Appellate Case: 22-1389 Document: 010110966193 Date Filed: 12/11/2023 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT December 11, 2023 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court ESTATE OF NATHAN TIMOTHY SIMON, by and through its personal representative Timothy Scott Simon; TIMOTHY SCOTT SIMON, individually; BERNADETTE MARY SIMON, individually,
Plaintiffs - Appellees,
v. No. 22-1389 (D.C. No. 1:21-CV-01923-CNS-GPG) SHERIFF JAMES VAN BEEK, in his (D. Colo.) official and individual capacities; CAPTAIN GREGORY VAN WYK, in his official and individual capacities; UNDERSHERIFF MIKE MCWILLIAMS, in his official and individual capacities; DEPUTY SCOTT PETERSON; DEPUTY DUSTIN OAKLEY,
Defendants - Appellants,
and
EMT BERGON SHARP; EAGLE COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE; EAGLE COUNTY DETENTION FACILITY; EAGLE COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS; CORRECTIONAL HEALTHCARE COMPANIES, LLC, d/b/a Correct Care Solutions, LLC, d/b/a Wellpath, LLC,
Defendants. _________________________________ Appellate Case: 22-1389 Document: 010110966193 Date Filed: 12/11/2023 Page: 2
ORDER AND JUDGMENT * _________________________________
Before TYMKOVICH, MATHESON, and CARSON, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Nathan Simon took his life after he was arrested and detained at the Eagle
County Detention Facility (“ECDF”) in Colorado. His estate brought individual
capacity claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the officers who arrested him—Eagle
County Sheriff’s Deputies Scott Peterson and Dustin Oakley—and three jail
supervisors—Sheriff James Van Beek, Captain Gregory Van Wyk, and Undersheriff
Mike McWilliams (collectively, “Defendants”).
The Defendants moved to dismiss the claims based on qualified immunity.
The district court denied the motion, holding the amended complaint sufficiently
alleged that the Defendants violated Mr. Simon’s clearly established due process
rights under the Fourteenth Amendment through their deliberate indifference to the
substantial risk he would commit suicide.
Exercising jurisdiction over this interlocutory appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291,
we reverse and remand to the district court.
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
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I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Allegations
On August 3, 2019, Mr. Simon was arrested for an alleged bond violation.
Two days later, he hanged himself from the inside window bars of his cell using a
bedsheet. The following presents the facts as alleged in the amended complaint.
Early Contacts with the ECSO and ECDF
In April 2019, Karlie Cummins, Mr. Simon’s girlfriend, made an emergency
call to report her concern that Mr. Simon would commit suicide. Eagle County
Sheriff’s Office (“ECSO”) employees responded, but Mr. Simon convinced them he
was not suicidal. In June, Ms. Cummins emailed ECSO Deputy Ivette Rosales,
explaining that Mr. Simon “was demonstrating suicidal behavior,” including
“extreme depression” and speaking “of suicide and giving up.” App., Vol. II at 268.
She also wrote that Mr. Simon “will lie to cover things up.” Id.
Later that month, Mr. Simon’s mother called the ECSO to report he was
“threatening suicide” and had done so before. Id. at 269. Two ECSO deputies
responded. Mr. Simon’s parents told them Mr. Simon was suicidal. Mr. Simon
denied he was suicidal but explained he was “in a bad way” and “[his] whole life
[was] falling apart.” Id. The deputies recommended that the Simons contact the
Hope Center and watch Mr. Simon through the night. One of the deputies told the
Hope Center that Mr. Simon’s “parents [were] currently worried that he [was]
suicidal.” Id.
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Events Immediately Preceding Mr. Simon’s Suicide
On August 2, Defendant Deputy Peterson, Deputy Andrew Teichman, and an
ECSO detective arrested Mr. Simon and took him into custody at the ECDF. Deputy
Teichman reported that Mr. Simon was “shaking and unusually nervous.” Id.
Mr. Simon bonded out of the ECDF the next morning and returned to his
parents’ residence. He told them “he [was] going to kill himself.” Id. His mother
called 911, which connected her to the ECSO dispatch. She reported that her “son
[wa]s threatening suicide” and “ha[d] a history of mental illness.” Id. She told the
dispatcher she was concerned he might “jump in the river.” Id. Mr. Simon “abruptly
fled [his parents’] residence.” Id. Dispatch broadcast an alert for a “[s]uicidal
[p]arty.” Id.
