NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1217-20
TOMAR CONSTRUCTION, LLC,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
PASSAIC VALLEY SEWERAGE COMMISSION, a body corporate and politic of the State of New Jersey, and STONE HILL CONTRACTING CO., INC., a Pennsylvania Corporation,
Defendants-Respondents.
Submitted April 28, 2021 – Decided May 25, 2021
Before Judges Whipple and Rose.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Essex County, Docket No. L-0599-20.
DeNoia, Tambasco & Germann, LLC, attorneys for appellant (Thomas DeNoia and Tomaso R. DeNoia, on the briefs).
Piro Zinna Cifelli Paris & Genitempo, LLC, attorneys for respondent Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission (David M. Paris and Michael A. Koribanick, on the brief).
Fenningham, Dempster & Coval, LLC, attorneys for respondent Stone Hill Contracting Co., Inc. (Gerald A. Hughes and Timothy B. Fenningham, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff Tomar Construction, LLC appeals from a January 5, 2021 Law
Division order, dismissing its verified complaint in lieu of prerogative writs that
sought an award of a public contract as the lowest responsive and responsible
bidder. Defendant Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission (PVSC) awarded the
contract for its Decant Facility Rehabilitation Project to the next lowest bidder,
defendant Stone Hill Contracting Co., Inc. We affirm.
The four-year project includes the structural repair of PVSC's decades-old
sludge decant tanks, replacement of certain components, and upgrades to
electrical and utility rooms involved in the sludge treatment process. In October
2019, PVSC solicited bids for the project. The bid proposal required "a
combination of lump sum costs, unit prices and allowance items." Lump sum
amounts were required for individual line items.
Pertinent to this appeal, section 1.17 of the bid specification provided, in
pertinent part:
A-1217-20 2 A. Pursuant to law, [PVSC] may reject bids when it has sound, documented business reasons which are in the best interest of [PVSC]. [PVSC] reserves the right to . . . disregard all nonconforming, nonresponsive, unbalanced or conditional [b]ids.
B. In evaluating [b]ids, [PVSC] will consider the qualifications of the [b]idders, whether or not the [b]ids comply with the prescribed requirements, and such alternates, prices and other data, as may be requested in the [b]id [f]orm prior to the [n]otice of [a]ward.
C. If the [c]ontract is to be awarded, it will be awarded to the lowest responsible [b]idder in accordance with applicable law.
Bidders were further advised: "Determination of low bid will be made by
comparing the total estimated bid price, which shall include the lump sum bid
price and allowances."
On December 20, 2019, four bids were submitted for the project, as
follows:
TOTAL BID BID BID BID BID BIDDER AMOUNT ITEM 1C ITEM 1D ITEM 1E ITEM 1H 1. Tomar $51,879,500 $1,200,000 $2,500,000 $1,150,000 $20,000 2. Stone Hill $53,671,263 $1,944,900 $5,642,400 $1,909,900 $330,200 3. Railroad $55,754,675 $3,500,000 $4,000,000 $1,500,000 $200,000 Constr., Inc. 4. North East $68,248,000 $4,000,000 $5,213,580 $2,300,000 $360,000 Remsco Constr., Inc.
A-1217-20 3 Although plaintiff submitted the lowest bid, PVSC rejected its proposal,
finding plaintiff violated a material bid specification by submitting "an
unbalanced non-responsive bid." In reaching its decision, PVSC utilized four
sources to review the bids: Chief Operating Officer Bridget McKenna; Chief
Engineer John Rotolo; and the Operations Department (collectively, internal
PVSC sources); and PVSC's consulting engineers, Hazen and Sawyer. PVSC's
internal sources each identified issues with plaintiff's bid for several lump sum
items, concluding the bid was unbalanced and non-responsive. Hazen and
Sawyer also determined plaintiff's bid was
unbalanced based upon the apparent front-loading of [b]id [i]tem 1F (Substation 16) which represents work to be completed in the initial stages of the project. Additionally, nominal pricing for [b]id [i]tems 1C, 1D, and 1E, and 1H as well as enhanced pricing for many of the unit pricing of [b]id [i]tems 14A-J also indicates an unbalanced bid.
In January 2020, plaintiff filed an order to show cause and verified
complaint seeking preliminary injunctive relief. Defendants agreed to
temporarily restrain the contract award while the parties conducted extensive
discovery and fully briefed the bid challenge.
