Callahan, J.
Petitioner herein is on an open, competitive, eligible list for the civil service title of accountant, grade 2, which list is still in force and effect. Certifications and appointments have frequently been made from this fist to the positions of junior accountant and accountant.
The respondents have promulgated promotion lists for the position of junior accountant and accountant, grade 2, in the emergency revenue division of the comptroller’s office of the city of New York. These lists have been the result of so-called citywide promotion examinations, in which employees in the various offices of the city of New York have been permitted to take part.
Petitioner brought this proceeding -under article 78 of the Civil Practice Act to ■ annul any and all certifications heretofore made from the city-wide promotion lists, and to cancel all appointments resulting from such certifications, and to direct respondents to [37]*37desist from making any further certifications from the city-wide promotion lists.
The order appealed from denied the application to annul the appointments made, and refused to order that the respondents desist from making further certifications and appointments from said city-wide promotion lists. It further provided that certifications and appointments of the eligibles on the city-wide promotion' lists of junior accountant, and accountant, grade 2, shall be preferred over certifications and appointments of persons on the open, competitive eligible list for the position of accountant, grade 2, in the office of the emergency revenue division of the city comptroller’s office.
The question raised by this appeal is whether appointments from the city-wide promotion lists violated the provisions of the Civil Service Law and the rules of the municipal civil service commission.
Section 16 of the Civil Service Law provides: “ Vacancies in positions in the competitive class shall be filled, so far as practicable, by promotion from among persons holding positions in a lower grade in the department, office or institution in which the vacancy exists.”
Subdivision 4 of section X of rule V of the Rules of the Municipal Civil Service Commission provides: “ Eligibility for promotion shall be limited to persons who have served in the next lower grade or rank for not less than six consecutive months immediately preceding the examination in the department, office or institution, for which the examination is held. This limitation, however, shall not apply to persons otherwise eligible who have been transferred to such department, office or institution by virtue of or in accordance with an act in relation to the organization, reorganization, consolidation or abolition of a department, office or institution, or who have been reinstated therein from a preferred list.”
The practice recently initiated by the municipal civil service commission, as conceded in their answer, has been to determine what class of employees shall be eligible to promotion examination for a particular position, and then to open said examination to such eligibles in all city departments. As a result of said examination two lists are prepared: (1) a city-wide list, and (2) subdivisions thereof, or departmental lists for each department.
As vacancies occur certifications are made from the departmental fists first, and, when these fists are exhausted, certifications are then made from the city-wide promotion fists. Both departmental and city-wide promotion fists are exhausted before certifications are made from an open, competitive fist.
[38]*38The civil service commission contends that the practice of promulgating city-wide lists for certain positions, such as those in the clerical service, equalizes promotional advantages and broadens the basis of competition, and that such practice is in accordance with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, the Civil Service Law, and the Rules of the Civil Service Commission.
While it undoubtedly is the fair intendment of section 16 of the Civil Service Law, above quoted, that appointments by promotion are to be preferred over appointments from open, competitive eligible lists, it is equally clear that, in filling vacancies by promotion, appointments are required to be made, so far as practicable, from among those holding positions in a lower grade in the department in which the vacancy exists.
We think that, in order to carry out this direction of the statute, eligibles to promotion examinations should be limited to those in the departments where the vacancies exist; or, at least, appointments to such vacancies should be limited to departmental lists. In other words, we deem it to be a part of the declared policy of the State concerning civil service appointments, that promotions must be made from among those in the various departments where the vacancies exist, unless such departmental promotion appointments are impracticable, and that this policy cannot be defeated merely because it might be more economical to hold promotion examinations less frequently, as undoubtedly would be the case in the event city-wide lists are to be exhausted before departmental lists are renewed.
We think that the limitation in the statute as to practicability does not mean that mere convenience of the civil service commission or economy may defeat the declared policy of departmental promotions. It might well be that in a particular department, or office, there would be no eligibles for promotion to the position sought to be filled; or there might be other practical difficulties preventing the holding of departmental promotion examinations, but there is no showing of such practical difficulties under the facts in this case. In fact the respondents have not attempted to assert any such difficulties to sustain their action. They say, in effect, that they think that the method they have adopted is the superior one. If such is the fact, the proper procedure (so long as we have a government of laws) is to petition the Legislature to amend section 16 of the Civil Service Law.