Deputy Peterson and another deputy responded to the Simons’ residence.
“Both parents directly told the deputies that [Mr. Simon] was suicidal and
specifically not to believe him if he denied it.” Id. at 270. Later that day, Deputy
Peterson and Defendant Deputy Oakley apprehended, detained, and interrogated
Mr. Simon. They then placed him under arrest for an alleged bond violation. At an
unspecified point, Mr. Simon’s parents also “expressly told [Deputy Oakley] that
[Mr. Simon] would deny [being suicidal] and not to believe him.” Id.
Deputy Oakley transported Mr. Simon to the ECDF and spoke with him “about
his suicidal actions.” Id. Deputy Oakley asked what Mr. Simon had done “to make
[his] parents think [he was] gonna go commit suicide.” Id. Mr. Simon “responded
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that he was having a hard time with a lot of personal issues . . . and that he did not
feel like going through the details” and began crying. Id.
Meanwhile, Deputy Peterson returned to the Simons’ residence and told
Mr. Simon’s parents “he did not consider [Mr. Simon] to be suicidal.” Id.
Mr. Simon’s parents again told Deputy Peterson that Mr. Simon “was in fact suicidal
and not to believe [him] if he said he was not suicidal.” Id.
Intake and State District Court Referral
Mr. Simon was booked into the ECDF as a pretrial detainee and underwent a
mental health screening. The intake form used for the screening asked whether the
“[a]rresting or transporting officer believe[d] subject may be a suicide risk,” and the
intake employee checked “NO.” Id. at 271. “[N]one of the information regarding
[Mr.] Simon’s suicidal behavior on August 3 . . . [was] communicated to the ECDF
intake personnel by [Deputies Peterson and Oakley].” Id. Mr. Simon was then
“placed . . . in the general population in a single cell . . . with no suicide-prevention
precautions.” Id. at 272. The cell had “high bars on the inside of a high window,”
and surveillance cameras could not monitor activity in the cell. Id. He was provided
with bedsheets and a towel.
On August 5, Mr. Simon attended a court advisement hearing in state district
court. During the hearing, the judge said, “The police were called as a result of . . .
people’s concern over [Mr. Simon’s] safety.” Id. at 273. She referred Mr. Simon to
the Bridges Program for a mental health assessment. The referral was emailed to the
ECSO and ECDF.
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Suicide and Sheriff’s Statement
Later, after the August 5 hearing, Mr. Simon hanged himself in his cell with a
bedsheet. A month after his death, Sheriff Van Beek published a statement that read,
“There has been a rise in suicides across Eagle County, and we were shocked when
two occurred in our jail this month.” Id.
B. District Court Proceedings
Mr. Simon’s estate sued the arresting officers and supervisors in their
individual capacities under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, 1 alleging a violation of the Fourteenth
Amendment through deliberate indifference to Mr. Simon’s substantial risk of
1 The caption of the amended complaint lists as defendants: “SHERIFF JAMES VAN BEEK, in his official and individual capacities; CAPTAIN GREGORY VAN WYK, in his official and individual capacities; UNDERSHERIFF MIKE MCWILLIAMS, in his official and individual capacity, DEPUTY SCOTT PETERSON, [and] DEPUTY DUSTIN OAKLEY.” App., Vol. II at 260. But the counts alleging § 1983 claims against the Defendants—Counts I, III, V, VII, and VIII—list each as sued only “in his Official Capacity.” Id. at 274, 279, 282, 285, 288. On its face, the pleading suggests that none of the Defendants were sued in their individual capacities. And the district court described the § 1983 claims as claiming a “violation of the Fourteenth Amendment through 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Defendants Van Beek, McWilliams, Van Wyk, Peterson [and] Oakley . . . in their official capacities.” Id. at 432. Nonetheless, the district court addressed qualified immunity for individual capacity claims against Deputies Peterson and Oakley and individual supervisory liability claims against Sheriff Van Beek, Captain Van Wyk, and Undersheriff McWilliams. Id. at 433-40. This approach was consistent with the parties’ briefing on the motion to dismiss. Id. at 309-16. The Defendants have not argued in district court or here that they were sued only in their official capacities.
