to Golden State is
nevertheless permissible under one of the TAA’s above-referenced statutory exceptions because
Cosette’s significantly higher price rendered its offer “insufficient to fulfill the requirements of the
United States Government.” See ECF No. 29 at 29 (Def. MJAR); 19 U.S.C. § 2512(a)(2)(B).
2 Cosette performs its final manufacturing in Germany, while its active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) comes from Japan. ECF No. 27 at 12 (Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record). Under the TAA’s definition, a product comes from the last country where “it has been substantially transformed.” 19 U.S.C. § 2518(4)(B). Cosette acknowledges that the manufacture of the API (rather than the final manufacture) has historically been the country of the last substantial transformation but argues that the place of final manufacture “may also be relevant.” ECF No. 27 at 12 n.1. As both Germany and Japan are TAA-compliant countries, the parties do not dispute that Cosette’s prasugrel is TAA-compliant. See ECF No. 29 at 15 (Defendant’s Cross- Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record).
2 Resolution of this dispute turns on whether an offer is “insufficient” under the TAA if it
would impose significantly greater expenses on the agency (i.e., Cosette’s offer) than would an
otherwise non-TAA-compliant alternative (i.e., Golden State’s offer). In urging the Court to rule
in its favor, the VA advances many policy rationales, many of them seemingly well-founded;
however, it is evident that Congress opted not to write such a “high price” exception into the plain
text of the TAA. However much the VA may prefer a lower price—and however laudable the
VA’s policy reasons to protect the public fisc may be—the agency is bound to the framework
Congress enacted. The VA must comply with the TAA when making its award decision, and this
Court is similarly bound to interpret laws as enacted by Congress, regardless of any compelling
policy rationales the VA advances to the contrary.
Accordingly, for the reasons described below, Cosette’s Motion for Judgment on the
Administrative Record (ECF No. 27) is GRANTED IN PART and the VA’s Cross-Motion for
Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 29) is DENIED IN PART.
BACKGROUND
I. Statutory and Regulatory Context
Two relevant statutes limit the Government’s ability to purchase goods originating abroad.
Acetris Health, LLC v. United States, 949 F.3d 719, 722-23 (Fed. Cir. 2020). The first, the Buy
American Act of 1933 (BAA), 41 U.S.C. §§ 8301-8305, was enacted during the Great Depression
“to create jobs for American workers and protect American industry.” United States v. Rule Indus.,
Inc., 878 F.2d 535, 538 (1st Cir. 1989). The BAA requires federal agencies to acquire “only
manufactured articles, materials, and supplies that have been manufactured in the United States,”
unless the head of the procuring agency determines that doing so would be inconsistent with the
3 public interest, would result in unreasonable cost,3 or that suitable domestic products are not
available in sufficient quantity or quality. 41 U.S.C. § 8302(a)(1).
As noted, this bid protest turns in large part on the construction and application of the
second statute, the Trade Agreements Act of 1979, 19 U.S.C. §§ 2501 et seq., and its implementing
regulations. The Trade Agreements Act of 1979 was enacted in part to implement the United
States’ commitments under international trade agreements, including the World Trade
Organization Government Procurement Agreement (WTO GPA)—a multilateral trade agreement
that requires signatory countries to open government procurement markets to one another on equal
and nondiscriminatory terms. 19 U.S.C. § 2502. The WTO GPA prohibits its signatories from
discriminating against goods and suppliers from other signatory countries, meaning that foreign-
country signatories may not discriminate against American-made products, and the United States
may not discriminate against products originating in those countries. The text of the TAA
describes two purposes: first, “to provide appropriate reciprocal government procurement
opportunities to United States products and suppliers,”; and second, to “encourage additional
countries to become parties to” the agreement. 19 U.S.C. § 2512(a)(1). To achieve the first aim,
the TAA authorizes the President to waive the BAA’s domestic preference requirements for
procurements covered by the WTO GPA, thereby allowing agencies to consider offers from
designated countries4 on equal terms with U.S.-made products. Id. To accomplish the second
3 FAR 25.106 sets forth mechanical rules to define an “unreasonable cost” for domestic end products under the BAA. Under FAR 25.106(b)(1), when the restrictions of the BAA apply, and the domestic offer is not the low offer, then the contracting officer adds either 20% or 30% to the price of the non-domestic low offer. If the price of the domestic offer remains higher than the adjusted low offer, then the domestic offer is deemed unreasonable. Id. 4 While signatories to the WTO GPA form the core of designated countries, the set of TAA- compliant countries also includes: parties to the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, non- major-industrial countries that do not discriminate against American-made products in government
4 objective, the TAA imposes a strict limitation: for procurements covered by the WTO GPA,
agencies may only acquire products from the United States or a designated country. 19 U.S.C.
§ 2512(a)(1)(A). In other words, Congress barred agencies from purchasing goods from non-
designated countries to incentivize other countries to join the WTO GPA or to otherwise open their
procurement markets to U.S. suppliers. This prohibition applies unless one of two statutory
exceptions is satisfied: (i) there are no offers of a U.S.-made or designated country product; or (ii)
such offers are “insufficient to fulfill the requirements of the United States Government.”5 19
U.S.C. § 2512(a)(2). Significantly, unlike the BAA, the TAA contains no explicit exception based
on price. Compare 41 U.S.C. § 8302(a)(1) (BAA), with 19 U.S.C. § 2512(a)(2) (TAA).
The Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) subpart 25.4 implements the TAA. For
acquisitions covered by the WTO GPA, FAR 25.403(c)(1) directs contracting officers to “acquire
only U.S.-made or designated country end products,” unless offers for such products are “either
not received or are insufficient to fulfill the requirements.” FAR 25.403(c)(1) (emphasis added).
Thus, if a government procurement is covered by the WTO GPA, an agency may award the
contract to an otherwise non-TAA-compliant offeror only if one of those two exceptions applies.
procurement, and least developed countries. 19 U.S.C. § 2511(b); FAR 25.400(a). There are currently over 120 designated countries under the TAA. See FAR 25.003. For purposes of this Memorandum and Order, the Court references offers of products from designated countries as “TAA-compliant” offers and offers of products from non-designated countries as “non-TAA- compliant” offers. 5 In addition, the TAA permits agency heads, subject to interagency review, to waive the prohibition on a case-by-case basis when doing so is in the national interest. 19 U.S.C. § 2512(b)(2). No waiver has occurred related to the present action. See, e.g., AR 892 (citing exception to TAA, rather than waiver, as authority).
5 II. The VA’s Need for Prasugrel
Prasugrel is a medication used as a blood thinner to lower the risk of heart attacks and
strokes. The drug comes in both a branded form under the name Effient, and a generic form.
Administrative Record (AR) 299, 302. Currently, the brand name drug is available to the VA
under a Federal Supply Schedule (FSS) contract with Cosette, and generic versions are available
on an open market basis. AR 20. However, the VA contends that supply through those
mechanisms is not guaranteed, and prices may vary over time. Id. Accordingly, the VA seeks to
procure prasugrel via a national standardization contract to ensure the consistent availability of the
medicine for nationwide usage and to obtain volume-based, committed-use pricing. AR 20, 41.
Such a contract would establish the price for prasugrel products, which the VA anticipates will be
ordered and distributed to the VA, the Department of Defense, the Indian Health Service, the
Bureau of Prisons, and other federal agencies. AR 41.
III. The VA’s Solicitation
The VA issued the Solicitation for the procurement of prasugrel in 10-mg and 5-mg forms
on September 17, 2024, with offers due on October 8, 2024. AR 35, 117. The Solicitation called
for a firm fixed price, indefinite-delivery requirements contract requiring prasugrel tablets to be
delivered across one base year and four option years. AR 43, 97. The Solicitation estimated annual
quantities of 80,262 bottles of 10-mg tablets and 4,724 bottles of 5-mg tablets. AR 36–37. The
VA would evaluate proposals under FAR Parts 12, 15, and 25, with the award going to the offeror
that submitted the lowest evaluated price meeting the Solicitation’s requirements.6 AR 40, 98, 99.
