FEDERAL · 31 U.S.C. · Chapter SUBCHAPTER V—PROCUREMENT PROTEST SYSTEM
Definitions
31 U.S.C. § 3551
Title31 — Money and Finance
ChapterSUBCHAPTER V—PROCUREMENT PROTEST SYSTEM
This text of 31 U.S.C. § 3551 (Definitions) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering United States primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.
Bluebook
31 U.S.C. § 3551.
Text
In this subchapter:
(1)The term "protest" means a written objection by an interested party to any of the following:
(A)A solicitation or other request by a Federal agency for offers for a contract for the procurement of property or services.
(B)The cancellation of such a solicitation or other request.
(C)An award or proposed award of such a contract.
(D)A termination or cancellation of an award of such a contract, if the written objection contains an allegation that the termination or cancellation is based in whole or in part on improprieties concerning the award of the contract.
(E)Conversion of a function that is being performed by Federal employees to private sector performance.
(2)The term "interested party"—
(A)with respect to a contract or a solicitation or other request for
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Related
Resource Conservation Group, LLC v. United States
597 F.3d 1238 (Federal Circuit, 2010)
CCL, Inc. v. United States
42 Cont. Cas. Fed. 77,237 (Federal Claims, 1997)
Banknote Corp. of America, Inc. v. United States
365 F.3d 1345 (Federal Circuit, 2004)
Jones & Artis Construction Co. v. District of Columbia Contract Appeals Board
549 A.2d 315 (District of Columbia Court of Appeals, 1988)
Cubic Defense Systems, Inc. v. United States
45 Fed. Cl. 239 (Federal Claims, 1999)
American Federation of Government Employees v. United States
46 Fed. Cl. 586 (Federal Claims, 2000)
Wildflower International, Ltd. v. United States
105 Fed. Cl. 362 (Federal Claims, 2012)
Validata Chemical Services v. United States Department of Energy
169 F. Supp. 3d 69 (District of Columbia, 2016)
Ryan Co. v. United States
43 Fed. Cl. 646 (Federal Claims, 1999)
Information Systems & Networks Corp. v. United States Department of Health & Human Services
970 F. Supp. 1 (District of Columbia, 1997)
CESC Plaza Ltd. Partnership v. United States
52 Fed. Cl. 91 (Federal Claims, 2002)
Washington State Department of Services for the Blind v. United States
58 Fed. Cl. 781 (Federal Claims, 2003)
KSD, Inc. v. United States
72 Fed. Cl. 236 (Federal Claims, 2006)
Unisys Corp. v. United States
90 Fed. Cl. 510 (Federal Claims, 2009)
22nd Century Technologies, Inc. v. United States
57 F.4th 993 (Federal Circuit, 2023)
Phoenix Engineering, Inc. v. MK-Ferguson of Oak Ridge Co.
966 F.2d 1513 (Sixth Circuit, 1992)
Alaska Central Express, Inc. v. United States
50 Fed. Cl. 510 (Federal Claims, 2001)
Mobile Medical International Corp. v. United States
95 Fed. Cl. 706 (Federal Claims, 2010)
Che Consulting, Inc. v. United States
47 Fed. Cl. 331 (Federal Claims, 2000)
Waste Management of North America, Inc. v. Weinberger
862 F.2d 1393 (Ninth Circuit, 1988)
Source Credit
History
(Added Pub. L. 98–369, div. B, title VII, §2741(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1199; amended Pub. L. 99–145, title XIII, §1304(d), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 742; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(f)(1)(K), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1362; Pub. L. 103–355, title I, §1401, Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3287; Pub. L. 104–106, div. D, title XLIII, §4321(d)(1), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 674; Pub. L. 107–217, §3(h)(6), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1300; Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title III, §326(a), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1848; Pub. L. 110–161, div. D, title VII, §739(c)(1)(A), Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2030; Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title III, §326(a), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 62; Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title III, §327(a), (b), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2255.)
Editorial Notes
Editorial Notes
Amendments
2009—Par. (1)(E). Pub. L. 111–84, §327(a), added subpar. (E).
Par. (2)(B)(i). Pub. L. 111–84, §327(b), amended cl. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (i) read as follows: "any official who submitted the agency tender in such competition; and".
2008—Par. (2). Pub. L. 110–181 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "The term 'interested party'—
"(A) with respect to a contract or a solicitation or other request for offers described in paragraph (1), means an actual or prospective bidder or offeror whose direct economic interest would be affected by the award of the contract or by failure to award the contract; and
"(B) with respect to a public-private competition conducted under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 regarding performance of an activity or function of a Federal agency, or a decision to convert a function performed by Federal employees to private sector performance without a competition under OMB Circular A–76, includes—
"(i) any official who submitted the agency tender in such competition; and
"(ii) any one person who, for the purpose of representing them in a protest under this subchapter that relates to such competition, has been designated as their agent by a majority of the employees of such Federal agency who are engaged in the performance of such activity or function."