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suicide. 2 The Defendants moved to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6), asserting qualified immunity. The district court denied the motion.
The court denied qualified immunity to arresting officers Peterson and Oakley,
concluding the Estate adequately alleged the officers had violated Mr. Simon’s
clearly established constitutional right. It held that the amended complaint “alleged
sufficient facts to show that the [arresting officers] were aware of the risk that [Mr.
Simon] would commit suicide” and “acted with deliberate indifference to [Mr.
Simon]’s serious medical needs.” Id. at 437-38. And the court held the officers
violated clearly established law under Cox v. Glanz, 800 F.3d 1231 (10th Cir. 2015).
The district court also denied the supervisors’ assertion of qualified immunity,
holding the Estate sufficiently alleged an “affirmative link between the supervisor[s]
and the constitutional violation.” App., Vol. II at 438-39. It did not address whether
the supervisors violated clearly established law.
The Defendants brought a timely interlocutory appeal to challenge the denial
of qualified immunity.
2 The Estate and Mr. Simon’s parents alleged additional claims that are not relevant to this appeal.
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II. DISCUSSION
A. Legal Background
Standard of Review
We apply de novo review to a district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss
based on qualified immunity. Brown v. Montoya, 662 F.3d 1152, 1162 (10th Cir.
2011); see Thompson v. Ragland, 23 F.4th 1252, 1255 (10th Cir. 2022). “To survive
a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as
true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quotations omitted).
“We accept all well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint as true, and
we view them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Sinclair Wyo.
Refin. Co. v. A & B Builders, Ltd., 989 F.3d 747, 765 (10th Cir. 2021) (alterations
and quotations omitted). “In the context of a § 1983 action against multiple
individual governmental actors, it is particularly important that the complaint make
clear exactly who is alleged to have done what to whom, to provide each individual
with fair notice as to the basis of the claims against him or her.” Truman v. Orem
City, 1 F.4th 1227, 1235 (10th Cir. 2021) (alterations and quotations omitted).
Section 1983 and Qualified Immunity
Section 1983 provides that a person acting under color of state law who
“subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the
deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and
laws, shall be liable to the party injured.” 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
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“Persons sued under § 1983 in their individual capacity may invoke the
defense of qualified immunity.” Duda v. Elder, 7 F.4th 899, 909 (10th Cir. 2021).
“[Q]ualified immunity protects government officials from liability for civil damages
insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional
rights . . . .” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009) (quotations omitted).
“A motion to dismiss based on qualified immunity imposes the burden on the
plaintiff to show both [1] that a constitutional violation occurred and [2] that the
constitutional right was clearly established at the time of the alleged violation.” Doe
v. Woodard, 912 F.3d. 1278, 1289 (10th Cir. 2019) (quotations omitted). We may
decide “which of the two prongs of the qualified immunity analysis should be
addressed first in light of the circumstances in the particular case at hand.” Pearson,
555 U.S. at 236; see Cox, 800 F.3d at 1246.
“A clearly established right is one that is sufficiently clear that every
reasonable official would have understood that what he is doing violates that right.”
Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 11 (2015) (per curiam) (quotations omitted). “A
Supreme Court or Tenth Circuit decision on point or the weight of authority from
other courts can clearly establish a right . . . .” A.N. ex rel. Ponder v. Syling,
928 F.3d 1191, 1197 (10th Cir. 2019) (quotations omitted). “[A] case directly on
point” is not necessary if “existing precedent . . . ha[s] placed the statutory or
constitutional question beyond debate.” White v. Pauly, 580 U.S. 73, 79 (2017) (per
curiam) (quotations omitted).
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Deliberate Indifference
“A prison official’s deliberate indifference to an inmate’s serious medical
needs violates the Eighth Amendment.” Sealock v. Colorado, 218 F.3d 1205, 1209
(10th Cir. 2000); see also Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 828 (1994). The
deliberate indifference standard applies to pretrial detainees like Mr. Simon through
the Fourteenth Amendment. Burke v. Regalado, 935 F.3d 960, 991 (10th Cir. 2019).
We assess claims involving jail suicide for deliberate indifference to serious medical
needs. Est. of Burgaz ex rel. Zommer v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs for Jefferson Cnty., 30
F.4th 1181, 1186 (10th Cir. 2022).
