Appellate Case: 21-1143 Document: 010110637236 Date Filed: 01/26/2022 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals PUBLISH Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS January 26, 2022
Christopher M. Wolpert FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court _________________________________
ROWAN THOMPSON,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 21-1143 THOMAS RAGLAND, in his official capacity as Associate Director for Student Conduct for Metropolitan State University of Denver,
Defendant - Appellee. _________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Colorado (D.C. No. 1:19-CV-03634-PAB-MEH) _________________________________
Igor Raykin, Kishinevsky & Raykin, Aurora, CO (Michael Nolt, Kishinvesky & Raykin, with him on the briefs), for Plaintiff - Appellant.
Natalie Powell, Office of the Colorado Attorney General, Denver, CO (Philip J. Weiser, Colorado Attorney General, and Andrew Katarikawe, Office of the Colorado Attorney General, with her on the briefs), for Defendant - Appellee. _________________________________
Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, HARTZ, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
HARTZ, Circuit Judge. _________________________________
Rowan Thompson, a student at Metropolitan State University of Denver
(MSU), had a classroom dispute with her chemistry professor that ultimately Appellate Case: 21-1143 Document: 010110637236 Date Filed: 01/26/2022 Page: 2
prompted Thompson to drop the professor’s class. But when Thompson emailed her
former classmates to express her displeasure with the professor and to suggest that
her classmates leave “honest” end-of-term evaluations, Aplt. App. at 10, Thomas
Ragland, MSU’s Associate Director for Student Conduct, allegedly prohibited
Thompson from further contacting the professor or even discussing the professor
with any students taking any of the professor’s classes.
Thompson sued Ragland under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, arguing that he violated her
First Amendment right to freedom of speech. The district court dismissed the
complaint for failure to state a claim, holding that Ragland had not violated clearly
established law and therefore was entitled to qualified immunity. Exercising
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.
Because one can infer from the allegations in the complaint that there was no proper
justification for Ragland’s actions, the complaint states a violation of clearly
established law governing the regulation of student speech.
I. BACKGROUND
On appeal from the grant of a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, we
treat as true all well-pleaded factual allegations and view them in the light most
favorable to the plaintiff. See Brown v. Montoya, 662 F.3d 1152, 1162 (10th Cir.
2011). We proceed to summarize the allegations of the complaint.
Thompson has an eye condition that makes her sensitive to light, requiring that
she sit in the first three rows of a classroom to see what is written on the white board.
She was enrolled in a chemistry class at MSU taught by Dr. Megan Lazorski. On
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February 4, 2019, Thompson arrived late to the class. Noting that all the seats in the
first three rows were occupied, she sat on the floor in the front row. Dr. Lazorski did
not approve, interrupting her lecture to instruct Thompson to take a seat. Although
Thompson informed Dr. Lazorski about her eye condition, the professor still insisted
that Thompson move to a seat, and she had students leave the front row so that
Thompson could sit there.
A week later, Thompson again arrived late to Dr. Lazorski’s class. Because all
seats in the first three rows were taken, Thompson sat on the floor in the front row, in
a space where a desk was missing. Dr. Lazorski instructed Thompson to move to a
seat. Thompson said she preferred to sit on the floor in the front row because of her
eye condition. Dr. Lazorski responded that the only options were to sit at a desk or
leave the classroom. Thompson chose to leave class.
Thompson ultimately dropped Dr. Lazorski’s class because of the seating
dispute “and the unlikelihood of it being resolved.” Aplt. App. at 8–9. MSU removed
the class from Thompson’s record, and the school refunded her tuition for the class.
Still, Thompson was dissatisfied with how Dr. Lazorski had treated her. She
complained about Dr. Lazorski to various top MSU officials and administrators in a
letter. She also requested a mediation of her dispute with Dr. Lazorski, which took
place on March 18. During the mediation Thompson was encouraged to fill out
evaluation and class-rating forms to address her concerns about Dr. Lazorski’s
performance as a professor.