On August 17, 2020, Judge Keith E. Lynott issued a comprehensive oral
decision – spanning sixty transcript pages – articulating in great detail the
A-1217-20 4 relevant case law and principles pertaining to unbalanced bids. See, e.g., M.J.
Paquet, Inc. v. N.J. Dep't of Transp. (Paquet II), 171 N.J. 378, 399 (2002);
Riverland Constr. Co. v. Lombardo Contracting Co., Inc., 154 N.J. Super. 42,
45-48 (App. Div. 1977), aff'd o.b., 76 N.J. 522 (1978); Armaniaco v. Borough
of Cresskill, 62 N.J. Super. 476, 482 (1960).
For example, the judge recognized "unbalanced bids are not per se illegal
or inappropriate, but can be employed in ways that are conducive to fraud or
collusion that can expose the bidding agency to demands or change orders
seeking additional funding after accepting the bid and entering a contract . . . ."
In that regard, the judge recognized the inherent risk of unbalanced bids on
public funds. See Armaniaco, 62 N.J. Super. at 486-87 (holding a governmental
entity's ability to reject unbalanced bids prevents the risks to public funds).
Observing New Jersey "case law does not delineate any bright line test
. . . [for] the determination of an unbalanced bid[,]" the judge noted front-loaded
and nominal bids "are perhaps the most frequent type[s] of unbalanced bids."
But the judge also recognized unbalanced bids can include those "types of bids
or bidding strategies that . . . involve disproportionately high o r low bids on
individual items or components." Rejecting plaintiff's argument to the contrary,
the judge found "a nominal bid need not only be a penny bid . . . but . . . can be
A-1217-20 5 any bid that is so low that it does not bear its appropriate share of the cos ts or
profit."
Finding plaintiff failed to "establish[] a reasonable probability of success
on the merits[,]" the judge nonetheless concluded a prompt plenary hearing was
appropriate here, where the "issue of what constitutes an unbalanced bid" was
best resolved by live expert testimony, rather than the competing expert reports
presented by the parties. The judge continued restraints pending the outcome of
the hearing.
Between September and November 2020, Judge Lynott conducted a
seventeen-day bench trial. Plaintiff presented the testimony of five witnesses,
including its president, Thomas Mottackal; chief estimator, Sobhan Nallamothu;
and expert in general engineering and bid review, George Moglia. Plaintiff also
compelled the testimony of McKenna, who is retired from PVSC, and Hazen
and Sawyer's project manager, Julian Chianelli. Plaintiff also submitted in
evidence deposition excerpts of various witnesses who testified at trial and
PVSC's purchasing agent, Thomas Fuscaldo. Rotolo testified on behalf of
PVSC. Glenn Brunje was qualified – over plaintiff's objection – as PVSC's
expert in engineering, bid package preparation, bid submittal review and
A-1217-20 6 construction project oversight. Numerous documents were jointly admitted in
evidence. Stone Hill did not present the testimony of any witnesses.
Following closing arguments on November 18, 2020, Judge Lynott
reserved decision. On January 4, 2021, the judge issued a cogent decision from
the bench that spanned more than fifty transcript pages. Incorpor ating the legal
principles pertaining to unbalanced bids set forth in his earlier decisions, 1 the
judge meticulously detailed his findings of fact and conclusions of law.
As to the meaning of unbalanced bids, the judge found it "noteworthy that
the experts of the respective sides examined the same data and applied what the
court [found] was essentially the same definition of an unbalanced bid from an
industry standard and consistent with applicable New Jersey case law and came
to anecdotal conclusions." Explaining his finding that plaintiff's bid was
unbalanced, the judge stated, in pertinent part:
[Plaintiff's] lump sum line item bid . . . for items 1C, 1B, 1E and 1H were substantially lower than the average of the bids of the other bidders. . . . [T]he comparison of this nature to the bid of the other bidders is completely appropriate in determining if the bid was unbalanced using industry standards employed by staff, the Hazen and Sawyer firm and the litigation experts in this case.