While we do not deem it necessary to determine whether citywide promotion examinations may be held for identical positions, we do hold that appointments may not be made to vacancies in positions in the competitive class by promotion, except from among [39]*39those holding positions in a lower grade in the department in which the vacancies exist, unless it appears that it is not practicable to fill such vacancies by promotion from within the department.
We hold further that a city-wide promotion list is not the proper place from which to secure appointees to fill vacancies where no departmental list exists; and that the proper procedure is the holding of a new promotion examination if there are persons in the department eligible for such examination. To require those in the department to wait until so-called city-wide promotion lists are exhausted before preparing new departmental lists, would defeat the purpose of section 16 of the Civil Service Law, even though obedience to the requirements of the law might require more frequent promotion examinations. On the theory of the dissenting opinion, there might be no departmental promotion examinations for years, although it would be quite practicable to hold them and in such case the law makes them mandatory.
We find no provision in section 14 of the Civil Service Law authorizing a transfer from among those in lower grades in their respective departments to higher positions in other departments.
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Callahan, J.
Petitioner herein is on an open, competitive, eligible list for the civil service title of accountant, grade 2, which list is still in force and effect. Certifications and appointments have frequently been made from this fist to the positions of junior accountant and accountant.
The respondents have promulgated promotion lists for the position of junior accountant and accountant, grade 2, in the emergency revenue division of the comptroller’s office of the city of New York. These lists have been the result of so-called citywide promotion examinations, in which employees in the various offices of the city of New York have been permitted to take part.
Petitioner brought this proceeding -under article 78 of the Civil Practice Act to ■ annul any and all certifications heretofore made from the city-wide promotion lists, and to cancel all appointments resulting from such certifications, and to direct respondents to [37]*37desist from making any further certifications from the city-wide promotion lists.
The order appealed from denied the application to annul the appointments made, and refused to order that the respondents desist from making further certifications and appointments from said city-wide promotion lists. It further provided that certifications and appointments of the eligibles on the city-wide promotion' lists of junior accountant, and accountant, grade 2, shall be preferred over certifications and appointments of persons on the open, competitive eligible list for the position of accountant, grade 2, in the office of the emergency revenue division of the city comptroller’s office.
The question raised by this appeal is whether appointments from the city-wide promotion lists violated the provisions of the Civil Service Law and the rules of the municipal civil service commission.
Section 16 of the Civil Service Law provides: “ Vacancies in positions in the competitive class shall be filled, so far as practicable, by promotion from among persons holding positions in a lower grade in the department, office or institution in which the vacancy exists.”
Subdivision 4 of section X of rule V of the Rules of the Municipal Civil Service Commission provides: “ Eligibility for promotion shall be limited to persons who have served in the next lower grade or rank for not less than six consecutive months immediately preceding the examination in the department, office or institution, for which the examination is held. This limitation, however, shall not apply to persons otherwise eligible who have been transferred to such department, office or institution by virtue of or in accordance with an act in relation to the organization, reorganization, consolidation or abolition of a department, office or institution, or who have been reinstated therein from a preferred list.”
The practice recently initiated by the municipal civil service commission, as conceded in their answer, has been to determine what class of employees shall be eligible to promotion examination for a particular position, and then to open said examination to such eligibles in all city departments. As a result of said examination two lists are prepared: (1) a city-wide list, and (2) subdivisions thereof, or departmental lists for each department.
As vacancies occur certifications are made from the departmental fists first, and, when these fists are exhausted, certifications are then made from the city-wide promotion fists. Both departmental and city-wide promotion fists are exhausted before certifications are made from an open, competitive fist.
[38]*38The civil service commission contends that the practice of promulgating city-wide lists for certain positions, such as those in the clerical service, equalizes promotional advantages and broadens the basis of competition, and that such practice is in accordance with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, the Civil Service Law, and the Rules of the Civil Service Commission.
While it undoubtedly is the fair intendment of section 16 of the Civil Service Law, above quoted, that appointments by promotion are to be preferred over appointments from open, competitive eligible lists, it is equally clear that, in filling vacancies by promotion, appointments are required to be made, so far as practicable, from among those holding positions in a lower grade in the department in which the vacancy exists.