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Thompson later realized, however, that she could not submit a review of the
class or Dr. Lazorski’s performance because she was no longer enrolled in any of the
professor’s classes. She proceeded to send the following email to her former
classmates:
Hello everyone, I’m Rowan- some of you may know me as the goth girl who sat on the floor in class. For those who don’t know, I came late to class a couple of times and sat on the floor. It angered the professor enough that I was asked to leave class on the last occasion. A few weeks later, after a mediation attempt between the dean of chemistry and the professor, I had to drop the class to stop further confrontation- over sitting on the floor.
I have heard so many of you say how horrible a time you’re having in this class, that there are some bits that are ridiculous or downright unreasonable. You shouldn’t have to suffer through a class, especially one that is required, and this is not what college is supposed to be like. College is supposed to make us feel excited about our futures and finally learn what we are interested in, not ditch class because we know we won’t learn anything. You don’t need to keep your complaints and troubles private; this is what the evaluations are for. They’re online; the link to fill them out appears when you log into Blackboard, they take only a couple of minutes, are anonymous, and the more detail is said the better. Every issue you’ve had, every complaint? This is when the faculty and university is listening and wants to hear them. Students, including myself, who have dropped the class won’t be able to fill out an evaluation- our voices cannot be heard unless we speak to the deans directly, but I know for a fact that many are afraid to speak face-to-face.
Please, take the few minutes to review this chemistry class and be honest- make the faculty listen to you so that this class can change for the better. If not for yourself, than for those who have had to drop the class, feeling worthless and stupid, or for students who will have to take this class after you.
Hang in there- you’re almost done and then you can leave this semester behind you! ? ?
-Rowan
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Aplt. App. at 9–10. The complaint alleges that the email did “not involve a
substantial interference or material disruption to the work of MSU” and did “not
impinge on the rights of any other student.” Aplt. App. at 13.
On April 25, Thompson received a letter from Ragland informing her that “the
Dean of Students Office received reports that [Thompson] may have violated
provisions of the Student Code of Conduct”; that these reports concerned “the
disagreement between [Thompson] and Dr. Lazorski”; that, specifically, Thompson’s
email to her former classmates “may have violated the Student Code of Conduct”;
that Thompson had to meet with Ragland; and that Thompson was subject to a “No
Contact order” restricting her from communicating with Dr. Lazorski. Aplt. App. at
9–10. Ragland’s letter specifically cautioned: “Further, due to the persistent
communication and disruption your communication is about Dr. Lazorski (sic), you
are restricted from discussing Dr. Lazorski with any student in the CHE 1800 course
or any of Dr. Lazorski’s classes, as this would be a violation of the this No Contact
Directive (sic).” Aplt. App. at 10.
Thompson then filed the present suit. She sought compensatory and punitive
damages, though not injunctive relief. Ragland moved to dismiss for failure to state a
claim, asserting that he was entitled to qualified immunity. The district court granted
the motion. It bypassed the constitutional question, holding that even if Ragland’s
conduct abridged the First Amendment, he did not violate clearly established law.
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II. DISCUSSION
A. Qualified immunity
We review de novo a district court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss a complaint
because of qualified immunity. See Brown, 662 F.3d at 1162.
Public officials “are entitled to qualified immunity under § 1983 unless
(1) they violated a federal statutory or constitutional right, and (2) the unlawfulness
of their conduct was clearly established at the time.” District of Columbia v. Wesby,
138 S. Ct. 577, 589 (2018) (internal quotation marks omitted). To establish that the
law was clearly established in this context, the plaintiff must point to Supreme Court
or Tenth Circuit precedents in point, or to the clear weight of authority from other
circuit courts deciding that the law was as the plaintiff maintains. See Cox v. Wilson,
971 F.3d 1159, 1171 (10th Cir. 2020). “[E]xisting law must have placed the
constitutionality of the [public official’s] conduct beyond debate.” Wesby, 138 S. Ct.
at 589 (internal quotation marks omitted). But “a general constitutional rule already
identified in the decisional law may apply with obvious clarity to the specific conduct
in question, even though the very action in question has not previously been held
unlawful.” Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 741 (2002) (brackets and internal quotation
marks omitted).
