Phipps, Judge.
Glenn Edward Adams was charged with burglarizing four daycare centers. At trial, the state elected not to proceed on one of the charges, the court directed a verdict for Adams on two of the charges, and the jury found him guilty on the remaining charge. Adams claims that the trial court erred by (1) denying his motion for directed verdict on the final burglary charge, (2) allowing an exhibit to remain with the jury during deliberations, (3) allowing the state to introduce a misdemeanor conviction as impeachment evidence, and (4) failing to charge on a lesser included offense. We conclude that the trial court erred by allowing the state to use the former conviction for impeachment purposes, but find that the error was harmless. We find no merit in Adams’s other claims. Therefore, we affirm.
Adams was convicted of burglarizing the Clayton County Head-start Center. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence related to that burglary showed that on the morning of July 17, 2003, an employee opened the Headstart Center and noticed that a window had been “broken into.” The employee did not notice if anything was missing, but did testify that a toy mop that was usually inside was outside.
John Patterson with the Clayton County Sheriffs Office responded to the call at the Headstart Center. Patterson took a swabbing of dried blood found on the interior window ledge. Based on information obtained about the other daycare center burglaries, Adams was identified as a suspect, and, pursuant to a search warrant, a sample of Adams’s blood was taken. A forensic biologist with the Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI) was given the swabbing from the window ledge and Adams’s blood sample and asked to analyze DNA. He testified that the results of his testing showed that the DNA taken from the window ledge originated from Adams “or his identical twin.” Adams did not challenge the procedures used in or the results obtained from the DNA analysis.
1. Adams claims that the trial court erred by denying his motion for directed verdict. He argues that there was no evidence that any property was stolen from the premises and no evidence of his intent to commit a theft.
The standard of review for the denial of a motion for directed verdict is the same as that for determining the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction.1
[535]*535On appeal from a criminal conviction, the evidence is construed in the light most favorable to the verdict of guilt, and the presumption of innocence no longer applies. As an appellate court, we do not weigh the evidence, judge the credibility of witnesses, or resolve conflicts in trial testimony when the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged. Instead, we determine if any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.2
A person commits the offense of burglary when, without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft therein, he enters or remains within a building or any room or part thereof.3 “To complete the crime of burglary, it is not necessary that a defendant actually commit a completed theft; it is sufficient if he enters without authority and with the intent to commit a theft or felony.”4
Contrary to Adams’s contention, the state was not required to show that valuables were present in the building to prove intent.5 Intent may be inferred from evidence that valuables were present, but criminal intent may also be inferred from other evidence.6
Intent may be found by the jury upon consideration of the words, conduct, demeanor, motive and all other circumstances connected with the act for which the accused is being prosecuted. Whether a defendant has the requisite intent to commit a crime is a question for the jury.7
Here, Adams’s blood, or that of his identical twin,8 was found on the interior window ledge of the building. Adams offered no explanation as to how his blood got there, but instead testified that he did not even know where the daycare center was located. Thus, a trier of fact could infer that Adams’s blood was left at the time the daycare center was broken into.9 And even without evidence that anything was stolen, the jury could infer an intent to steal based on the evidence of [536]*536an unlawful entry into a building housing an operating business.10 The evidence was sufficient to authorize a rational trier of fact to find Adams guilty of burglary beyond a reasonable doubt.* 11
2. Adams claims that the trial court erred by allowing state’s Exhibit 13 to go out with the jury during deliberations. State’s Exhibit 13 was an “Official Report” from the GBI Division of Forensic Sciences showing a list of DNAisolation procedures performed on the blood swabbing taken from the interior window ledge and Adams’s blood sample, and the results of the tests performed on those samples.
At trial, Adams objected that allowing the exhibit to go out with the jury would violate the continuing witness rule.
In Georgia, the continuing witness objection is based on the notion that written testimony is heard by the jury when read from the witness stand just as oral testimony is heard when given from the witness stand. But, it is unfair and places undue emphasis on written testimony for the writing to go out with the jury to be read again during deliberations, while oral testimony is received but once.12
The types of documents that have been held subject to the rule include affidavits, depositions, written confessions, statements, and dying declarations.13
We have previously allowed test results to go out with the jury over similar objections.14 Consistent with our prior holdings, we conclude that the GBI’s report was not subject to the objection made.