6 Specifically, the Solicitation established five criteria offers must meet to be considered technically acceptable: (i) the offered items must fully meet the product description, (ii) the National Drug Code number of each product must be unique to the offeror, (iii) the offered drugs must be FDA-approved, (iv) the places of performance must be FDA cGMP acceptable for the
6 Under the Solicitation, offers of U.S.-made or designated-country end products would be
evaluated “without regard to the restrictions of the Buy American statute.” AR 97. Next, the
Solicitation incorporated the TAA’s restrictions, stating that the “Government will consider for
award only offers of U.S.-made or designated country end products unless the Contracting Officer
(CO) determines that there are no offers for such products or that the offers for those products are
insufficient to fulfill the requirements of this solicitation.” AR 97. To implement these provisions,
the Solicitation required offerors to submit a Trade Agreements Certificate, certifying that each
end product was U.S.-made, manufactured in a TAA-designated country, or otherwise identifying
each end product and its country of origin. AR 108, 153.
IV. The Award Process
A. The Offers
The VA received six proposals in response to the Solicitation, and the contracting officer
(CO) determined it necessary to enter into discussions with all six offerors.7 AR 895, 901, 1028.
During its discussion with Cosette on October 29, 2024, the VA “reminded Cosette that the
Government can only award contracts with prices that have been determined to be fair and
reasonable” per FAR 15.404-1(b) and suggested that Cosette’s current pricing may not be
considered fair and reasonable. AR 746, 895, 910. The Government concluded all discussions on
October 29, 2024, and requested that the offerors submit their best and final pricing in their final
proposal revisions by November 4, 2024. AR 895. Cosette submitted a final proposal revision
product type offered, and (v) the manufacturing facility must have clearance by the FDA to manufacture under the specific NDA/ANDA/BLA cited/used in the offer. AR 99. 7 The six companies include: Golden State, Cosette, . See generally AR 118-738
7 but did not alter its proposed pricing. Id. Five offerors remained after submission of the final
proposal revisions.8
Of the five remaining offerors, Cosette alone offered to supply a TAA-compliant product.
AR 890. Cosette’s prasugrel is manufactured in Germany and has an active pharmaceutical
ingredient from Japan, both designated countries under the TAA. AR 301; FAR 25.003. Notably
for the present protest, the other four offerors offered to supply prasugrel from India, which is not
a TAA-compliant country. See FAR 25.003.
Also important to the present protest, Cosette’s prices were dramatically higher than the
other offers, as demonstrated in the following table:
Offeror Unit Price Unit Price Annual Price Total Price (base for 10MG for 5MG year plus four option years) Golden State
Cosette Independent $7.49 $6.49 $631,821.14 $3,159,105.70 Government Cost Estimate (IGCE) Procurement on the $21.26 $21.50 $1,807,936.12 $9,039,680.60 Open Market9
AR 875, 877, 880, 894.
8 The VA rejected Shams Al-Warith’s submission as untimely. AR 911. 9 As noted, the Government may procure prasugrel via several methods. First, it can order the drug via an FSS contract, which in this case would mean the VA would order the drug from Cosette at a price similar to Cosette’s offer. AR 5 (stating FSS prices of $336.33 and $336.51 for 10mg and 5mg packages from Cosette, respectively). Second, it can award a national contract to procure the drug, as it seeks to do via the present Solicitation. Third, it can procure prasugrel via the open market through the McKesson Connect database, which is the VA’s vendor for open market purchases. AR 20. The VA used the prices listed in the McKesson Connect to arrive at an open market pricing figure. AR 913.
8 Not only was Cosette’s price markedly higher than the other offers, but it was also orders
of magnitude higher than both the IGCE price and the price of procurement on the open market.
Cosette contends there is such a significant price discrepancy because Cosette offered a branded
version of prasugrel while the others offered a generic version.10 AR 893, 889.
B. The Competitive Range Determination
On November 12, 2024, the contracting officer (CO) made a competitive range
determination after evaluating the final revised proposals for the five remaining offerors. AR 911.
The Determination states that a competitive range was necessary “[d]ue to the urgent need to award
a contract” for prasugrel. AR 1030. The CO determined that the four offers besides Cosette
represented the “lowest priced proposals . . . in a similar range,” and excluded Cosette from the
competitive range. AR 1029–30. Specifically, the CO found that the difference between the
lowest price and the fourth lowest price offer was , while the difference between the
fourth lowest price and the fifth lowest price offer (Cosette) was . AR 1029.
According to the VA, such an extraordinary pricing gap was “too significant to warrant keeping”
Cosette’s offer in the competitive range. Id. With Cosette excluded, only four proposals remained,
none of which offered TAA-compliant products. On November 26, 2024, Cosette received a letter
notifying it of its exclusion. AR 868–90.
C. The Non-Availability Determination
On December 20, 2024, prior to awarding the contract, the VA issued a “Determination of
Non-Availability.” AR 887. The Determination acknowledges that if a TAA-compliant,
10 The Government determined that the therapeutic factor between a branded version of prasugrel and the different versions of the generics is the same. AR 13. Accordingly, apart from price, it is of no relevance to the present dispute that Cosette offered the branded version of prasugrel. Id.
9 technically acceptable offer is received, the agency must award to that offeror. AR 890. However,
the Determination stated that the VA did not include Cosette’s offer—the only TAA-compliant
offer—in the competitive range because its pricing was significantly higher than the other offers.
Id. Therefore, according to the VA, the agency did not receive a “competitively priced” TAA-
compliant offer in response to the Solicitation, thus permitting the VA to make the award to a non-
TAA-compliant offeror. AR 891. Despite referencing the concept of a fair and reasonable price,
the Non-Availability Determination did not expressly state that Cosette’s prices were unfair or
unreasonable. See AR 887–891.
D. The Source Selection Determination
The VA evaluated the remaining four proposals. AR 912. First, it assessed the proposals’
technical acceptability, rejecting one offeror, Success Storage, for not meeting the Solicitation
requirements. Id. Three offerors remained. Of those three offerors, Golden State offered the
lowest price at $2,445,241.70. See AR 913. As the lowest priced technically acceptable offer,
Golden State was the presumptive awardee. Before making the award, the VA analyzed whether
Golden State’s offer was a fair and reasonable price. See AR 914. The VA compared Golden
State’s price to (i) the other offers, (ii) the prices for procuring prasugrel on FSS and open market,
and (iii) the IGCE, which tracked the prices historically paid for the drug. AR 914. As Golden
State’s prices were significantly lower than its comparators, the VA found that Golden State’s
prices were fair and reasonable. Id. Accordingly, on January 27, 2025, the VA made its award to
Golden State.11 AR 919.
11 Cosette wrote the VA on January 24, 2025, after the Source Selection Determination, raising concerns that the VA had disregarded evidence that the other offerors were providing non-TAA- compliant products. AR 1014, 1017–18. The VA responded to Cosette that the VA had addressed and considered all of Cosette’s concerns during source selection. AR 1024.
10 V. Procedural History
Two weeks later, on February 14, 2025, Cosette filed its Complaint challenging the VA’s
award to Golden State.12 ECF No.1 (Complaint or Compl.). On March 10, 2025, pursuant to this
Court’s Scheduling Order, the VA made the AR available for review.13 ECF No. 19 (Scheduling
Order, dated Nov. 22, 2024); ECF No. 20 (Notice). The VA subsequently amended the AR on
May 1, 2025 to add two additional documents. See ECF No. 32. On March 28, 2025, Plaintiff
filed its Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record (MJAR)14 and Defendant filed its
MJAR and Response to Plaintiff’s MJAR on April 22, 2025.15 On May 13, 2025, Plaintiff filed
its Response and Reply16 and Defendant filed its Reply on May 27, 2025.17 On June 25, 2025, the
Court conducted oral argument. See Transcript, dated June 25, 2025 (ECF No. 41) (OA Tr.).
Accordingly, the parties’ Cross-MJARs are fully briefed and ripe for review.18
12 Golden State did not move to intervene in this action. 13 The Government agreed to voluntarily stay performance until November 2, 2025. ECF No. 39. 14 Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 27) (Pl. MJAR). 15 Defendant’s Cross-Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record and Response in Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 29) (Def. MJAR). 16 Plaintiff’s Response in Opposition to Defendant’s Cross-motion For Judgment on the Administrative Record and Reply in Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 33) (Pl. Resp.). 17 Reply to Plaintiff’s Response in Opposition to Defendant’s Cross-Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 34) (Def. Reply). 18 On August 22, 2025, Cosette filed an unopposed motion for the Court to take judicial notice of a recent Court of Federal Claims decision, Davinci Co., LLC v. United States, No. 24-1238, 2025 WL 2254550, at *1 (Fed. Cl. July 31, 2025). ECF No. 42. The Court grants this motion.