The procedural posture of the qualified-immunity inquiry may be critical.
Because they turn on a fact-bound inquiry, “qualified immunity defenses are
typically resolved at the summary judgment stage” rather than on a motion to
dismiss. Thomas v. Kaven, 765 F.3d 1183, 1194 (10th Cir. 2014). “Asserting a
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qualified immunity defense via a Rule 12(b)(6) motion . . . subjects the defendant to a
more challenging standard of review than would apply on summary judgment.” Id.
(internal quotation marks omitted). On a motion to dismiss, “it is the defendant’s
conduct as alleged in the complaint that is scrutinized for [constitutionality].”
Behrens v. Pelletier, 516 U.S. 299, 309 (1996).
B. Governing law
The seminal case addressing freedom of speech in the school context is Tinker
v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969). After
learning of a planned student protest, the school district instituted a policy
prohibiting high-school students from wearing armbands. See id. at 504. Two high-
school students and a junior-high student nevertheless wore black armbands in
protest of the Vietnam War, and they were suspended. See id. The Supreme Court
said that students do not “shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or
expression at the schoolhouse gate.” Id. at 506. But the Court also recognized that
“conduct by the student, in class or out of it, which for any reason—whether it stems
from time, place, or type of behavior—materially disrupts classwork or involves
substantial disorder or invasion of the rights of others is, of course, not immunized by
the constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech.” Id. at 513. Finding in the record
no “facts which might reasonably have led school authorities to forecast substantial
disruption of or material interference with school activities” and no “disturbances or
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disorders on the school premises in fact,” the Court held that the school district had
violated the students’ First Amendment rights. Id. at 514.
The Court soon extended Tinker to public universities and colleges in two
cases. In Healy v. James, 408 U.S. 169, 170–79 (1972), the Court considered whether
a state college’s denial of a left-wing organization’s application to form a student
group denied the group’s right of association under the First Amendment. The lower
courts had held that no associational interest was infringed because all the college
had done was deny the group the college’s stamp of approval and the student group
had not met its purported burden to show that it was entitled to recognition. See id. at
182–84. The Supreme Court reversed and remanded because the lower courts (1) had
“discount[ed] the existence of a cognizable First Amendment interest,” id. at 184 (by
not considering that the organization was denied the use of campus facilities for
meetings and the use of the school newspaper and campus bulletin boards, see id. at
181), and (2) had incorrectly placed the burden of proof on the students to show
eligibility for recognition rather than on the college to prove ineligibility, see id. at
183–85. The Court recognized that “[s]tate colleges and universities are not enclaves
immune from the sweep of the First Amendment.” Id. at 180. And it rejected “the
view that, because of the acknowledged need for order, First Amendment protections
should apply with less force on college campuses than in the community at large.” Id.
Noting that “denial of recognition was a form of prior restraint,” it imposed on the
college a “heavy burden . . . to demonstrate the appropriateness of [the denial].” Id. at
184 (internal quotation marks omitted). But the Court cautioned that “First
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Amendment rights must always be applied in light of the special characteristics of the
environment in the particular case.” Id. at 180 (ellipsis and internal quotation marks
omitted). And the Court maintained that although students in higher education enjoy
the protection of the First Amendment, a university “may expect that its students
adhere to generally accepted standards of conduct” that govern “the time, the place,
and the manner” of student speech. Id. at 192–93 (internal quotation marks omitted).
The Court remanded to the lower court to determine whether the denial of
recognition could be justified.