We think that, in order to carry out this direction of the statute, eligibles to promotion examinations should be limited to those in the departments where the vacancies exist; or, at least, appointments to such vacancies should be limited to departmental lists. In other words, we deem it to be a part of the declared policy of the State concerning civil service appointments, that promotions must be made from among those in the various departments where the vacancies exist, unless such departmental promotion appointments are impracticable, and that this policy cannot be defeated merely because it might be more economical to hold promotion examinations less frequently, as undoubtedly would be the case in the event city-wide lists are to be exhausted before departmental lists are renewed.
We think that the limitation in the statute as to practicability does not mean that mere convenience of the civil service commission or economy may defeat the declared policy of departmental promotions. It might well be that in a particular department, or office, there would be no eligibles for promotion to the position sought to be filled; or there might be other practical difficulties preventing the holding of departmental promotion examinations, but there is no showing of such practical difficulties under the facts in this case. In fact the respondents have not attempted to assert any such difficulties to sustain their action. They say, in effect, that they think that the method they have adopted is the superior one. If such is the fact, the proper procedure (so long as we have a government of laws) is to petition the Legislature to amend section 16 of the Civil Service Law.
While we do not deem it necessary to determine whether citywide promotion examinations may be held for identical positions, we do hold that appointments may not be made to vacancies in positions in the competitive class by promotion, except from among [39]*39those holding positions in a lower grade in the department in which the vacancies exist, unless it appears that it is not practicable to fill such vacancies by promotion from within the department.
We hold further that a city-wide promotion list is not the proper place from which to secure appointees to fill vacancies where no departmental list exists; and that the proper procedure is the holding of a new promotion examination if there are persons in the department eligible for such examination. To require those in the department to wait until so-called city-wide promotion lists are exhausted before preparing new departmental lists, would defeat the purpose of section 16 of the Civil Service Law, even though obedience to the requirements of the law might require more frequent promotion examinations. On the theory of the dissenting opinion, there might be no departmental promotion examinations for years, although it would be quite practicable to hold them and in such case the law makes them mandatory.
We find no provision in section 14 of the Civil Service Law authorizing a transfer from among those in lower grades in their respective departments to higher positions in other departments. Such a transfer could not be justified in order to defeat the plain provisions of the law above indicated.
Section 14 provides that “ Appointments shall be made to or employment shall be given in all positions in the competitive class that are not filled by promotion, reinstatement, transfer or reduction under the provisions of this chapter, and the rules in pursuance thereof, by appointment from among those graded highest in open competitive examinations conducted by the State or municipal commission * * *.” We think that this provision means that competitive eligible lists are to be used unless promotion or transfer is resorted to to fill a vacancy, and that such promotions and transfers must be those made in accordance with the Civil Service Law. Where no promotion could be made in accordance with the Civil Service Law, those on the open competitive lists are to be appointed.
The further provisions of section 14 of the Civil Service Law that “ Appointments shall be made from the eligible list most nearly appropriate for the group in which the position to be filled is classified,” would seem to have no application to the present situation, for there is a list for the precise title — an open competitive fist — from which these appointments might be made.
Matter of Abrams v. Kern (281 N. Y. 787) is not determinative of the questions involved herein. There the issue was attempted to be raised by provisional appointees who had no civil service standing.
[40]*40While an order nullifying the certifications and appointments heretofore made from the city-wide promotion lists should not be granted in the absence of those who would be directly affected by the ruling, and the order appealed from is correct in denying this relief, we think that it is incorrect in its other provisions. It should not have provided that appointment from city-wide promotion lists of junior accountants, and accountants, grade 2, in the emergency revenue division of the comptroller’s office, were to be preferred over appointments of persons on the open, competitive eligible list for the positions named. Said provision should be stricken out, and, in place thereof, a provision inserted requiring that a preference be given the certification and appointment of those persons on the departmental promotion fists, where such fists exist, and, in the absence of such fists, to the persons on appropriate open, competitive eligible lists.
As so modified, the orders appealed from should be affirmed, with twenty dollars costs and disbursements to the appellant.
Martin, P. J., Townlet and Dore, JJ., concur; Cohn, J., dissents and votes to affirm.