Per Curiam Opinion; Concurrence by Judge REINHARDT.
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Petitioners Trung Van Truong (“Mr. Truong”) and his wife, Nga Thi Lu, are natives and citizens of Vietnam. Their children, Martina and Paolo Truong, who are also petitioners in this case, were born in Italy, but are not citizens of that country. All foxir family members have lived in the United States for almost 20 years.
Throughout their immigration proceedings, the Truongs have consistently been found to be credible. In his asylum application and in a hearing before an Immigration Judge (IJ), Mr. Truong established that he fought as a sergeant in the anticommunist South Vietnamese army in the Vietnam War. During the War, he was captured and tortured by communist guerrillas. After the North Vietnamese victory, he went into hiding and became an active member of an underground anticommunist organization. In April 1979, he and his wife escaped Vietnam. They stayed for a year in a United Nations-sponsored refugee camp in Malaysia before being admitted to Italy as refugees. They lived in Italy from 1980 until 1991, when they were granted non-immigrant visas and entered the United States, where they have remained ever since.
In 1995, the Truongs were charged with overstaying their visas, and were subsequently placed in deportation proceedings. They applied for asylum. The IJ granted their application. He was influenced in part by his finding that deportation would be “extremely traumatic” for the Truongs’ two children, particularly Martina, whom the IJ described, after hearing her testimony, as “totally Americanized.” The IJ was also concerned that, although the Truongs had been granted temporary refugee status in Italy, “the truth is that they cannot return to Italy.” He found, and this court subsequently agreed, that by staying in the United States beyond the period permitted by the Italian government, the Truongs had lost their refugee status in that country. Finally, the IJ was moved by the fact that Mr. Truong had fought on behalf of the United States-backed South Vietnamese Army. The IJ understood Mr. Truong’s service on behalf of the United State’s South Vietnamese [940]*940allies to place some responsibility on the United States government to remedy, if possible, his family’s subsequent statelessness.
The government appealed the IJ’s decision. After the appeal had been pending for almost six years, Martina wrote to the BIA to inquire as to the status of her family’s case. She asked that the BIA issue a final, favorable decision, so that she could regularize her immigration status in order to pursue an education at the University of California at Riverside, where she had been accepted as an undergraduate student. Shortly after receiving Martina’s letter, in August of 2001, the BIA reversed the IJ’s decision. It held that the Truongs were ineligible for asylum because they had firmly resettled in Italy, and ordered them to depart the United States within thirty days.
In 2003, this court granted the Truongs’ petition for review of the BIA decision. Truong v. INS, No. 01-71507, 58 Fed. Appx. 315, 2003 WL 677843 (9th Cir.2003) (unpublished disposition). We observed that the Truongs’ credible testimony at their initial hearing had established that, about five years after arriving in Italy, they had begun receiving threats from Vietnamese communists living in the area. Id. Late at night, unidentified individuals had called their home and threatened to shoot them if they left the house. Id. On two separate occasions in 1991, Mr. Truong was shot at while driving his car at night. Id. He filed police reports on both occasions, but the police did nothing. Id. Shortly thereafter, fearing for their safety, the Truongs left Italy for the United States. Id. This court found that the foregoing facts “support[ed] a persecution claim” and remanded to the BIA “to consider whether the Truongs ha[d] shown persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution in Italy.” Id.
On remand, a new IJ observed that the Truongs’ case was “extremely sympathetic,” and stated that he “would do anything in [his] power to grant their asylum case.” At the conclusion of the hearing, the IJ offered to grant the Truongs a continuance so that they could accumulate additional evidence supporting their persecution claims, but the Truongs’ counsel declined and requested an immediate decision.1 The IJ granted the Truongs’ application for withholding of removal to Vietnam, but found that the Truongs had failed to establish that the Italian government was unable or unwilling to protect them and, accordingly, denied their asylum application. The BIA affirmed.
As both of the IJs who have considered this case have concluded, the equities overwhelmingly favor the Truongs. In particular, Martina and Paolo, who were ten and two years old respectively when they entered the United States, are now twenty-nine and twenty-one years old. Moreover, the record shows that the Truongs are not able to return to Italy or Vietnam, the only countries — apart from the United States— to which they have any ties. When asked at oral argument whether the government had a country in mind to which they could be sent, counsel for the respondent stated that they would be sent to “whatever country would be willing” to have them. In light of these circumstances, we referred the ease to mediation for exploration of [941]*941any possibilities that would allow the Truongs to remain in the United States. Unfortunately, mediation has proven unsuccessful, and the parties have asked the panel to issue a decision on the merits. We do so now, and we DENY.