11 APPLICABLE LEGAL STANDARDS
The Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1), as amended by the Administrative Dispute
Resolution Act of 1996, provides this Court with jurisdiction over bid protests. See Eco Tour
Adventures, Inc. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. 6, 41 (2013) (“In [enacting the ADRA], Congress .
. . provided this court with a new, and independent, basis for bid protest jurisdiction[.]”). This
Court reviews post-award bid protests in two steps. First, the Court analyzes the procurement
under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) standard to determine whether the Agency “acted
without rational basis or contrary to law when evaluating the bids and awarding the contract.”
Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2005); 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4); see
Oak Grove Techs., LLC v. United States, 116 F.4th 1364, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2024). Second, the Court
considers whether the alleged errors prejudiced the protestor. DynCorp Int’l, LLC v. United States,
10 F.4th 1300, 1308 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (citing Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1351).
At the first step, the APA requires a reviewing court to determine whether an agency’s
action was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.”
5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); see Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281,
284 (1974). Thus, to prevail in a post-award bid protest, a plaintiff must demonstrate that “(1) ‘the
procurement official’s decision lacked a rational basis’ or (2) ‘the procurement procedure involved
a violation of regulation or procedure.’” DynCorp, 10 F.4th at 1308 (quoting WellPoint Mil. Care
Corp. v. United States, 953 F.3d 1373, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2020)). When a disappointed bidder alleges
a violation of regulation or procedure, the Court reviews whether there was “a clear and prejudicial
violation of applicable statutes or regulations.” Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v.
United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (quoting Kentron Hawaii, Ltd v. Warner, 480
F.2d 1166, 1169 (D.C. Cir. 1973)). When a bidder alleges that the procurement official’s decision
lacked a rational basis, the Court reviews “whether the contracting agency provided a coherent and
12 reasonable explanation of its exercise of discretion.” Dell Fed. Sys., L.P. v. United States, 906
F.3d 982, 992 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (quoting Banknote Corp. of Am., Inc. v. United States, 365 F.3d
1345, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2004)).
At step two, this Court evaluates the factual question of prejudice. Sys. Stud. & Simulation,
Inc. v. United States, 22 F.4th 994, 998 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (citing WellPoint Mil., 953 F.3d at 1377).
A protestor establishes prejudice by showing “that there was a ‘substantial chance’ it would have
received the contract award but for that error.” Sys. Stud. & Simulation, 22 F.4th at 998 (quoting
Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1353). In other words, the disappointed bidder must have been “within the
zone of active consideration.” Colonial Press Int’l, Inc. v. United States, 788 F.3d 1350, 1355
(Fed. Cir. 2015) (quoting Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102 F.3d 1577, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1996));
see C.A.C.I., Inc.-Fed. v. United States, 719 F.2d 1567, 1574–75 (Fed. Cir. 1983).
In the Court of Federal Claims, bid protests are adjudicated under Rule 52.1(c), which
provides an expedited trial on a “paper record, allowing fact-finding by the trial court.” Rule
52.1(c) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (Rule(s)); Bannum, 404 F.3d at
1356 (referencing Rule 56.1, which was replaced by Rule 52.1(c)). Unlike at summary judgment,
genuine disputes of material fact do not preclude the Court from granting a motion for judgment
on the administrative record. Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1357. This Court is empowered to provide any
relief, including declaratory or injunctive relief, that it deems proper. 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(2); Oak
Grove, 116 F.4th at 1375.
DISCUSSION
Both parties agree that the TAA, its implementing regulations, and the Solicitation
generally bar the VA from awarding a contract to a non-TAA-compliant source. Pl. MJAR at
15–16; Def. MJAR at 19–20. Despite receiving a TAA-compliant offer from Cosette, however,
the VA awarded the contract to Golden State, which did not submit a TAA-compliant offer.
13 Cosette contends such an award was unlawful, because applicable law required the VA to award
to a TAA-compliant source, leaving only Cosette eligible. Compl. ¶¶ 54–58; Pl. MJAR at 17.
Cosette notes that apart from the Solicitation, the Government can also lawfully obtain the drug
via the FSS contract or on the open market. Pl. MJAR at 36. Defendant contends that the award
was permissible because the VA deemed Cosette’s price not fair and reasonable, as it was
substantially higher than the non-TAA-compliant offers. Def. MJAR at 19–21. Cosette counters
that such a price comparison was legally improper and, in any event, that its price was fair and
reasonable as a matter of law. Pl. Resp. at 18–22.
As detailed below, the Court begins its analysis with the text and structure of the TAA
and concludes that the TAA does not permit Cosette’s exclusion for price unreasonableness based
on comparisons to non-TAA-compliant offerors, even within a competitive range determination.
Next, the Court examines FAR 25.502 and concludes that it does not disturb the Court’s
interpretation of the statute. The Court further finds that the establishment of a competitive range
was arbitrary and capricious. Finally, the Court rejects Cosette’s argument that, as the remaining
TAA-compliant offer, the VA must deem Cosette’s exorbitant offer price fair and reasonable as
a matter of law.
I. The VA’s Determination Was Contrary to the TAA
The Supreme Court has made clear that courts must “exercise their independent judgment
in deciding whether an agency has acted within its statutory authority” and “may not defer to an
agency interpretation of the law simply because a statute is ambiguous.” Loper Bright Enters. v.
Raimondo, 603 U.S. 369, 412–13 (2024). To be sure, in some cases “the statute’s meaning may
well be that the agency is authorized to exercise a degree of discretion,” when, for instance, the
statute leaves the agency “with flexibility.” Id. at 394–95 (quoting Michigan v. EPA, 576 U.S.
14 743, 752 (2015)). However, even in those cases, “the role of the reviewing court under the APA
is, as always, to independently interpret the statute and effectuate the will of Congress subject to
constitutional limits.” Id. “The court fulfills that role by recognizing constitutional delegations,
‘fixing the boundaries of the delegated authority,’ . . . and ensuring the agency has engaged in
‘reasoned decisionmaking’ within those boundaries.” Id. (citation modified). Thus, while the
phrase “insufficient to fulfill the requirements of the United States Government” leaves the VA
flexibility to define its operational needs, whether the TAA prohibits the VA from defining
“insufficient” via a comparison to non-TAA-compliant offers is a legal question for the Court to
resolve.
A. The VA’s Price Reasonableness Determination Does Not Fall Under the TAA’s Exception for Insufficiency
The parties agree that the TAA governs this procurement and generally prohibits the
Government from awarding contracts to non-TAA-compliant sources. See Def. MJAR at 20; Pl.
MJAR at 7. Despite receiving a TAA-compliant offer from Cosette, however, the VA awarded
the contract to Golden State, which provided a non-TAA-compliant offer. Defendant contends
that this award was nonetheless permissible under the TAA’s second exception,19 which permits
an award to a non-compliant offeror when a TAA-compliant offer is “insufficient to fulfill the
19 In its briefing, Defendant states that the TAA is not a categorical bar to awarding a contract to a non-TAA-compliant offeror because the TAA contains two exceptions. Def. MJAR at 20; Def. Reply at 11. Defendant did not point to which exception it believed the procurement fell into. When asked at oral argument, Defendant conceded that the first exception was inapplicable because Cosette’s offer was received by the VA and FAR 25.403(c)—the applicable implementing rule—describes the first exception as applying when no TAA-compliant offers are “received,” and thus the second exception was the relevant one. See OA Tr. 43:15–44:7. The AR further confirms that Cosette’s TAA-compliant offer was received. See e.g., AR at 889 (“Six offers were received; one of which (from [Cosette]) contained U.S.-made products.”); AR 896 (listing Cosette’s final proposal revision as having been “received”).
15 requirements of the United States Government.” 19 U.S.C. § 2512(a)(2). According to Defendant,
Cosette’s offer was insufficient because its price was not “fair and reasonable,” and it is a
requirement of the Government to only award a contract to an offeror whose price is fair and
reasonable.20 See Def. MJAR at 21, 25 (citing FAR 15.402). However, the VA’s determination21
that Cosette’s price was not fair and reasonable rested on a comparison between Cosette’s TAA-
compliant offer and non-TAA-compliant sources.22 See AR 890, 1029. Cosette argues that, under
the TAA, an offeror’s price cannot be deemed unreasonable—and therefore insufficient—based
on such a comparison to non-TAA-compliant offers, characterizing it as an “apples-to-oranges”
analysis. See Pl. MJAR at 18–19; OA Tr. 10:14–18. Defendant does not directly engage with this
point and instead side-steps the issue by insisting that the CO properly applied the FAR in finding
Cosette’s price unreasonable. See Def. MJAR at 25–26.