2007—Par. (2). Pub. L. 110–161 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows:
"(2)(A) The term 'interested party', with respect to a contract or a solicitation or other request for offers described in paragraph (1), means an actual or prospective bidder or offeror whose direct economic interest would be affected by the award of the contract or by failure to award the contract.
"(B) The term includes the official responsible for submitting the Federal agency tender in a public-private competition conducted under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 regarding an activity or function of a Federal agency performed by more than 65 full-time equivalent employees of the Federal agency."
2004—Par. (2). Pub. L. 108–375 designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpar. (B).
2002—Par. (3). Pub. L. 107–217 substituted "section 102 of title 40" for "section 3 of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 472)".
1996—Pub. L. 104–106, §4321(d)(1)(A), substituted "subchapter:" for "subchapter—" in introductory provisions.
Par. (2). Pub. L. 104–106, §4321(d)(1)(B), substituted "or a solicitation or other request for offers" for "or proposed contract".
1994—Par. (1). Pub. L. 103–355, §1401(a), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: " 'protest' means a written objection by an interested party to a solicitation by a Federal agency for bids or proposals for a proposed contract for the procurement of property or services or a written objection by an interested party to a proposed award or the award of such a contract;".
Pub. L. 103–272 substituted "a Federal" for "an Federal".
Par. (2). Pub. L. 103–355, §1401(b)(1), inserted "The term" after "(2)" and substituted a period for "; and" at end.
Par. (3). Pub. L. 103–355, §1401(b)(2), inserted "The term" after "(3)".
1985—Par. (1). Pub. L. 99–145 substituted "Federal agency" for "executive agency".
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2009 Amendment
Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title III, §327(d), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2255, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 3554 of this title] shall apply—
"(1) to any protest or civil action that relates to a public-private competition conducted after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 28, 2009] under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76, or any successor circular; and
"(2) to a decision made after the date of the enactment of this Act to convert a function performed by Federal employees to private sector performance without a competition under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76."
Effective Date of 2008 Amendment
Par. (2)(B) of this section, as added by Pub. L. 110–181, applicable to a protest or civil action that challenges final selection of the source of performance of an activity or function of a Federal agency made pursuant to a study under OMB Circular A–76 on or after Jan. 1, 2004, and to any other protest or civil action that relates to a public-private competition under Circular A–76 or to a decision to convert a function performed by Federal employees to private sector performance without a competition under Circular A–76, on or after Jan. 28, 2008, see section 326(d) of Pub. L. 110–181, set out as a note under section 1491 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
Effective Date of 2007 Amendment
Paragraph (2)(B) of this section applicable to protests and civil actions that challenge final selections of sources of performance of an activity or function of a Federal agency that are made pursuant to studies initiated under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 on or after Jan. 1, 2004; and to any other protests and civil actions that relate to public-private competitions initiated under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76, or a decision to convert a function performed by Federal employees to private sector performance without a competition under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76, on or after Dec. 26, 2007, see section 739(c)(3) of Pub. L. 110–161, set out as a note under section 501 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 110–161 applicable with respect to fiscal year 2008 and each succeeding fiscal year, see section 739(e) of Pub. L. 110–161, set out as a note under section 501 of this title.
Effective Date of 2004 Amendment
Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title III, §326(d), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1848, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 3552 and 3553 of this title] shall apply to protests filed under subchapter V of chapter 35 of title 31, United States Code, that relate to studies initiated under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 on or after the end of the 90-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 28, 2004]."
Effective Date of 1996 Amendment
For effective date and applicability of amendment by Pub. L. 104–106, see section 4401 of Pub. L. 104–106, set out as a note under section 2220 of Title 10, Armed Forces.
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
For effective date and applicability of amendment by Pub. L. 103–355, see section 10001 of Pub. L. 103–355, set out as a note under section 8752 of Title 10, Armed Forces.
Effective Date
Section applicable with respect to any protest filed after Jan. 14, 1985, see section 2751(b) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 2302 of Title 10, Armed Forces.
Construction of 2004 Amendment
Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title III, §326(e), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1849, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 3552 and 3553 of this title] shall not be construed to authorize the use of a protest under subchapter V of chapter 35 of title 31, United States Code, with regard to a decision made by an agency tender official."
Amendments
2009—Par. (1)(E). Pub. L. 111–84, §327(a), added subpar. (E).
Par. (2)(B)(i). Pub. L. 111–84, §327(b), amended cl. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (i) read as follows: "any official who submitted the agency tender in such competition; and".