The next year, in Papish v. Board of Curators of University of Missouri, 410
U.S. 667, 667–68 (1973) (per curiam), the Court considered the expulsion of a
graduate student at a public university for her distribution of an underground
newspaper that contained a vulgar headline and a political cartoon depicting
policemen raping the Statue of Liberty. The university had found that the student had
violated provisions of the university’s code of conduct requiring students “to observe
generally accepted standards of conduct” and prohibiting “indecent conduct or
speech.” Id. at 668. But the Court declared that there was not evidence of “any
disruption of campus order or interference with the rights of others,” id. at 670 n.6,
and concluded that the student “was expelled because of the disapproved content of
the newspaper rather than the time, place, or manner of its distribution,” id. at 670,
thereby violating the student’s First Amendment rights, see id. at 671.
Since then, the Supreme Court has elaborated on the circumstances in which a
school can penalize student speech. In Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser, 478
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U.S. 675, 677–78 (1986), a student was disciplined for giving a speech to a school
assembly in which he used an elaborate sexual metaphor. The Court held that a
school may restrict “sexually explicit, indecent, or lewd speech,” even if the speech
is not disruptive. Id. at 684. In Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S.
260, 262–64 (1988), a high-school principal prevented the school newspaper from
publishing stories about pregnancy and divorce in the proposed issue. The Court held
(1) that the school newspaper was intended “as a supervised learning experience for
journalism students,” not as a public forum, and its content was therefore subject to
school regulation “in any reasonable manner,” id. at 270; and (2) that schools “do not
offend the First Amendment by exercising editorial control over the style and content
of student speech in school-sponsored expressive activities so long as their actions
are reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns,” id. at 273. In Morse v.
Frederick, 551 U.S. 393, 397–99 (2007), the Court reviewed a high-school student’s
suspension after he unfurled a banner arguably promoting marijuana use at a school-
sponsored and school-supervised event. Recognizing that “Tinker [was] not the only
basis for restricting student speech,” id. at 406, the Court held that the school could
“restrict student expression that they reasonably regard as promoting illegal drug
use,” id. at 408, even if the school could not show that the speech presented a “risk of
substantial disruption,” id. at 399 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also id. at
422–23 (Alito, J., concurring) (joining Court’s opinion “on the understanding that the
opinion does not hold that the special characteristics of the public schools necessarily
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justify any . . . speech restrictions [beyond those set forth in Morse, Fraser, and
Kuhlmeier]”).1
In addition to this Supreme Court authority, there is highly relevant circuit
precedent. Thompson relies chiefly on Seamons v. Snow, 84 F.3d 1226 (10th Cir.
1996). The plaintiff was a member of his high school’s football team who had been
hazed by five teammates who duct-taped him, nude, to a towel rack. See id. at 1230.
He reported the hazing to school administrators, the principal, and his coach. See id.
But instead of disciplining the five teammates, the coach demanded that the plaintiff
apologize to his teammates for betraying them. See id. He refused and was dismissed
from the team. See id. He sued various school officials, the school, and the school
district under § 1983, alleging, among other things, a First Amendment claim that he
was denied a benefit (being on a football team) because of his speech (reporting the
hazing incident to his parents and school officials). See id. at 1237. We held that,
1 We also note the one Supreme Court decision on student speech that postdates the events in this case. In Mahanoy Area School District v. B. L., 141 S. Ct. 2038, 2043 (2021), a student not selected for a school cheerleading squad posted a vulgar Snapchat message criticizing her nonselection while she was off campus outside of school hours. Although the Court recognized that a school’s “license to regulate student speech” does not “always disappear when a school regulates speech that takes place off campus,” id. at 2045, it held that the school had violated the student’s First Amendment rights because the school was not engaged in (or authorized to engage in) any general effort to prevent off-campus vulgarity, the post did not sufficiently disrupt classroom or other school activities, and the post did not cause any serious decline in team morale, see id. at 2047–48. Because this decision was issued only in 2021, it cannot establish what the law clearly was when Thompson was disciplined. A recent case contrary to Thompson’s position could indicate that law favoring Thompson was not clearly established at the time of her discipline; but Mahanoy Area School District is fully consistent with Thompson’s theory of liability. 11 Appellate Case: 21-1143 Document: 010110637236 Date Filed: 01/26/2022 Page: 12
under Tinker, a school could restrict a student’s speech only if the speech “would
‘substantially interfere with the work of the school or impinge upon the rights of
other students.’” Id. (quoting Tinker, 393 U.S. at 509). We further followed Tinker in
stating that “undifferentiated fear or apprehension of disturbance is not enough to
overcome the right to freedom of expression,” and “the mere desire to avoid the
discomfort and unpleasantness that always accompany an unpopular viewpoint
cannot justify the prohibition by school officials of a particular expression of
opinion.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Under the allegations of the
complaint, the plaintiff’s speech “neither disrupted classwork nor invaded the rights
of other students,” id. at 1238, and “[a]t most, the school’s interest here was based on
its fear of a disturbance stemming from the disapproval associated with [the
plaintiff’s] unpopular viewpoint regarding hazing in the school’s locker rooms.” Id.