As a writing in proof of an act or transaction, the instant report was admissible as direct evidence of the manner in which a scientific test was conducted and of the results thereby obtained. The proscription on the jury’s possession of “written testimony” does not extend to documents which [537]*537are themselves relevant and admissible as original documentary evidence in a case.15
Thus, the trial court did not err by allowing the report to go out with the jury.16
3. Adams claims that the trial court erred by allowing the state to impeach his credibility with a misdemeanor conviction for theft by receiving stolen property.17 The trial court ruled that theft by receiving stolen property is an offense involving dishonesty within the meaning of OCGA § 24-9-84.1 (a) (3), and Adams takes issue with that ruling.
OCGA § 24-9-84.1 was enacted in 2005 to establish guidelines for the use of criminal convictions to impeach witnesses or defendants who testify.18
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Phipps, Judge.
Glenn Edward Adams was charged with burglarizing four daycare centers. At trial, the state elected not to proceed on one of the charges, the court directed a verdict for Adams on two of the charges, and the jury found him guilty on the remaining charge. Adams claims that the trial court erred by (1) denying his motion for directed verdict on the final burglary charge, (2) allowing an exhibit to remain with the jury during deliberations, (3) allowing the state to introduce a misdemeanor conviction as impeachment evidence, and (4) failing to charge on a lesser included offense. We conclude that the trial court erred by allowing the state to use the former conviction for impeachment purposes, but find that the error was harmless. We find no merit in Adams’s other claims. Therefore, we affirm.
Adams was convicted of burglarizing the Clayton County Head-start Center. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence related to that burglary showed that on the morning of July 17, 2003, an employee opened the Headstart Center and noticed that a window had been “broken into.” The employee did not notice if anything was missing, but did testify that a toy mop that was usually inside was outside.
John Patterson with the Clayton County Sheriffs Office responded to the call at the Headstart Center. Patterson took a swabbing of dried blood found on the interior window ledge. Based on information obtained about the other daycare center burglaries, Adams was identified as a suspect, and, pursuant to a search warrant, a sample of Adams’s blood was taken. A forensic biologist with the Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI) was given the swabbing from the window ledge and Adams’s blood sample and asked to analyze DNA. He testified that the results of his testing showed that the DNA taken from the window ledge originated from Adams “or his identical twin.” Adams did not challenge the procedures used in or the results obtained from the DNA analysis.
1. Adams claims that the trial court erred by denying his motion for directed verdict. He argues that there was no evidence that any property was stolen from the premises and no evidence of his intent to commit a theft.
The standard of review for the denial of a motion for directed verdict is the same as that for determining the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction.1
[535]*535On appeal from a criminal conviction, the evidence is construed in the light most favorable to the verdict of guilt, and the presumption of innocence no longer applies. As an appellate court, we do not weigh the evidence, judge the credibility of witnesses, or resolve conflicts in trial testimony when the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged. Instead, we determine if any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.2
A person commits the offense of burglary when, without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft therein, he enters or remains within a building or any room or part thereof.3 “To complete the crime of burglary, it is not necessary that a defendant actually commit a completed theft; it is sufficient if he enters without authority and with the intent to commit a theft or felony.”4
Contrary to Adams’s contention, the state was not required to show that valuables were present in the building to prove intent.5 Intent may be inferred from evidence that valuables were present, but criminal intent may also be inferred from other evidence.6
Intent may be found by the jury upon consideration of the words, conduct, demeanor, motive and all other circumstances connected with the act for which the accused is being prosecuted. Whether a defendant has the requisite intent to commit a crime is a question for the jury.7
Here, Adams’s blood, or that of his identical twin,8 was found on the interior window ledge of the building. Adams offered no explanation as to how his blood got there, but instead testified that he did not even know where the daycare center was located. Thus, a trier of fact could infer that Adams’s blood was left at the time the daycare center was broken into.9 And even without evidence that anything was stolen, the jury could infer an intent to steal based on the evidence of [536]*536an unlawful entry into a building housing an operating business.10 The evidence was sufficient to authorize a rational trier of fact to find Adams guilty of burglary beyond a reasonable doubt.* 11
2. Adams claims that the trial court erred by allowing state’s Exhibit 13 to go out with the jury during deliberations. State’s Exhibit 13 was an “Official Report” from the GBI Division of Forensic Sciences showing a list of DNAisolation procedures performed on the blood swabbing taken from the interior window ledge and Adams’s blood sample, and the results of the tests performed on those samples.