The Court agrees with Cosette. As explained further below, the TAA does not permit an
agency to declare a TAA-compliant offer “insufficient to fulfill the requirements of the United
States” simply because its price compares unfavorably to non-TAA-compliant alternatives.23
20 Cosette does not dispute that the VA may evaluate its price for reasonableness; it argues instead that the VA erred by performing that analysis before excluding non-TAA-compliant offers. See Pl. MJAR at 18–19. 21 It is unclear from the record if such a determination was in fact made. See infra, n.27. 22 In the Administrative Record, the CO compares Cosette’s price to the prices of the other, non- TAA compliant offerors. AR 1029. He also compares Cosette’s price to the ICGE. Id. The VA based its IGCE, however, on Golden State’s incumbent contract price and as such both comparisons rely on the price of non-TAA-compliant products. AR 888. 23 To be clear, the Court does not hold that agencies are barred from conducting price reasonableness analyses of TAA-compliant offers. It holds only that if a TAA-compliant offer’s price is deemed unreasonable by comparison to non-TAA prices, that determination alone cannot render the offer “insufficient” under the TAA.
16 Absent some other independent basis for insufficiency, the statute’s prohibition on awarding to a
non-TAA-compliant offer remained in force, and the VA’s award here contravened that bar.
In determining this question, the Court must begin with the text of the statute. See Jimenez
v. Quarterman, 555 U.S. 113, 118 (2009); Lamie v. United States Tr., 540 U.S. 526, 534 (2004);
Strategic Hous. Fin. Corp. of Travis Cty. v. United States, 608 F.3d 1317, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2010).
“If the statutory language is plain, [the Court] must enforce it according to its terms.” King v.
Burwell, 576 U.S. 473, 474 (2015). When considering whether the language is plain, “[the Court]
must read the words in their context and with a view to their place in the overall statutory scheme.”
Id. (quotations omitted); see also West Virginia v. Env’t Prot. Agency, 597 U.S. 697, 721 (2022).
Text and structure point to a clear answer. “The meaning of statutory language is
determined by reference to the language itself, the specific context in which that language is used,
and the broader context of the statute as a whole.”). Syngenta Crop Prot., LLC v. Willowood, LLC,
944 F.3d 1344, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (internal quotations omitted). That context “always includes
evident purpose,” which “always includes effectiveness.” Transpacific Steel LLC v. United States,
4 F.4th 1306, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (quoting A. Scalia & B. Garner, Reading Law: The
Interpretation of Legal Texts § 4, at 63 (2012)). The TAA’s express aim is to “encourage
additional countries to become parties to” the WTO GPA; Congress pursued that aim by imposing
a categorical bar on the procurement of non-TAA-compliant products. 19 U.S.C. § 2512(a)(1).
That prohibition has bite precisely when non-compliant offers appear cheaper or more attractive
than compliant ones, because those are the circumstances in which the temptation to procure non-
compliant offers would otherwise arise. Necessarily, such a prohibition will sometimes require
the Government to accept a worse financial deal than would be available if the TAA did not exist.
However, Congress accepted that tradeoff in service of broader market-access objectives, and it is
17 not for the Court to revisit that policy choice. See Rodriguez v. United States, 480 U.S. 522, 526
(1987) (per curiam) (“Deciding what competing values will or will not be sacrificed to the
achievement of a particular objective is the very essence of legislative choice.”).
Congress paired the bar with two exceptions, one of which arises when TAA-compliant
offers “are insufficient to fulfill the requirements of the United States Government.” 19 U.S.C.
§ 2512(a)(2)(B). By its terms, Section 2512(a)(2)(B) does not apply if a TAA-compliant offer
fulfills the requirements. The plain language does not invite a comparison against non-TAA-
compliant proposals, which would allow a buyer to avoid Section 2512(a)(1)’s prohibition
whenever non-compliant products cost less. If Congress had meant to permit that kind of analysis,
it knew how to say so: in fact, Congress created just that structure in the BAA’s express cost
exception, allowing agencies to bypass the BAA’s preference when domestic products are too
expensive. See 41 U.S.C. § 8302(a)(1); supra n.3. By contrast, the TAA, which directly relates
to the BAA, contains no such carveout. See FAR 25.402(a)(1) (indicating that “[t]he Trade
Agreements Act . . . provides the authority for the President to waive the Buy American statute).
Instead, in designing the TAA, Congress paired its categorical prohibition with a narrower,
requirement-focused exception. See Caddell v. Dep’t of Just., 96 F.3d 1367, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 1996)
(“Congress easily could have” drafted the statute to include certain language, and the court would
not read into the statute what Congress chose to omit); see also A. Scalia & B. Garner, Reading
Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts § 8 at 93 (2012) (courts should not “elaborate unprovided-
for exceptions to a text . . . ‘If the Congress had intended to provide additional exceptions, it would
have done so in clear language’”) (citing Petteys v. Butler, 367 F.2d 528, 538 (8th Cir. 1966)
(Blackmun, J., dissenting)). Thus, a TAA-compliant offer is not rendered insufficient under the
statute merely because it carries a higher price than non-TAA-compliant offers.
18 Defendant nonetheless argues that it properly determined that Cosette’s price was
insufficient by recasting its actions as a price reasonableness determination. Def. MJAR at 20–21.
Defendant asserts that, as FAR 15.402(a) directs agencies not to pay more than a fair and
reasonable price, the VA’s comparison of Cosette’s price to non-TAA prices simply applied the
TAA’s “insufficient” exception, rather than creating a new one. Def. MJAR at 25; OA Tr. 43:24–
44:6. The problem is not that the agency followed the direction to determine price reasonableness,
but that the determination compared TAA-compliant against non-TAA-compliant offers. By
Defendant’s standard, any time a TAA-compliant offer is less attractive than a non-TAA-
compliant one, the agency could simply relabel that disadvantage as a “failure to fulfill the
requirements,” and thereby circumvent the statutory prohibition. This recasting of the statute
would allow the “sufficiency” of a TAA-compliant offer to hinge on the relative attractiveness of
non-TAA-compliant offers and reintroduce competition from which Congress had deliberately
shielded TAA-compliant offers.
At bottom, using FAR 15.402 to expand the term “insufficiency” in the TAA would result
in the exception consuming the rule. The prohibition against procuring non-TAA-compliant
products matters most when non-TAA-compliant offers look better in terms of price or features
than TAA-compliant ones; those are the very moments when the bar is meant to apply. To allow
agencies to reintroduce those disfavored offers as the benchmark of sufficiency would mean the
statute’s prohibition collapses precisely when it is intended to be strongest, contrary to the “plain
logic” of the statute.24 See Env’t Prot. Agency v. EME Homer City Generation, L.P., 572 U.S.
24 While not precedential, the Court notes that multiple GAO decisions reinforce the same rule against distorted benchmarks. For example, the GAO has repeatedly held that when conducting price-reasonableness analyses, agencies may not rely on prices skewed by unacceptable or ineligible offers. See Lifecycle Constr. Servs., LLC, B-406907, 2012 WL 5194140, at *6 (Comp. Gen. Sept. 27, 2012); Kilda Grp., LLC, B-409144, 2014 WL 1338281, at *4 (Comp. Gen. Jan. 29,
19 489, 525 (2014) (Scalia, J., dissenting). That is the definition of an exception swallowing the rule,
a result Congress “is unlikely to intend.” Env’t Prot. Agency v. Calumet Shreveport Ref., 145 S.