1 In addition to his August 17, 2020 decision, the judge issued a detailed oral decision, denying PVSC's motion for a directed verdict at the close of plaintiff's case on October 19, 2020. A-1217-20 7 Recognizing plaintiff's total bid was "1.7 million dollars less than the next
lowest bid of Stone Hill," the judge nonetheless credited the testimony of
PVSC's staff, which "had serious concerns . . . that acceptance of [plaintiff's]
bid would put the agency in a position of having to pay[] substantially more than
the bid by Stone Hill." The judge elaborated:
There w[ere] reasons in the record before [PVSC] to find that [plaintiff's] bid was not merely different, but was materially found unbalanced, meaning the level of unbalancing . . . presented a risk to [PVSC] of increased costs, delay and interruption of operations, [and] reflected a lack of understanding of the bid specifications by [plaintiff] and the critical sequencing of the project and that impaired the competitive bidding process.
As one notable example, the judge cited plaintiff's $20,000 bid for item
1H. That item included not only "the trailers themselves, but office, conference,
furnishings, computers and communication equipment all for a four-year
project, together with mobilization costs." According to the judge:
It was and is appropriate to find that this line item bid was seriously deficient and indeed nominal. Even tho[ugh] the item itself represents only a relatively small portion of the overall contract amount as [plaintiff] has pointed out . . . the nominal amount [plaintiff] submitted on its face reflected to the PVSC analyst lack of understanding [of] what was needed to perform this critical contract and attributed to a problem of compromising the ability to compare
A-1217-20 8 [plaintiff's] bid with that of other bidders to determine the actual low bidder, thereby undermining the competitive process contemplated by the public bidding laws.
The judge also cited bid items 1B and 1E, finding they were
substantially low because [plaintiff] did not include the bid item amounts for HVAC-related equipment. Instead [plaintiff] placed all or virtually all of the costs for such equipment in item 1G. . . . Given the content of [the bid specifications, drawings, and equipment lists] read together, it was entirely reasonable for PVSC to expect the bidders to include costs for HVAC-related items in items 1B and 1E. And it was therefore not an arbitrary, capricious act to find that [plaintiff]'s significantly lower bids for these items apparently lacking such cost[s] were unbalanced.
Judge Lynott referenced other issues with plaintiff's bid, including Hazen
and Sawyer's determination that item 1F was "front-loaded." While the judge
recognized McKenna did not reach the same conclusion, the judge found "[o]n
the record before Hazen and Sawyer at the time, this was certainly not an
unreasonable or arbitrary conclusion." Rather, the "analysists came [to]
separate, but ultimately like-minded conclusions about [plaintiff]'s bid." The
judge found credible the testimony of all witnesses on staff or otherwise
associated with PVSC.
Conversely, Judge Lynott found plaintiff's process and approach in
preparing the bid was flawed and demonstrated its lack of understanding of the
A-1217-20 9 requirements. Citing the testimony of Mottackal and Nallamothu, the judge
concluded "their essential focus was on the bottom-line bid amount."
Importantly, the judge found Nallamothu "was not familiar in any meaningful
way with the concept of an unbalanced bid."
Turning to the experts, Judge Lynott found Brunje's testimony "credible,
straightforward, and generally consistent." According to the judge, Brunje
"employed an industry-based standard for an unbalanced bid" that "was not
meaningfully different from that used by [plaintiff]'s expert, . . . Moglia."
Having previously rejected plaintiff's in limine challenges to Brunje's
qualifications and his opinion as "net," the judge determined Brunje's "findings
as to unbalancing [we]re supported by the record."
As for Moglia's testimony, the judge found the expert "used a virtually
identical standard of review" as Brunje, "but came to different, ultimate
conclusions, positing that [plaintiff's] bid was merely different and not
unbalanced." Importantly, however, the judge found Moglia acknowledged
plaintiff's bids for "items 1C, 1B, and 1E were extremely low" and substantially
lower than the other bidders. Further, Moglia testified "it was necessary to look
behind [plaintiff's] bid and the facts [that were] not available to PVSC . . . at the
time it made its decision." The judge found that need rendered Moglia's opinion
A-1217-20 10 "less credible, less persuasive and less meaningful or helpful to [him as] the
factfinder in the circumstances of this case."
The judge concluded:
The battle of experts in this case serves . . . to highlight the discretionary nature of [the definition of] a balanced bid. . . . Brunje's opinion on the subject was credible, grounded in an appropriate industry-based standard and method and the facts, the facts on the record and fully supports as reasonable and non-arbitrary that PVSC exercised good discretion to determine [plaintiff's] bid was unbalanced.