“Under Tinker,” we concluded, “that is not a sufficient justification to punish [the
plaintiff’s] speech in these circumstances.” Id. We held that the applicable law was
clearly established and reversed the district court’s dismissal on qualified-immunity
grounds. See id. at 1238–39. We recognized, however, that the qualified-immunity
issue could be revisited on a motion for summary judgment. See id. (citing Behrens,
516 U.S. at 305–09).
On the other hand, in Taylor v. Roswell Independent School District, 713 F.3d
25, 28–29 (10th Cir. 2013), we upheld the school’s disapproval of the distribution of
rubber fetus dolls by a group of religious high school students opposed to abortion.
By the time that school officials halted distribution, some students had used
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dismembered heads of the dolls as rubber balls and thrown them against the wall;
others threw dolls and doll parts at the ceiling, where they became stuck; some dolls
were used to plug toilets; others were set on fire; and classroom instruction was
disrupted when students threw dolls and doll parts during class. See id. at 31. We
held that halting further distribution of the dolls was justified under Tinker by the
reasonable belief that further substantial disruption would occur. See id. at 37–39.
C. Analysis
We think the foregoing precedents clearly establish that Thompson’s
complaint adequately states a First Amendment violation. Indeed, this case is, at least
at the present stage of the proceedings, an easy one. Thompson’s speech was
restricted. And there is no apparent legitimate basis for this restriction.
On appeal Ragland has not argued that Thompson’s communications were
vulgar, as in Fraser, 478 U.S. at 677–78, or otherwise violated valid restrictions on
the time, place, or manner of speech, see Healy, 408 U.S. at 192–93. Nor has he
suggested that Thompson was disciplined for violating the rules for engaging in
school-sponsored expressive activity, see Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S. at 273, or for
advocating unlawful conduct, see Morse, 551 U.S. at 408. Though Ragland’s letter to
Thompson suggested that “she may have violated” MSU’s Student Code of Conduct,
Aplt. App. at 9, on appeal he has not claimed such a violation, and the record does
not support any violation.2
2 Even on a motion to dismiss, Ragland could have produced the Code and asked the district court to consider it. See Gee v. Pacheco, 627 F.3d 1178, 1186 (10th 13 Appellate Case: 21-1143 Document: 010110637236 Date Filed: 01/26/2022 Page: 14
The justification for the restriction that Ragland provides in his briefs is that
Thompson created disruption. He relies in part on the disruption caused to the two
classes Thompson attended when she sat on the floor. Those two classes were in
early February 2019. Ragland’s letter to Thompson was in late April. In the interim
(sometime after the mediation on March 18) Thompson sent her email to fellow
students. A reasonable factfinder could readily determine that the discipline was
imposed on Thompson because of the email, not just because of the two classroom
incidents that caused minimal disruption and had apparently been resolved by
Thompson’s dropping the class. See Nieves v. Bartlett, 139 S. Ct. 1715, 1722 (2019)
(requiring but-for causation to establish claim of First Amendment retaliation).