Ct. 1735, 1751 (2025); Smith & Wesson Brands v. Estados Unidos Mexicanos, 605 U.S. 280, 299
(2025) (holding that giving an exception “such a capacious” reading, would swallow most of the
rule, which is not what Congress intended). Instead, the Court takes a similar view to the court in
Davinci Co., LLC v. United States: the FAR cannot “enlarge th[e TAA’s] statutory command,”
178 Fed. Cl. 63, 70–71 (2025).
Recognizing the breadth of its proposed exception, Defendant suggested at oral argument
that the statute may permit an “insufficiency” finding only when a TAA-compliant offer is
“exorbitantly” higher than non-TAA-compliant prices. See OA Tr. 42:10–24. That proposed
standard does not exist in the statute. Indeed, the plain text of Section 2512(a)(2)(B) contains no
such qualifier, and the Court cannot red pen exceptions into the statute that Congress declined to
enact. See Freytag v. Comm’r, 501 U.S. 868, 874 (1991) (quoting Hallstrom v. Tillamook County,
493 U.S. 20, 27 (1989)). As noted above, Congress could have written a comparative-price
provision into the TAA, but it did not, and accordingly the term “insufficient to fulfill the
requirements” cannot be repurposed, even where Defendant acts to preserve the public fisc. See
Maracich v. Spears, 570 U.S. 48, 60 (2013) (“Unless commanded by the text, however, []
exceptions ought not operate to the farthest reach of their linguistic possibilities.”). Congress did
not intend to permit price disparities—whether large or small—to justify procurement of non-
2014); Root9B, LLC, B-417801, 2019 WL 7759700, at *7 n.6 (Comp. Gen. Nov. 4, 2019). Most relevant here, the GAO rejected the use of such “invalid benchmarks” in a TAA procurement where the Government declined the only technically acceptable, TAA-compliant offer as unreasonable based on (1) a price estimate derived from open-market prices that included non- TAA-compliant products and (2) a comparison to a technically unacceptable offer. AvKARE, Inc., B-417250, 2019 WL 3202586, at *3 (Comp. Gen. Apr. 18, 2019).
20 compliant products.25 See Turtle Island Restoration Network v. Evans, 284 F.3d 1282, 1296 (Fed.
Cir. 2002) (“When Congress omits from a statute a provision found in similar statutes, the omission
is typically thought deliberate.”).
This understanding underscores why Defendant’s construction cannot be sustained. As
discussed, the TAA’s prohibition matters precisely when a non-TAA-compliant offer appears
cheaper or more attractive than a compliant one, and Congress accepted that tradeoff as part of the
statute’s design. Permitting agencies to treat that comparative judgment as a basis for
“insufficiency”—whether through a straightforward comparison or an “exorbitant” gap—would
amount to judicial engraftment of the statute and reintroduce non-TAA-compliant offers into the
very analysis from which Congress deliberately excluded them. That outcome is inconsistent with
the statutory scheme and, as noted, with the settled principle that exceptions must not be read to
swallow the rule.
Such a construction does not leave the Government helpless in the face of extraordinarily
expensive TAA-compliant offers. First, the TAA itself authorizes agency heads to waive, subject
to interagency review, the TAA’s prohibition “on a case-by-case basis when in the national
interest.” 19 U.S.C. § 2512(b)(2). The VA has not done so here. Thus, faced with the prospect
25 Defendant contends that the BAA’s unreasonable-price exception should not inform the interpretation of the TAA. Def. Reply at 7. Its only justification for this position is that the two statutes pursue different policy goals: the BAA balances support for domestic industry with cost control, while the TAA, in Defendant’s view, seeks only the latter—reducing costs regardless of whether goods are domestic or from designated partners. Id. Accordingly, Defendant claims that it was unnecessary to include an explicit price exception in the TAA. Id. That position, however, is contradicted by the statute itself. The TAA makes clear that its central purpose is “to encourage additional countries to become parties to the Agreement and to provide appropriate reciprocal competitive government procurement opportunities to United States products.” 19 U.S.C. § 2512. Like the BAA, which deliberately privileged domestic suppliers over lower prices, the TAA prioritizes reciprocity even at higher cost. See id. Because Defendant identifies no other distinction between the statutes, and its sole rationale rests on a mischaracterization of the TAA’s aim, Defendant’s effort to discount the express unreasonable-price exception in the BAA fails.
21 of being forced to procure a much more expensive TAA-compliant product, the VA could attempt
to waive the TAA’s prohibition if that is “in the national interest.” Id. Second, as Cosette
acknowledges, the VA could evaluate the reasonableness of Cosette’s offer “in a competitive range
of one,” without comparing it to the non-TAA-compliant offers. OA Tr. 13:8–12. Such an
evaluation may include factors listed in FAR 15.404(1)(b)(2), so long as non-TAA-compliant
offers are not relied upon for comparison. Pl. MJAR at 18–19. Only then could the Government
decide whether to accept Cosette’s offer. OA Tr. 13:15–16. Finally, as Cosette acknowledges,
the Government can opt to cancel the Solicitation, and “can always go on to the open market” to
procure prasugrel.26 OA Tr. 13:15–16; 14:5–6; see Def. Reply at 19–20 (acknowledging agency
could cancel solicitation and purchase drug elsewhere).
B. The VA’s Use of a Competitive Range Determination to Exclude Cosette Runs Contrary to the TAA
Throughout its briefing, Defendant continually seeks to justify its decision to exclude
Cosette by asserting that Cosette’s price was rejected from the competitive range as not fair and
reasonable. Def. MJAR at 21, 22–23; Def. Reply at 15–18.27 It argues that the competitive range
26 Additionally, it is undisputed that the VA may also procure prasugrel on the FSS. OA Tr. 16:1– 3 (Plaintiff: “there is already availability on the FSS”); Def. MJAR at 9 (“prasugrel tablets are available in the branded form under a [FSS] contract”). 27 It is not clear from the record that the Defendant ever made such a determination outright. In its Non-Availability Determination, the VA determined that “for the purpose of this procurement, no competitively priced offers of [TAA-compliant] end-products were received in response to the subject Solicitation for Prasugrel Tablets in sufficient quantity, of satisfactory quality or in the required form, to meet Agency requirements.” AR 891 (emphasis added). Labelling Cosette’s offer as not “competitively priced” is not a clear determination that the offer was not “fair and reasonable.” Id. Further, while the record alludes to the idea that Cosette’s price was unreasonable, it never states so explicitly. See AR 890 (discussing price reasonableness factors but not officially making a price reasonableness determination); AR 1028 (describing discussions with Cosette where Defendant warned it that its price “may not be” fair and reasonable). Finally, Defendant stated throughout its briefing that a price reasonableness determination was made, see e.g., Def. MJAR at 28, but at oral argument, counsel for Defendant disavowed that position and
22 is a price evaluation tactic within the CO’s discretion, and that nothing bars Cosette’s elimination
from the competitive range prior to an evaluation of TAA compliance. Def. Reply at 15. The
Court holds that the use of a competitive range does not allow the VA to ignore the TAA’s
threshold bar here.
A competitive range determination serves to narrow the field of offers and to facilitate
meaningful discussions aimed at refining proposals and improving value. See Birch & Davis Int’l,
4 F.3d at 973–74; Scott Techs., Inc. v. United States, 168 Fed. Cl. 705, 719 (2023). This process
supports efficiency by focusing agency resources on viable proposals. See Quantico Tactical Inc.
v. United States, 150 Fed. Cl. 566, 573 (2020), aff’d, 835 F. App’x 598 (Fed. Cir. 2021). “A
contracting officer has broad discretion in determining [the] competitive range, and such decisions
are not disturbed unless clearly unreasonable.” Birch & Davis Int’l, Inc. v. Christopher, 4 F.3d
970, 973 (Fed. Cir. 1993). However, that discretion does not allow the CO to suspend the TAA’s
applicability to a procurement: excluding an offer from the competitive range is not the same as
finding it “insufficient to fulfill the requirements of the United States Government” so as to permit
awarding of a contract to a non-TAA-compliant offeror. 19 U.S.C. § 2512(a)(2)(B). The record
reveals that the CO did not exclude Cosette from the competitive range because its offer was
insufficient to fulfill the Solicitation’s requirements, but rather because of the “significant gap in
pricing” between Cosette and non-TAA-compliant offers. See AR 890, 895; see also Def. Reply
at 17 (“In the [CO]’s judgment, the price difference between Cosette’s price and the other prices
was too significant to warrant including Cosette’s offer in the competitive range.”).
To treat exclusion from a competitive range as automatically meeting the “insufficiency”
exception would impermissibly expand the scope of the exception, permitting agencies to use a
agreed that the VA did not conduct a price reasonableness determination for Cosette’s offer. OA Tr. 41:1–13.