To adopt . . . Moglia['s] opinion and circumstances here would be very much like substituting the court's judgment for that of . . . PVSC.
In reaching his decision, the judge rejected plaintiff's contention that its
"bid was not unbalanced . . . but merely different" and that had PVSC inquired,
plaintiff could have explained that difference. As the judge aptly recognized,
the burden did not fall upon PVSC "to inquire post bid how [plaintiff] interpreted
the specifications . . . ."
Ultimately, Judge Lynott concluded plaintiff failed to prove PVSC's
rejection of its bid "was arbitrary, capricious, unreasonable or contrary to law."
Instead, the judge found PVSC's conclusion that plaintiff's bid was unbalanced
"fully consistent with the New Jersey case law defining an unbalanced bid,
A-1217-20 11 describing the dangers associated with an unbalanced bid and authorizing . . .
[the] disqualifi[cation of] such a bid." The judge was particularly persuaded
PVSC's rejection of plaintiff's bid as unbalanced was warranted to "prevent[] a
practical possibility of the risk of delay and costs in the future," which could
prove "catastrophic." Based upon the well-developed record, the judge
concluded plaintiff failed to prove PVSC's rejection of its bid was "arbitrary,
capricious, unreasonable or contrary to law."
On January 5, 2020, Judge Lynott entered a memorializing order,
dismissing plaintiff's complaint with prejudice. Plaintiff's ensuing applications
for emergent relief were denied by this court and the Supreme Court, although
we agreed to accelerate its appeal.
On appeal, plaintiff primarily argues: (1) the definition of an "unbalanced
bid" in the PVSC's specifications was "ambiguous"; (2) PVSC inappropriately
rejected its bid for prior negative experience; and (3) the trial judge erroneously
admitted the testimony of PVSC's expert witness. Defendants urge us to dismiss
the appeal on procedural grounds or otherwise affirm the judge's order.
We have carefully considered plaintiff's contentions in view of the
applicable law, and conclude they lack sufficient merit to warrant extended
discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2). We affirm substantially for the
A-1217-20 12 reasons stated by Judge Lynott in his thoughtful and well-reasoned decision.
We add only the following comments as to plaintiff's points III and IV, which
assert PVSC's specifications were "ambiguous" regarding the definition of an
unbalanced bid, and that its bid was not unbalanced as "a matter of law."
We review de novo the trial court's legal conclusions. Manalapan Realty,
L.P. v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995). Similar to the
trial court, we must determine whether PVSC's rejection of Tomar's bid as non -
responsive and unbalanced was arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable. See In
Re Protest of the Award of the On-Line Games Prod. & Operation Servs. Cont.,
279 N.J. Super. 566, 590 (App. Div. 1995) ("The standard of review on the
matter of whether a bid on a local public contract conforms to specifications
. . . is whether the decision was arbitrary, unreasonable or capricious.").
We are also guided by well-established principles governing public
bidding disputes. A public contract shall be awarded to the lowest responsible
bidder, N.J.S.A. 40A:11-4(a), where "[l]owest responsible bidder" means "the
bidder or vendor: (a) whose response to a request for bids offers the lowest price
and is responsive; and (b) who is responsible." N.J.S.A. 40A:11-2(27).
"'Responsive' means conforming in all material respects to the terms and
A-1217-20 13 conditions, specifications, legal requirements, and other provisions of the
request." N.J.S.A. 40A:11-2(33). Plaintiff's responsiveness is at issue here.
To be responsive, bids must not materially deviate from the specifications
and requirements set forth by the local contracting unit. Meadowbrook Carting
Co. v. Borough of Island Heights, 138 N.J. 307, 314 (1994). "[A]ny material
departure invalidates a nonconforming bid as well as any contract based upon
it." Ibid. (citing Twp. of Hillside v. Sternin, 25 N.J. 317, 323 (1957)).
As a preliminary matter, we reject defendants' contentions that plaintiff's
appeal should be dismissed as moot because "significant action" on the project
has been undertaken since the trial judge lifted the stay. See Statewide Hi-Way
Safety, Inc. v. N.J. Dep't of Transp., 283 N.J. Super. 223, 225-26 (App. Div.
1995) (dismissing as moot an appeal challenging the award of a highway
construction contract, where the project was "substantially completed"). To
support their position, defendants have provided on appeal certifications
concerning the status of the project following the judge's final decision.