We first reject the Truongs’ contention that this court held in 2003 that the family suffered past persecution in Italy. In our prior disposition, we remanded the Truongs’ persecution claims so that the BIA could “make the initial eligibility determination” — i.e., “consider whether the Truongs have shown persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution in Italy.” 58 Fed.Appx. at 318 (citing INS v. Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 123 S.Ct. 353, 154 L.Ed.2d 272 (2002) (noting that “[generally speaking, a court of appeals should remand a case to an agency for decision of a matter that statutes place primarily in agency hands.”)). The Truongs’ assertion that we found past persecution, and that the IJ and BIA were powerless to subsequently find otherwise, is meritless.
We also find meritless the Truongs’ assertion that the IJ found past persecution. Though the IJ did state that the Truongs suffered harassment in Italy rising to the level required to establish persecution, he clearly found the Truongs failed to show that “[t]he persecution [was] by the hands of the government or other group or person whose actions the government is unable or unwilling to control.”
We turn now to this finding and hold that it was supported by substantial evidence. “To establish past persecution, [aliens] must demonstrate that: (1) their experiences rise to the level of persecution; (2) the persecution was on account of one or more of the five protected grounds; and (3) the persecution was committed either by the government or by forces that the government was unable or unwilling to control.” Gormley v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 1172, 1177 (9th Cir.2004).
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Per Curiam Opinion; Concurrence by Judge REINHARDT.
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Petitioners Trung Van Truong (“Mr. Truong”) and his wife, Nga Thi Lu, are natives and citizens of Vietnam. Their children, Martina and Paolo Truong, who are also petitioners in this case, were born in Italy, but are not citizens of that country. All foxir family members have lived in the United States for almost 20 years.
Throughout their immigration proceedings, the Truongs have consistently been found to be credible. In his asylum application and in a hearing before an Immigration Judge (IJ), Mr. Truong established that he fought as a sergeant in the anticommunist South Vietnamese army in the Vietnam War. During the War, he was captured and tortured by communist guerrillas. After the North Vietnamese victory, he went into hiding and became an active member of an underground anticommunist organization. In April 1979, he and his wife escaped Vietnam. They stayed for a year in a United Nations-sponsored refugee camp in Malaysia before being admitted to Italy as refugees. They lived in Italy from 1980 until 1991, when they were granted non-immigrant visas and entered the United States, where they have remained ever since.
In 1995, the Truongs were charged with overstaying their visas, and were subsequently placed in deportation proceedings. They applied for asylum. The IJ granted their application. He was influenced in part by his finding that deportation would be “extremely traumatic” for the Truongs’ two children, particularly Martina, whom the IJ described, after hearing her testimony, as “totally Americanized.” The IJ was also concerned that, although the Truongs had been granted temporary refugee status in Italy, “the truth is that they cannot return to Italy.” He found, and this court subsequently agreed, that by staying in the United States beyond the period permitted by the Italian government, the Truongs had lost their refugee status in that country. Finally, the IJ was moved by the fact that Mr. Truong had fought on behalf of the United States-backed South Vietnamese Army. The IJ understood Mr. Truong’s service on behalf of the United State’s South Vietnamese [940]*940allies to place some responsibility on the United States government to remedy, if possible, his family’s subsequent statelessness.
The government appealed the IJ’s decision. After the appeal had been pending for almost six years, Martina wrote to the BIA to inquire as to the status of her family’s case. She asked that the BIA issue a final, favorable decision, so that she could regularize her immigration status in order to pursue an education at the University of California at Riverside, where she had been accepted as an undergraduate student. Shortly after receiving Martina’s letter, in August of 2001, the BIA reversed the IJ’s decision. It held that the Truongs were ineligible for asylum because they had firmly resettled in Italy, and ordered them to depart the United States within thirty days.
In 2003, this court granted the Truongs’ petition for review of the BIA decision. Truong v. INS, No. 01-71507, 58 Fed. Appx. 315, 2003 WL 677843 (9th Cir.2003) (unpublished disposition). We observed that the Truongs’ credible testimony at their initial hearing had established that, about five years after arriving in Italy, they had begun receiving threats from Vietnamese communists living in the area. Id. Late at night, unidentified individuals had called their home and threatened to shoot them if they left the house. Id. On two separate occasions in 1991, Mr. Truong was shot at while driving his car at night. Id. He filed police reports on both occasions, but the police did nothing. Id. Shortly thereafter, fearing for their safety, the Truongs left Italy for the United States. Id. This court found that the foregoing facts “support[ed] a persecution claim” and remanded to the BIA “to consider whether the Truongs ha[d] shown persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution in Italy.” Id.