2008—Par. (2). Pub. L. 110–181 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "The term 'interested party'—
"(A) with respect to a contract or a solicitation or other request for offers described in paragraph (1), means an actual or prospective bidder or offeror whose direct economic interest would be affected by the award of the contract or by failure to award the contract; and
"(B) with respect to a public-private competition conducted under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 regarding performance of an activity or function of a Federal agency, or a decision to convert a function performed by Federal employees to private sector performance without a competition under OMB Circular A–76, includes—
"(i) any official who submitted the agency tender in such competition; and
"(ii) any one person who, for the purpose of representing them in a protest under this subchapter that relates to such competition, has been designated as their agent by a majority of the employees of such Federal agency who are engaged in the performance of such activity or function."
2007—Par. (2). Pub. L. 110–161 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows:
"(2)(A) The term 'interested party', with respect to a contract or a solicitation or other request for offers described in paragraph (1), means an actual or prospective bidder or offeror whose direct economic interest would be affected by the award of the contract or by failure to award the contract.
"(B) The term includes the official responsible for submitting the Federal agency tender in a public-private competition conducted under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 regarding an activity or function of a Federal agency performed by more than 65 full-time equivalent employees of the Federal agency."
2004—Par. (2). Pub. L. 108–375 designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpar. (B).
2002—Par. (3). Pub. L. 107–217 substituted "section 102 of title 40" for "section 3 of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 472)".
1996—Pub. L. 104–106, §4321(d)(1)(A), substituted "subchapter:" for "subchapter—" in introductory provisions.
Par. (2). Pub. L. 104–106, §4321(d)(1)(B), substituted "or a solicitation or other request for offers" for "or proposed contract".
1994—Par. (1). Pub. L. 103–355, §1401(a), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: " 'protest' means a written objection by an interested party to a solicitation by a Federal agency for bids or proposals for a proposed contract for the procurement of property or services or a written objection by an interested party to a proposed award or the award of such a contract;".
Pub. L. 103–272 substituted "a Federal" for "an Federal".
Par. (2). Pub. L. 103–355, §1401(b)(1), inserted "The term" after "(2)" and substituted a period for "; and" at end.
Par. (3). Pub. L. 103–355, §1401(b)(2), inserted "The term" after "(3)".
1985—Par. (1). Pub. L. 99–145 substituted "Federal agency" for "executive agency".
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Effective Date of 2009 Amendment
Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title III, §327(d), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2255, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 3554 of this title] shall apply—
"(1) to any protest or civil action that relates to a public-private competition conducted after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 28, 2009] under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76, or any successor circular; and
"(2) to a decision made after the date of the enactment of this Act to convert a function performed by Federal employees to private sector performance without a competition under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76."
Effective Date of 2008 Amendment
Par. (2)(B) of this section, as added by Pub. L. 110–181, applicable to a protest or civil action that challenges final selection of the source of performance of an activity or function of a Federal agency made pursuant to a study under OMB Circular A–76 on or after Jan. 1, 2004, and to any other protest or civil action that relates to a public-private competition under Circular A–76 or to a decision to convert a function performed by Federal employees to private sector performance without a competition under Circular A–76, on or after Jan. 28, 2008, see section 326(d) of Pub. L. 110–181, set out as a note under section 1491 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
Effective Date of 2007 Amendment
Paragraph (2)(B) of this section applicable to protests and civil actions that challenge final selections of sources of performance of an activity or function of a Federal agency that are made pursuant to studies initiated under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 on or after Jan. 1, 2004; and to any other protests and civil actions that relate to public-private competitions initiated under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76, or a decision to convert a function performed by Federal employees to private sector performance without a competition under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76, on or after Dec. 26, 2007, see section 739(c)(3) of Pub. L. 110–161, set out as a note under section 501 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 110–161 applicable with respect to fiscal year 2008 and each succeeding fiscal year, see section 739(e) of Pub. L. 110–161, set out as a note under section 501 of this title.
Effective Date of 2004 Amendment
Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title III, §326(d), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1848, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 3552 and 3553 of this title] shall apply to protests filed under subchapter V of chapter 35 of title 31, United States Code, that relate to studies initiated under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 on or after the end of the 90-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 28, 2004]."
Effective Date of 1996 Amendment
For effective date and applicability of amendment by Pub. L. 104–106, see section 4401 of Pub. L. 104–106, set out as a note under section 2220 of Title 10, Armed Forces.
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
For effective date and applicability of amendment by Pub. L. 103–355, see section 10001 of Pub. L. 103–355, set out as a note under section 8752 of Title 10, Armed Forces.
Effective Date
Section applicable with respect to any protest filed after Jan. 14, 1985, see section 2751(b) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 2302 of Title 10, Armed Forces.
Construction of 2004 Amendment
Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title III, §326(e), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1849, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 3552 and 3553 of this title] shall not be construed to authorize the use of a protest under subchapter V of chapter 35 of title 31, United States Code, with regard to a decision made by an agency tender official."
Cite This Page — Counsel Stack
Bluebook (online)
31 U.S.C. § 3551, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/usc/31/3551.