23 competitive range determination to evade the prohibitions of the TAA whenever a TAA-compliant
offer was less attractive relative to its non-TAA-compliant rivals. Again, such judicial engraftment
to the plain text is impermissible. King v. Burwell, 576 U.S. 473, 486 (2015) (“If the statutory
language is plain, [the Court] must enforce it according to its terms.”). Furthermore, unlike its
price reasonableness argument, reflected above, Defendant does not directly argue that a failure to
be included in the competitive range is equivalent to a failure to meet a requirement of the
Solicitation. Contrast Def. MJAR 22–26, with supra I.A and OA Tr. 43:24–44:6. Accordingly,
this premature Competitive Range Determination cannot be the basis for awarding the contract to
a non-TAA-compliant offeror.
II. FAR 25.502 Does Not Resolve This Dispute
Both parties devote briefing to provisions of FAR 25.502, each contending that the
regulation mandates a result in their favor. See Pl. Resp. at 7–9; Def. Reply at 12–14. This section
of the FAR guides contracting officers through the process of evaluating domestic and foreign
offers under several regulatory schemes that could apply, such as the TAA and the BAA rules. See
FAR 25.502. Cosette maintains that FAR 25.502 required the VA to eliminate non-TAA-
compliant offers entirely before any assessment of Cosette’s price reasonableness, and then to
make an award to Cosette. Pl. Resp. at 7. The Government responds that the contracting officer
followed the FAR’s procedures by evaluating Cosette’s price in comparison to non-TAA-
compliant offers. Def. Reply at 14–15. Neither argument is persuasive. FAR 25.502 does not
mandate upfront elimination of non-TAA-compliant offers or an automatic award to Cosette, nor
does it allow the VA to evade the requirements of the TAA.
FAR 25.502 establishes the evaluation framework for foreign acquisitions. Subsection (a)
prescribes a sequence: first, eliminate offers that are “unacceptable for reasons other than price,”
24 such as nonresponsive proposals, suspended or debarred offerors, or prohibited sources, FAR
25.502(a)(1); next, rank the remaining offers by price, FAR 25.502(a)(2); and finally, if award is
based on factors beyond price, apply those factors and use the “evaluated price” in the best-value
determination, FAR 25.502(a)(3). For procurements covered by the WTO GPA, FAR 25.502(b)
adds further steps: contracting officers must “consider only” compliant offers unless none are
received, FAR 25.502(b)(1), and, if the agency gives the same consideration given eligible offers
to offers of U.S.-made end products that are not domestic end products, award on the low offer;
otherwise, evaluate according to agency procedures. FAR 25.502(b)(2). If no compliant offers
exist, the agency must issue a nonavailability determination before awarding to a noncompliant
source, FAR 25.502(b)(3).
Cosette’s first argument rests on FAR 25.502(a)(1). It contends that non-TAA-compliant
offers must be deemed “nonresponsive” and eliminated immediately. Pl. Resp. at 7. As Defendant
correctly notes, however, “nonresponsive” is a term of art referencing proposals that fail to meet
material solicitation requirements. Def. Reply at 12; see Excel Mfg., Ltd. v. United States, 111
Fed. Cl. 800, 806 n.3 (2013); see also Asset Prot. & Sec. Servs., L.P. v. United States, 5 F.4th 1361,
1365 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (holding a proposal nonresponsive because it “included information that
expressly contradicted the solicitation’s material terms”). The offer of a TAA-complaint product
was not a mandatory or material requirement here because the TAA, the FAR, and the Solicitation
itself all contemplate the possibility of award to non-TAA-compliant sources under specified
statutory exceptions and conditions. See 19 U.S.C. § 2512(a)(2); FAR 25.403(c); AR 108.
Further, reading “nonresponsive” to encompass non-compliance with the TAA would also render
Subsection (b) of FAR 25.502 superfluous, which runs contrary to the rule against surplusage. See
Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Defs. of Wildlife, 551 U.S. 644, 669 (2007) (cautioning against
25 reading regulations in a manner that makes certain provisions superfluous). Indeed, Section (b)(3)
presumes that non-TAA-compliant offers remain available. See FAR 25.502(b)(3). Yet, if non-
TAA-compliant offers were categorically “nonresponsive” at the outset under FAR 25.502(a)(1),
then no non-compliant offers would reach the steps in FAR 25.502(b). Therefore, FAR
25.502(a)(1) does not dictate that the agency must immediately eliminate non-TAA-compliant
offers as “unresponsive.”
Cosette next asserts that FAR 25.502(b) (1) bars consideration of non-TAA-compliant
offers when a TAA-compliant one has been received, and (2) mandates that the VA must award
the contract to Cosette as the lowest-price offer still within consideration. Pl. MJAR at 16–19; Pl.
Resp. at 7, 11–13. The FAR directs the agency to “[c]onsider only” TAA-compliant offers at
(b)(1); then “award on the low offer” according to the circumstances outlined in (b)(2) and (b)(3).
See FAR 25.502(b)(1)–(b)(3). Subsection (b) does not eliminate the government’s ability to
conduct an evaluation of a TAA-compliant offer for reasonableness or sufficiency before
awarding. It merely ensures that the agency must first evaluate TAA-compliant offers without
reference to non-TAA-compliant offers before the agency awards the contract.
Defendant’s proposed application of the FAR fares no better. Defendant contends that the
contracting officer complied with FAR 25.502(a) by first eliminating one nonresponsive offer
(Cosette’s), then ranking proposals by price, and finally applying FAR 25.502(a)(3). Def. Reply
at 14–15 (citing AR 895, 896). According to Defendant, the instruction in FAR 25.502(a)(3) to
“use the evaluated price” to determine the best value to the Government meant that the contracting
officer was required to conduct a general price evaluation considering both TAA-compliant and
non-compliant offers, which the VA did here. Id. at 15. That reasoning suffers from two flaws.
First, “evaluated price” in FAR 25.502(a)(3) does not, as Defendant suggests, direct a price
26 reasonableness analysis before evaluating offeror’s TAA compliance. Rather, “evaluated price”
is a term of art, referencing a domestic offer’s price as adjusted under the BAA—for example, by
adding the 20–30% evaluation factor. See FAR 25.106(b) (“The price of the domestic offer is
reasonable if it does not exceed the evaluated price of the low offer after addition of the appropriate
evaluation factor.”); see also FAR 25.504-1 (explaining that the evaluated price of offers is the
price of the offer plus a 20 or 30% evaluation factor when the BAA applies). Defendant therefore
cannot rely on the term “evaluated price” to support its contention that the FAR required the kind
of price reasonableness analysis undertaken here. Second, FAR 25.502(a)(3) only applies “[if] the
solicitation specifies award on the basis of factors in addition to cost or price.” This Solicitation,
however, was a lowest-price, technically acceptable procurement. AR 99. Accordingly, sub-
subsection (a)(3) is inapplicable.
In sum, neither party’s FAR 25.502-based arguments resolve this case. The regulation
neither compels the categorical exclusion of non-TAA-compliant offers as a first step, as Cosette
urges, nor authorizes the type of price reasonableness comparison between TAA-compliant and
non-compliant offers that Defendant favors. Only the text of the TAA answers the pertinent
question here: an agency may award to a non-TAA-compliant offeror when the TAA-compliant
offers are “insufficient”—a standard not satisfied by mere price comparison to non-TAA-
compliant offers. See supra Section I.
III. The VA’s Actions Were Arbitrary and Capricious
An agency’s decision to award a contract must provide a “coherent and reasonable
explanation of its exercise of discretion” and should be set aside only if “the award decision had
no rational basis.” Banknote Corp. of Am. v. United States, 365 F.3d 1345, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2004)
(quotation omitted); Tolliver Grp., Inc. v. United States, 151 Fed. Cl. 70, 109 (2020) (quoting
27 Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)). An agency’s
price reasonableness decision is arbitrary and capricious when the agency “entirely failed to
consider an important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs
counter to the evidence before the agency, or . . . is so implausible that it could not be ascribed to
a difference in view of the product of agency expertise.” Ala. Aircraft Indus., Inc.-Birmingham v.
United States, 586 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n, 463 U.S.
at 43). In addition to violating the TAA and thus being contrary to law, the CO’s decision to
establish a competitive range among TAA-compliant and non-compliant offers lacked a rational
basis.
Cosette asserts that the VA provides no adequate justification for establishing a competitive
range determination, and therefore, the competitive range was a pretext to exclude Cosette from
the competition. Pl. MJAR at 26–31. “A contracting officer has broad discretion in determining
competitive range, and such decisions are not disturbed unless clearly unreasonable.” Birch &
Davis Int’l, Inc. v. Christopher, 4 F.3d 970, 973 (Fed. Cir. 1993). When assessing whether a
competitive range determination was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion, the Court may
look to the entire administrative record. KSC Boss All., LLC v. United States, 142 Fed. Cl. 368,
387 (2019).