The other possible cause of disruption was Thompson’s email to fellow
students. But there is no evidence of any disruption caused by the email; on the
contrary, the complaint alleges that there was no disruption to the work of MSU, and
none was mentioned in Ragland’s letter imposing the discipline. Nor could disruption
be reasonably anticipated. Thompson merely sent a respectful, noninflammatory
email expressing her dissatisfaction with a professor’s performance and encouraging
her former classmates to submit “honest” reviews about the class and the professor.
Aplt. App. at 9–10. What Ragland argues in his appellate brief is remarkable. He
claims that Thompson’s “efforts to encourage other students to give negative
Cir. 2010) (court reviewing motion to dismiss can consider “documents referred to in the complaint if the documents are central to the plaintiff’s claim and the parties do not dispute the documents’ authenticity” (internal quotation marks omitted)). 14 Appellate Case: 21-1143 Document: 010110637236 Date Filed: 01/26/2022 Page: 15
evaluations would disrupt Dr. Lazorski’s career and her relationship with her
students, as well as [MSU’s] efforts in employing faculty to conduct the class.”
Aplee. Br. at 20. This rationale is totally inconsistent with our opinion in Seamons,
where the plaintiff’s complaint against his teammates could have caused them serious
repercussions. If we were to accept that rationale, there would be no First
Amendment protection for criticism of government employees. Moreover, student
critiques of faculty members are widely recognized as a useful mechanism for
improving college teaching, and the complaint alleges that Thompson was
encouraged at the mediation to submit an evaluation of her professor. It was only
after she learned that her departure from the class precluded her from submitting her
own evaluation that she sent the email encouraging others to do so.
We conclude that at the time of Ragland’s letter to Thompson, the law was
clearly settled that Thompson could not be disciplined for sending her email to fellow
students, at least as the facts are alleged in the complaint. To be sure, we cannot point
to a precedent with identical facts. But the law was clear that discipline cannot be
imposed on student speech without good reason. And when, as here, that discipline
takes the form of a prior restraint on student speech, the law is especially clear: such
prospective, content-based restrictions “carr[y] a presumption of unconstitutionality,”
Taylor, 713 F.3d at 42; see also Se. Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad, 420 U.S. 546, 558-
59 (1975) (“The presumption against prior restraints is heavier—and the degree of
protection broader—than that against limits on expression imposed by criminal
penalties.”). Ragland therefore bore a “heavy burden” to justify imposing such
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limitations on Thompson’s speech. Healy, 408 U.S. at 184 (internal quotation marks
omitted). He has provided no such justification. As we had occasion to recognize
quite recently, “conduct can sometimes violate a clearly established right even
though the very action in question has not previously been held unlawful.” Sturdivant
v. Fine, No. 20–3147, 2022 WL 67734 at *6 (10th Cir. Jan. 7, 2022) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
Of course, not every detail of the First Amendment law governing student
speech is (or ever will be) settled. The recent Mahanoy Area School District decision
by the Supreme Court acknowledged as much when it refrained from setting forth a
comprehensive rule stating when schools can regulate off-campus speech. See 141 S.
Ct. at 2045. But a great deal is settled. And in any given case the unsettled contours
of the law may be irrelevant. For example, if it is clearly settled that imposing
discipline for certain speech would be improper even if it was considered on-campus
speech, then it is unnecessary to decide whether the speech was actually on campus
rather than off campus (in which event the authority to impose discipline would be
diminished). That is why Ragland can take little comfort from the two unpublished
decisions of this court that he relies on in arguing that the law is not clearly
established.3 We summarize both decisions.