At trial, Adams objected that allowing the exhibit to go out with the jury would violate the continuing witness rule.
In Georgia, the continuing witness objection is based on the notion that written testimony is heard by the jury when read from the witness stand just as oral testimony is heard when given from the witness stand. But, it is unfair and places undue emphasis on written testimony for the writing to go out with the jury to be read again during deliberations, while oral testimony is received but once.12
The types of documents that have been held subject to the rule include affidavits, depositions, written confessions, statements, and dying declarations.13
We have previously allowed test results to go out with the jury over similar objections.14 Consistent with our prior holdings, we conclude that the GBI’s report was not subject to the objection made.
As a writing in proof of an act or transaction, the instant report was admissible as direct evidence of the manner in which a scientific test was conducted and of the results thereby obtained. The proscription on the jury’s possession of “written testimony” does not extend to documents which [537]*537are themselves relevant and admissible as original documentary evidence in a case.15
Thus, the trial court did not err by allowing the report to go out with the jury.16
3. Adams claims that the trial court erred by allowing the state to impeach his credibility with a misdemeanor conviction for theft by receiving stolen property.17 The trial court ruled that theft by receiving stolen property is an offense involving dishonesty within the meaning of OCGA § 24-9-84.1 (a) (3), and Adams takes issue with that ruling.
OCGA § 24-9-84.1 was enacted in 2005 to establish guidelines for the use of criminal convictions to impeach witnesses or defendants who testify.18 Under paragraph (a) (3), “[e] vidence that any witness or the defendant has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted if it involved dishonesty or making a false statement, regardless of the punishment that could be imposed for such offense.” Georgia appellate courts have not yet addressed which crimes involve “dishonesty” within the meaning of the statute.19
The General Assembly, in enacting the statute at issue, chose to use the language of the Federal Rules of Evidence Rule 609 (a) (2).20 It is established in the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit that crimes such as theft, robbery, or shoplifting do not involve “dishonesty or false statement” within the meaning of Rule 609 (a) (2).21 In United States v. Ashley,22 the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit looked to the Conference Committee Notes in determining that shoplifting was not a conviction involving dishonesty or false statement within the meaning of Rule 609 (a) (2). According to the Conference Committee Notes to the federal rule, crimes involving “dishonesty and false statement” include
[538]*538crimes such as perjury or subornation of perjury, false statement, criminal fraud, embezzlement, or false pretense, or any other offense in the nature of crimen falsi, the commission of which involves some element of deceit, untruthfulness, or falsification bearing on the accused’s propensity to testify truthfully.23
“[I]n its broadest sense, the term ‘crimen falsi’ has encompassed only those crimes characterized by an element of deceit or deliberate interference with a court’s ascertainment of truth.”24
Other federal circuits also have concluded that theft and similar crimes do not involve dishonesty within the meaning of Rule 609 (a) (2) and therefore are not admissible for impeachment purposes.25 The focus of the federal appellate courts seems to be on the propensity for dishonesty on the witness stand.
State appellate courts with evidence rules similar to Rule 609 (a) (2) are not so uniform in their approach to this issue. In Arizona,26 North Dakota,27 and West Virginia,28 prior convictions for theft by receiving stolen property are not admissible for impeachment purposes as crimes involving “dishonesty or false statement” within the meaning of those state’s statutes. Other state courts also have refused to admit theft-related crimes because they are not crimes [539]*539involving dishonesty.29 Many of these courts have adopted the reasoning of the federal courts that a crime of dishonesty is one that bears on a witness’s propensity to testify truthfully or that involves some element of deceit or falsification.