The Administrative Record here establishes that the contracting officer’s decision to
establish a competitive range was “clearly unreasonable.” Birch & Davis, 4 F.3d at 973. The VA
offered three different justifications for its determination, each contradicted by the record or
rendered illogical by the procurement’s circumstances.
First, the VA’s reasoning was internally inconsistent. The Competitive Range
Determination cited an “urgent need” for a contract. AR 1030. Yet the VA’s subsequent Non-
28 Availability Determination explicitly stated that the acquisition was not urgent. AR 889.
Additionally, in its acquisition plan, the VA stated that the schedule risk for this procurement was
“low” because the drug was available via the FSS and open market, further contradicting any
urgent need justification. AR 23. Such contradictory justifications indicate arbitrary and
capricious action. See IBG LLC v. Trading Techs. Int’l, Inc., 757 F. App’x 1004, 1008 (Fed. Cir.
2019); see also Can Softtech, Inc. v. United States, No. 24-670, 2024 WL 4434253, at *6 (Fed. Cl.
Oct. 4, 2024) (“‘[I]t is not arbitrary for an agency to not provide detailed explanations of the
reasons an approach is adequate, unless this subjective judgment can be shown to be inconsistently
reached.’”) (alteration in original) (quoting Inspace 21 LLC v. United States, 128 Fed. Cl. 69, 89
(2016)).
Second, the Non-Availability Determination, which Defendant issued more than a month
after the Competitive Range Determination was made, claimed the competitive range was needed
for “further discussions and final evaluation.” AR 890. Yet, the VA’s claimed need for further
discussions in the procurement appears nowhere in the Competitive Range Determination itself.
See AR 893–97 (referencing in the Competitive Range Determination “any further discussions” as
a possibility, rather than an anticipated or present need). Further, the status of the procurement
suggests that the CO never had any intention of engaging in further discussions—by the time the
range was established, the deadline for Final Proposal Revisions including each offeror’s “best
and final pricing” had already passed. AR 744. In requesting those revisions, the CO expressly
stated that he was “concluding discussions” on each proposal, strongly indicating there was no
intent to conduct additional discussions following the Competitive Range Decision. AR 744, 746,
748, 750, 752, 754. Ultimately, no discussions, in fact, occurred after the range was set. See AR
912–17 (no discussions between Competitive Range Determination and Golden State’s Source
29 Selection as lowest-priced, technically acceptable proposal).
Third, the Source Selection Decision stated that “it was determined that a competitive range
determination would be made . . . for the purposes of efficiency in reviewing proposals.” AR 911.
Efficiency can provide a legitimate basis for limiting the number of proposals in active
consideration. For example, where an agency faces a large volume of offers requiring complex
technical evaluations, narrowing the pool may allow evaluators to focus on the most promising
proposals and avoid expending resources on offers with little chance of award. See Quantico
Tactical, 150 Fed. Cl. at 573. The circumstances here bore none of those hallmarks. At the time
the CO decided to establish a competitive range, the VA had received only five timely Final
Proposal Revisions. AR 875. Each proposal already included final pricing, and the Solicitation’s
evaluation scheme was a straightforward Lowest Price Technically Acceptable award
methodology. AR 11–14; 895–96. Moreover, the record reflects that Cosette’s offer had already
been found to meet all the technical evaluation criteria and the terms and conditions listed in the
Solicitation prior to the competitive range decision. AR 903. Any time savings from omitting
Cosette’s price from review would have been negligible. Given the minimal number of proposals,
the mechanical nature of the remaining evaluation, and the prior confirmation of Cosette’s
technical acceptability, it is evident that “efficiency” was not a genuine operational consideration
but an after-the-fact rationalization unsupported by any demonstrable benefit to the procurement.
Defendant offers little rebuttal to these points, noting only that agencies are afforded
substantial deference in establishing a competitive range and that “[u]nder the FAR, if discussions
are to be conducted, a contracting officer has the discretion to establish a competitive range.” Def.
MJAR at 23. While FAR 15.306(c)(1) provides for the creation of a competitive range when
discussions are to occur after its establishment, here, all discussions occurred beforehand. See
30 supra at 29. And while the Court acknowledges the well-established, broad discretion afforded
contracting officers in this area, that discretion is not boundless; even under this deferential
standard, the VA’s decision to and method of establishing a competitive range here was
unreasonable. WellPoint Mil. Care Corp. v. United States, 953 F.3d 1373, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2020);
Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1333 (Fed. Cir.
2001); Frawner Corp. v. United States, 161 Fed. Cl. 420, 441 (2022).
IV. Cosette Was Prejudiced by the VA’s Actions
Defendant argues that, even if it had committed an error in eliminating Cosette from the
procurement process, Cosette cannot prevail here because it has not suffered prejudice. Def. Reply
at 19–20. A protestor establishes prejudice by showing “that there was a ‘substantial chance’ it
would have received the contract award but for” that error. Sys. Stud. & Simulation, 22 F.4th at
998 (quoting Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1353). In other words, the disappointed bidder must have been
“within the zone of active consideration.” Colonial Press Int’l, Inc. v. United States, 788 F.3d
1350, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (quoting Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102 F.3d 1577, 1581 (Fed.
Cir. 1996)). Cosette satisfies this standard. Its proposal was the only TAA-compliant offer; and
without a determination that its offer was insufficient to fulfill the requirements of the Solicitation,
it was the sole eligible offeror. While Defendant asserts that Cosette’s price was too high to be
considered for award, the record reflects only that the agency deemed Cosette’s price too high in
comparison to non-TAA-compliant prices—comparisons that cannot lawfully serve as the basis
for exclusion. Supra Section I.A. And while both parties agree that the VA “could have cancelled”
the Solicitation rather than award to Cosette, nothing in the Administrative Record indicates that
the VA will necessarily adopt that course. See Def. Reply at 19–20; OA Tr. 13:15–16. It would
be improper for the Court to supplement the Administrative Record with either its own
31 suppositions or with attorney argument, however compelling. Indeed, it is well-established that
post hoc assertions in litigation cannot substitute for contemporaneous agency reasoning. Dept. of
Homeland Sec. v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 591 U.S. 1, 22 (2020). Accordingly, Defendant’s
counsel’s speculation about what the VA might do cannot defeat Cosette’s showing of prejudice
at this stage. See IAP Worldwide Servs., Inc. v. United States, 160 Fed. Cl. 57, 89–90 (2022)
(rejecting government’s attempt to show lack of prejudice by relying “upon something that never
happened, upon an administrative determination that was never made”) (quoting Bell v. United
States, 366 U.S. 393, 413 (1961)).
V. The Court Declines Cosette’s Request to Declare its Offer Price Fair and Reasonable.
Having determined that Cosette’s offer was impermissibly excluded, Cosette asks this
Court to go further and declare that its price is fair and reasonable as a matter of law. OA Tr.
91:22–93:1; Pl. MJAR at 19–25. The Court declines Cosette’s entreaty.
In support of its position, Cosette contends that its offered price is per se fair and reasonable
because it complies with the Veterans Health Care Act’s (VHCA’s) pricing framework. Pl. MJAR
at 20–22. Under the VHCA, drug manufacturers must enter into pharmaceutical pricing
agreements with the VA and list covered drugs on the FSS at prices not exceeding 76% of the non-
Federal average manufacturer price. 38 U.S.C. § 8126(a)(2). Cosette represents that its branded
prasugrel tablets qualify as “covered drugs,” and it offers them to the VA on its FSS contract at
statutorily-capped prices. Pl. MJAR. at 20; see also 38 U.S.C. § 8126(h)(2). Cosette states that
the prices listed in its final offer were lower than the statutory cap, lower than its 2024 FSS prices,
and at least 24% lower than the open-market price for prasugrel. Pl. MJAR at 24.
From this premise Cosette advances two legal theories, neither of which are compelling
here. First, it contends that an offer price at or below a legally mandated cap is, by definition, fair
32 and reasonable under FAR 15.403-1(c)(2), which provides that “[p]rices set by law or regulation”
are “sufficient to set a price.” Pl. MJAR at 21. However, Plaintiff’s reliance on FAR 15.403-
1(c)(2) is misplaced, as that provision merely exempts agencies from obtaining certified cost or
pricing data when prices are set by law or regulation. It does not declare such prices per se fair
and reasonable. In fact, FAR 15.404-1(a)(2) instructs agencies to assess price reasonableness even
when certified data is not required, showcasing the difference between certified pricing data and a
price reasonableness analysis. As Cosette cites no authority establishing that a price at or below a
statutory cap is per se fair and reasonable, the Court declines to adopt that view.