3 An unpublished opinion cannot clearly establish the law, but it “can be quite relevant in showing that the law was not clearly established.” Grissom v. Roberts, 902 F.3d 1162, 1168 (10th Cir. 2018). 16 Appellate Case: 21-1143 Document: 010110637236 Date Filed: 01/26/2022 Page: 17
In Hunt v. Board of Regents of University of New Mexico, 792 F. App’x 595,
598 (10th Cir. 2019), a University of New Mexico (UNM) medical student voiced his
displeasure with the results of the 2012 presidential election in a Facebook post laced
with vulgarity and attacks on pro-choice voters. UNM determined that the student’s
post had violated its campus-wide policy prohibiting “unduly inflammatory
statements or unduly personal attacks” and “harass[ment of] others,” as well as the
UNM School of Medicine policy cautioning students to “[e]xercise discretion,
thoughtfulness and respect for . . . colleagues, associates and the university’s
supporters/community” and to “[r]efrain from engaging in dialogue that could
disparage colleagues, competitors, or critics.” Id. (original brackets and internal
quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, UNM administrators informed the student
that any recommendation letters provided by the dean for the student’s residency
applications would report a professionalism violation unless the student took
remedial measures. Id. at 599. We held that the UNM administrators were entitled to
qualified immunity on the student’s First Amendment claim, noting that some
caselaw supported allowing professional schools “space” to hold students to
“customary professional standards” and that the law was unsettled regarding whether
students could be held accountable for “off-campus, online speech for the purpose of
instilling professional norms.” Id. at 605. The uncertainty regarding authority over
off-campus, online speech was relevant only because there was authority to support
discipline of students for their on-campus unprofessional speech.
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In Yeasin v. Durham, 719 F. App’x 844, 845 (10th Cir. 2018), the plaintiff was
an undergraduate at the University of Kansas (KU) who had physically restrained his
ex-girlfriend A.W. in his car, taken her phone, threatened to kill himself if she broke
up with him, threatened to spread rumors, and threatened to make the KU campus so
hostile that A.W. would not want to attend school anywhere in the State. KU officials
instituted a no-contact order prohibiting the student from communicating with A.W.,
or her family or friends. See id. at 846. After the student violated the order, KU
expelled him. See id. at 846–48. Noting that the caselaw was unclear about the scope
of a university’s power to regulate speech that invades the rights of other students but
that occurs off-campus or online, we held that the KU officials were entitled to
qualified immunity. Id. at 850–52.
In contrast to Hunt and Yeasin, in this case it does not matter whether the law
was unsettled regarding a school’s power to regulate off-campus and online speech.
Whatever the law said about this at the time of Ragland’s actions, there would have
been no reason for a university official to think that he had more power to regulate
student speech as that speech’s nexus to the university became more attenuated. Hunt
and Yeasin concerned situations where student speech was at least arguably subject to
discipline under established precedents—in Hunt, the plaintiff’s speech may well
have violated a professional school’s legitimate standards of professional conduct,
and in Yeasin, the plaintiff’s speech likely constituted harassment. Those opinions
discussed the law governing schools’ ability to regulate students’ off-campus and
online speech only because the nexus between the universities’ operation and the
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students’ speech in those cases was weakened by the fact that such speech occurred
off campus and over the Internet. That weakened speech-university nexus made it
less clear whether the discipline imposed in those cases was within the universities’
authority. In contrast, even if Thompson’s request that her classmates submit
evaluations of Dr. Lazorski’s class had played out on campus and in person, it still
would have been clearly unlawful for Ragland to discipline Thompson and suppress
her speech, as alleged in the complaint. If anything, the fact that Thompson’s speech
occurred off campus and online—reducing the speech-to-university nexus and thus
MSU’s power to regulate the speech—makes the alleged First Amendment violation
clearer, not less clear.
We note, however, that Ragland has not yet had an opportunity to present
evidence that might justify his actions. Because the district court disposed of the case
on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, Ragland has not even filed an answer. Our holding today
is therefore limited. Ragland may be entitled to qualified immunity at the summary-
judgment stage, when a clearer picture of what happened will have emerged. See
Behrens, 516 U.S. at 305–09 (defendant who unsuccessfully moved to dismiss
complaint could still move for summary judgment on ground of qualified immunity).
III. CONCLUSION
Thompson has sufficiently stated a claim to withstand dismissal under Rule
12(b)(6). We REVERSE the district court’s dismissal on qualified-immunity grounds
and REMAND for further proceedings.