However, in Illinois,30 Ohio,31 and Pennsylvania,32 courts have admitted prior convictions for theft by receiving stolen property for impeachment purposes as crimes involving “dishonesty” within the meaning of those state’s statutes. And other states have admitted theft-related crimes based on a determination that they are crimes of dishonesty.33 In most of these cases, the courts offer no explanation for their determination that theft crimes involve dishonesty within the meaning of the statute. In State v. Al-Amin,34 however, the South Carolina Court of Appeals engaged in a lengthy discussion of federal and state cases on the topic before concluding that armed robbery is a crime of dishonesty within the meaning of South Carolina’s impeachment statute because it is dishonest to steal.
In Georgia, prior to the enactment of OCGA § 24-9-84.1, a witness could be impeached by proof of general bad character or by proof that the witness had been convicted of a crime of moral turpitude.35 Under that rule, theft and shoplifting were considered crimes of moral turpitude.36 Instead of expressly codifying the existing law, the legislature adopted the language of the federal rule, thus using “dishonesty or false statement” instead of “moral turpitude.” Had the legislature intended for the new law to be applied in the same manner as the existing law, it seems logical that it would have used the same language. We are persuaded by the reasoning of the [540]*540Eleventh Circuit, other federal circuit courts and many state courts that, for impeachment purposes, crimes of “dishonesty” are limited to those crimes that bear upon a witness’s propensity to testify truthfully.37
Our conclusion that the term “dishonesty” must be somewhat limited in this context is also guided by the fact that, under OCGA § 24-9-84.1 (a) (3), prior convictions involving dishonesty or making a false statement must be admitted, regardless of the punishment that could be imposed and without balancing the probative value of admitting the evidence against the prejudicial effect to the witness, as is required before admitting prior convictions under paragraphs (a) (1) and (a) (2) of the statute. In addition, several courts have recognized that although theft is not necessarily a crime of dishonesty or false statement, it may be admissible nonetheless if the crime was committed by fraudulent or deceitful means.38 The state has the burden of producing facts demonstrating that the particular conviction involved fraud or deceit.39 The state did not produce any such facts in this case.
Contrary to the claim of the special concurrence, it does not seem plausible that the General Assembly intended for the term “dishonesty” in this context to be so broadly defined as to include any behavior that may be condemned as dishonest. Moreover, the Supreme Court of Georgia recently considered the constitutionality of another paragraph of the same statute, OCGA § 24-9-84.1 (b). In its analysis, the Supreme Court noted that the General Assembly had used the language of Federal Rules of Evidence Rule 609 (b) and relied on decisions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and a state appellate court that had reviewed an identical rule.40 We follow the same approach in our analysis of OCGA § 24-9-84.1 (a) (3).
Accordingly, we conclude that Adams’s prior conviction for misdemeanor theft by receiving stolen property is not a crime involving dishonesty within the meaning of OCGA§ 24-9-84.1 (a) (3). The trial court therefore erred by admitting it.
Although the trial court should not have allowed the prior conviction to be admitted, the error does not necessarily require a new [541]*541trial. In a criminal case, the standard for weighing nonconstitutional error is known as the “highly probable test,” i.e., whether it is highly probable that the error did not contribute to the judgment.41 Under that test, a reversal is not required if the evidence of guilt is overwhelming such that there is no reasonable probability that the jury’s verdict would have been different absent this error.42 Here, Adams’s conviction for the Headstart Center burglary was based on unchallenged DNA evidence that linked him directly to the crime. In light of this evidence, we conclude that the error in admitting the misdemeanor conviction for theft by receiving stolen property was harmless.43
4. Adams claims that the trial court erred by failing to give his requested jury charge on the lesser included offense of criminal trespass. However,
where the defendant has denied entering the burglarized premises, we have held that trespass instructions are not appropriate. We reasoned that the jury had the choice either to convict the defendant of burglary if it believed the State’s evidence or to acquit the defendant if the State did not meet its burden; however, the jury would not be permitted the compromise choice of disbelieving the defendant and returning a verdict of guilty on the lesser offense of criminal trespass, differing from burglary only in criminal intent.44
Judgment affirmed.
Ruffin, J., concurs. Smith, P. J., concurs specially.