On remand, a new IJ observed that the Truongs’ case was “extremely sympathetic,” and stated that he “would do anything in [his] power to grant their asylum case.” At the conclusion of the hearing, the IJ offered to grant the Truongs a continuance so that they could accumulate additional evidence supporting their persecution claims, but the Truongs’ counsel declined and requested an immediate decision.1 The IJ granted the Truongs’ application for withholding of removal to Vietnam, but found that the Truongs had failed to establish that the Italian government was unable or unwilling to protect them and, accordingly, denied their asylum application. The BIA affirmed.
As both of the IJs who have considered this case have concluded, the equities overwhelmingly favor the Truongs. In particular, Martina and Paolo, who were ten and two years old respectively when they entered the United States, are now twenty-nine and twenty-one years old. Moreover, the record shows that the Truongs are not able to return to Italy or Vietnam, the only countries — apart from the United States— to which they have any ties. When asked at oral argument whether the government had a country in mind to which they could be sent, counsel for the respondent stated that they would be sent to “whatever country would be willing” to have them. In light of these circumstances, we referred the ease to mediation for exploration of [941]*941any possibilities that would allow the Truongs to remain in the United States. Unfortunately, mediation has proven unsuccessful, and the parties have asked the panel to issue a decision on the merits. We do so now, and we DENY.
We first reject the Truongs’ contention that this court held in 2003 that the family suffered past persecution in Italy. In our prior disposition, we remanded the Truongs’ persecution claims so that the BIA could “make the initial eligibility determination” — i.e., “consider whether the Truongs have shown persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution in Italy.” 58 Fed.Appx. at 318 (citing INS v. Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 123 S.Ct. 353, 154 L.Ed.2d 272 (2002) (noting that “[generally speaking, a court of appeals should remand a case to an agency for decision of a matter that statutes place primarily in agency hands.”)). The Truongs’ assertion that we found past persecution, and that the IJ and BIA were powerless to subsequently find otherwise, is meritless.
We also find meritless the Truongs’ assertion that the IJ found past persecution. Though the IJ did state that the Truongs suffered harassment in Italy rising to the level required to establish persecution, he clearly found the Truongs failed to show that “[t]he persecution [was] by the hands of the government or other group or person whose actions the government is unable or unwilling to control.”
We turn now to this finding and hold that it was supported by substantial evidence. “To establish past persecution, [aliens] must demonstrate that: (1) their experiences rise to the level of persecution; (2) the persecution was on account of one or more of the five protected grounds; and (3) the persecution was committed either by the government or by forces that the government was unable or unwilling to control.” Gormley v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 1172, 1177 (9th Cir.2004). Substantial evidence supports the IJ and BIA’s conclusion that the harassment the Truongs faced in Italy was not “committed either by the government or by forces that the government was unable or unwilling to control.” Id. Although the Truongs contend that their harassment came at the hands of communist forces, the record suggests that this contention is speculative. The Truongs simply cannot and do not know who their assailants were and what motivations they may have had. We also note that the Truongs’ professed belief that the Italian government was complicit in or unwilling to stop their harassment is undermined by the fact that the Truongs repeatedly sought assistance from the Italian police, who dutifully made reports after each incident and indicated that they would investigate. Without more, we are reluctant to infer government complicity or indifference from the mere fact that Italian police were unable to locate the Truongs’ unknown assailants. Cf. Singh v. I.N.S., 134 F.3d 962, 968 (9th Cir.1998) (“[T]he police in the case at bar responded to Petitioner’s location when she called them, but they took no further action. As the immigration judge noted, this could have been due to a lack of suspects, few leads, etc.”).
The few pieces of documentary evidence that the Truongs produced before the IJ are unavailing. At best, they show that ethnic minorities and immigrants living in Italy face sporadic violence and discrimination; they do not suggest that the Italian government is complicit in or unwilling to combat such discrimination. To the contrary, the 2003 State Department Country Report for Italy states that “[t]he Government generally respected the human rights of its citizens ... [and] the law and judiciary provided effective means of dealing with individual instances of abuse.” [942]*942We, thus, hold that the record before us is not so overwhelming that “a reasonable factfinder would be compelled to conclude,” Gormley, 364 F.3d at 1176, that the Truongs faced past persecution at the hands of the Italian government or forces that the Italian government was unable or unwilling to control.
DENIED.