Notably, defendants did not move to dismiss the appeal as moot before us. See
R. 2:8-2.
We nonetheless observe that while action has been taken in preparation
for the project, actual construction had not yet occurred when defendants'
A-1217-20 14 responding briefs were filed. As such, there is no evidence before this court that
the contract has been "substantially completed." And arguably, the matter is of
public importance and capable of repetition. See Advance Elec. Co. v.
Montgomery Twp. Bd. of Educ., 351 N.J. Super. 160, 166 (App. Div. 2002).
We therefore decline to dismiss the appeal as moot.
Nor are we persuaded that plaintiff lacked standing to file its appeal.
Although raised in the Law Division, the trial judge did not specifically address
the issue, implicitly ruling instead to conduct an extensive plenary hearing and
decide the matter on the merits. Defendants did not cross-appeal from any
aspect of the judge's decision. Nor did they move to dismiss plaintiff's appeal
for lack of standing before this court. See R. 2:8-2.
We have nonetheless considered defendants' contentions and decline to
dismiss the appeal on standing grounds. Although plaintiff's bid was deem ed
unresponsive, that flaw did not defeat standing. See Jen Elec., Inc. v. Cnty. of
Essex, 197 N.J. 627, 644 (2009) (recognizing an unsuccessful bidder has
standing to challenge a public contract award); see also In re N.J. State Cont.
A71188, 422 N.J. Super. 275, 289 (App. Div. 2011).
We next turn to plaintiff's overlapping contentions that the specifications
were ambiguous because the term "unbalanced bid" was not defined therein, and
A-1217-20 15 plaintiff's bid was "not unbalanced under any definition under New Jersey case
law or otherwise." During summation, however, plaintiff argued its bid was not
unbalanced – not whether the specifications were ambiguous for failure to define
the term, "unbalanced bid." At the conclusion of the judge's decision – in
response to plaintiff's inquiry – the judge acknowledged "the absence of a
definition of unbalanced bid" in the specifications. But the judge further noted
his ruling "incorporated" PVSC's decision, which "utilized an appropriate
standard and process for making that determination."
Indeed, the focus of the protracted trial was the methodology employed
by PVSC's sources in evaluating the bids for the project and the competing
experts' opinions as to whether plaintiff's bid was unbalanced under the
circumstances presented. The procedural history of this matter demonstrates the
judge's indulgence of plaintiff's claims, affording full pre-trial discovery and a
multiple-day trial. The judge's opinion aptly addressed the issues presented in
view of the legal principles that define unbalanced bids.
We need not repeat those principles here. We simply note, as did the trial
judge, New Jersey case law has long recognized various "mode[s] of unbalanced
bidding." See, e.g., Boenning v. Brick Twp. Mun. Utils. Auth., 150 N.J. Super.
32, 37 (App. Div. 1977). And PVSC's bid specifications expressly reserved the
A-1217-20 16 right to reject unbalanced bids. See Armaniaco, 62 N.J. Super. at 487 (stating
that a public entity could reserve the right to reject unbalanced bids to guard
against the "catastroph[e]" of greater than anticipated quantities of a high unit -
priced item).
Moreover, based on our de novo review of the record, we discern no basis
to disturb Judge Lynott's decision that, plaintiff's bid was unbalanced. In
summary, the judge credited Hazen and Sawyer's determination that bid item 1F
for substation 16 constituted the "front-loading" mode of unbalanced bidding.
In reaching his decision, the judge reasonably observed plaintiff's bid for this
item was "substantially higher than the bids of the other bidders and the
engineering estimate." And "[t]he substation was to be constructed in the first
phase of the project."
Further, plaintiff's bid contained multiple nominal bid items, thereby
evidencing another mode of unbalanced bidding. In fact, unlike in Riverland
where only one category pertaining to a relatively minor item involved a
nominal bid, 154 N.J. Super. at 45-46, and in Armaniaco where nominal bids
were submitted only for two unit prices, 62 N.J. Super. at 479-80, nominal bids
here were submitted for ten out of the eighteen bid items. We defer to the judge's
credibility findings, which cited substantial evidence in the record to support the
A-1217-20 17 testimony of McKenna and Chianelli that plaintiff's bid contained nominal bid
items. We discern no basis to disturb the judge's conclusion.
Affirmed.
A-1217-20 18