Second, Cosette asserts that it is “bedrock procurement law” that FSS prices are presumed
fair and reasonable, citing FAR 8.404, which states: “GSA has already determined the prices of
supplies and fixed-price services . . . under schedule contracts to be fair and reasonable” and
“[t]herefore, ordering activities are not required to make a separate determination of fair and
reasonable pricing.” Pl. MJAR at 21 (quoting FAR 8.404). This argument has multiple flaws.
First, this procurement is not an FSS order, so FAR Subpart 8.4 does not control. FAR 8.403(a)
(“Procedures in this subpart apply to—(1) Individual orders for supplies or services placed against
[FSS] contracts; and (2) [blanket purchase agreements] established against [FSS] contracts.”); see
also Distributed Sols., Inc. v. United States, 106 Fed. Cl. 1, 15 (2012), aff’d, 500 F. App’x 955
(Fed. Cir. 2013) (noting that FAR 8.403(a) is applicable to solicitations under the FSS). Second,
even within the FSS framework, FAR 8.404 merely dispenses with a duplicative determination; it
does not bind future procurements to such a determination. Third, Cosette’s argument was
squarely rejected by the Federal Circuit in Land Shark Shredding, LLC v. United States, 842 F.
App’x 594, 598 (Fed. Cir. 2021). There, the Federal Circuit explained that “nothing requires the
contracting officer to defer to the FSS in making the determination that an award could be made
33 at fair and reasonable prices that offer the best value to the United States.” Id. Accordingly, as
Cosette has failed to provide support for its contention that its offer price was fair and reasonable
as a matter of law, the Court declines to make such a pronouncement here.
VI. Injunctive Relief
The Court considers four factors when deciding whether to grant injunctive relief: (1)
whether the plaintiff has succeeded on the merits, (2) whether the plaintiff will suffer irreparable
harm if the court withholds injunctive relief, (3) whether the balance of hardships to the respective
parties favors granting an injunction, and (4) whether the public interest is served by granting an
injunction. Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1037 (Fed. Cir. 2009); see also
Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d 1308, 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (noting that success
on the merits is “the most important factor required to enjoin the award of [a] contract”). As
discussed above, Cosette’s protest succeeds on the merits. Thus, this Court reviews the other three
factors to determine whether injunctive relief is appropriate.
A. Cosette Will Suffer Irreparable Harm
Cosette will suffer irreparable harm if injunctive relief is withheld. “‘A party suffers
irreparable harm when there is no adequate remedy’ in the absence of an injunction.” Frawner
Corp. v. United States, 161 Fed. Cl. 420, 462 (2022) (quoting CW Gov’t Travel, Inc. v. United
States, 61 Fed. Cl. 559, 575 (2004), aff’d, 163 F. App’x 853 (Fed. Cir. 2005)). Courts have
recognized that a party suffers irreparable harm when it loses the “opportunity to compete for a
contract and secure any resulting profit.” Id. Since an award was improperly made to Golden
State, Cosette is unable to compete for the award and will potentially lose profits as a result. Thus,
Cosette will suffer irreparable harm.
34 B. The Balance of Hardships Weighs in Favor of an Injunction
The balance of hardships inquiry requires a “consideration of the harm to the
[G]overnment.” Frawner Corp., 161 Fed. Cl. at 462 (quoting Overstreet Elec. Co. v. United
States, 47 Fed. Cl. 728, 744 (2000)) (alteration in original). Here, injunctive relief does not present
hardship to the VA. The VA has entered into a bridge contract with Golden State for the awarded
contract price, and thus the drug is fully available to the VA in the interim as it reevaluates how to
proceed. Def. MJAR at 32. As Defendant’s counsel acknowledged during oral argument, “the
sky [will not] fall.” OA Tr. 85:2–4. In contrast, without an injunction, Cosette would still be
deprived of the ability to compete for the award. Accordingly, the balance of hardships weighs in
favor of granting an injunction.
C. An Injunction Is in the Public Interest
It is axiomatic that “the public interest in honest, open, and fair competition in the
procurement process is compromised whenever an agency abuses its discretion in evaluating a
contractor’s bid.” Overstreet Elec., 47 Fed. Cl. at 744. An injunction preventing performance
under an improperly awarded contract will serve the public interest by preserving that honest,
open, and fair process. Frawner Corp. v. United States, 161 Fed. Cl. 420 (2022) (citing PGBA,
LLC v. United States, 57 Fed. Cl. 655, 663 (2003)). Defendant contends that an injunction would
force the Government to unnecessarily spend an additional $ to procure a TAA-
compliant version of the drug, which is not in the public interest. However, any award must
comply with the law; as discussed above, the current award fails in that regard. Further, as noted,
in passing the TAA, Congress contemplated the tradeoffs in increasing procurement price and
determined the tradeoff to be worthwhile.
Importantly, as Defendant stated in its brief and as Cosette’s counsel agreed, an injunction
would not force the VA to award the contract to Cosette at such a high price; all agree that the VA
35 may cancel the Solicitation and procure the drug on the open market at a lower price rather than
award the contract to Cosette at its offer price. See Reply at 19–20; OA Tr. 13:15–17, 14:5–6. All
agree such an action would be proper and would comport with the public interest. Accordingly,
the public interest factor weighs in favor of an injunction.
D. Scope of Injunction
As all four factors weigh in Plaintiff’s favor, this Court finds entry of an injunction
appropriate. “[T]he Court of Federal Claims has broad equitable powers to fashion an appropriate
remedy.” Turner Constr. Co., Inc. v. United States, 645 F.3d 1377, 1388 (Fed. Cir. 2011). Indeed,
the Tucker Act empowers this Court to “award any relief that [it] considers proper.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 1491(b)(2). Concerning the scope of injunctive relief, the Court enjoins Defendant from
awarding or proceeding with any award under the Solicitation to a non-TAA-compliant offeror
unless the Defendant (i) invokes the TAA’s waiver provision, or (ii) determines, consistent with
this Memorandum and Order and with sufficient explanation, that Cosette’s offer is otherwise
insufficient to meet the requirements of the VA under the terms of the Solicitation and applicable
law. In determining the sufficiency of Cosette’s TAA-compliant offer, the VA is prohibited from
basing such a determination on a comparison between Cosette’s price and the price of non-TAA-
compliant products; similarly, the VA cannot exclude Cosette from a competitive range based on
such an improper comparison to non-TAA-compliant offers.
To be clear, as reflected above, the Court is not ordering the VA to procure prasugrel from
Cosette at its offer price; as noted, and as all partes agree, the VA may opt to cancel the Solicitation
and, for example, procure the drug at a lower price via the open market instead. AR 15; OA Tr.
13:15–17 (Plaintiff agreeing VA may turn to open market); OA 38:11–14 (Defendant agreeing).
36 CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative
Record (ECF No. 27) is GRANTED IN PART and Defendant’s Cross-Motion for Judgment on
the Administrative Record (ECF No. 29) is DENIED IN PART. As noted, the Court also
GRANTS Plaintiff’s unopposed Motion for Judicial Notice (ECF No. 42), for good cause shown.
The VA is ENJOINED from proceeding with any award under the current Solicitation to
a non-TAA-compliant offeror. Should the VA opt to proceed under the current Solicitation (as
opposed to purchasing the drug on the open market), then consistent with this Court’s
Memorandum and Order, it may not deem Cosette’s offer insufficient on the basis that (i) its price
is unreasonable based on a comparison to non-TAA-compliant offerors’ prices, or (ii) it is excluded
from the competitive range based on a price comparison to non-TAA-compliant offers. The Court
DENIES Cosette’s request to declare its high offer price fair and reasonable as a matter of law.
The Clerk of Court is DIRECTED to enter Judgment accordingly and mark this case
closed.
The parties are directed to CONFER and FILE a Notice by November 14, 2025, attaching
a proposed, public version of this sealed Memorandum and Order, with any competition-sensitive
or otherwise protected information redacted.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Eleni M. Roumel ELENI M. ROUMEL Judge
October 31, 2025 Washington, D.C.
Related
Cite This Page — Counsel Stack
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