“Deliberate indifference involves both an objective and a subjective
component.” Sealock, 218 F.3d at 1209 (quotations omitted). “The objective
component is met if the deprivation is ‘sufficiently serious.’” Id. (quoting Farmer,
511 U.S. at 834). “Death by suicide satisfies that requirement.” Est. of Burgaz, 30
F.4th at 1186; see Cox, 800 F.3d at 1240 n.3.
“The subjective component is satisfied if a prison official knows of and
disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety . . . .” Mata v. Saiz, 427 F.3d
745, 751 (10th Cir. 2005) (emphasis added) (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837). As
to knowledge, “[t]he official must be aware of the facts from which the inference of a
substantial risk of serious harm could be drawn and also draw that inference.” Lucas
v. Turn Key Health Clinics, LLC, 58 F.4th 1127, 1137 (10th Cir. 2023). Thus, the
official must have “actual knowledge . . . of an individual inmate’s substantial risk of
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suicide.” Cox, 800 F.3d at 1249. A factfinder may infer knowledge if “the risk was
obvious.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842.
B. Analysis
We address in two parts whether the district court erred in denying qualified
immunity to the Defendants.
First, we hold the district court should have dismissed the § 1983 claims
against the arresting officers on prong two of qualified immunity. Even assuming
Deputies Peterson and Oakley were deliberately indifferent in violation of the
Fourteenth Amendment, the Estate has not shown the law was clearly established.
Second, we hold the district court should have dismissed the § 1983 claims
against the supervisors on prong one of qualified immunity. The amended complaint
does not plausibly allege the supervisors had actual knowledge of Mr. Simon’s
substantial risk of suicide.
Arresting Officers
Even if the Estate sufficiently alleged the arresting officers were deliberately
indifferent to Mr. Simon’s substantial risk of suicide, it has not shown that the law
was clearly established at the time of the alleged constitutional violation.
The Estate primarily relies on Cox for its prong-two clearly established law
argument, but this reliance is misplaced. In Cox, also a jail-suicide case, the
decedent’s mother sued Sheriff Stanley Glanz in his individual and official capacities
under § 1983. 800 F.3d at 1236. She “alleg[ed] that his failure to provide adequate
and timely mental-health screening and care” at the intake and placement stage of
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detention “constituted deliberate indifference to [the decedent]’s serious medical
needs.” Id. at 1239. We reversed the district court’s summary judgment decision
denying qualified immunity on the individual capacity claim because the law would
not have put Sheriff Glanz on notice that he could be held liable for the decedent’s
suicide. Id. at 1236. Cox does not provide clearly established law here for two
reasons.
First, because we decided Cox on the second prong of qualified immunity,
holding the law was not clearly established without deciding the underlying
constitutional issue, it provides no precedent for clearly established law. See George
ex rel. Bradshaw v. Beaver County ex rel. Beaver Cnty. Bd. of Comm’rs, 32 F.4th
1259 (10th Cir. 2022). We recently made this point in George, another pretrial
detainee suicide case. Id. at 1246. The § 1983 claim in George alleged a defendant
jail official “violated [the decedent]’s constitutional rights by placing [him] in a
regular cell and failing to inform other officers of his suicide risk.” Id. at 1258. We
held that no “Tenth Circuit or Supreme Court decision put [the official] on notice that
his conduct violated [the decedent]’s constitutional rights.” Id. at 1259.
We explained that Cox “assumed the existence of a constitutional violation and
held that the right at issue—‘an inmate’s right to proper prison suicide screening
procedures during booking’—wasn’t clearly established.” Id. (quoting Perry v.
Durborow, 892 F.3d 1116, 1124 (10th Cir. 2018) (quoting Cox, 800 F.3d at 1247)).
Because Cox did not decide whether there was a prong-one constitutional violation, it
did not clearly establish jail officials’ liability in those circumstances.
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Second, the circumstances in Cox differed significantly from those in this case.
Unlike Deputies Peterson and Oakley, Sheriff Glanz was sued in his individual
supervisory capacity. See Cox, 800 F.3d at 1236. “We specifically base[d] our
decision . . . on our determination . . . that the then-extant clearly established law
would not have put a jail administrator similarly situated to Sheriff Glanz on notice
that he could be held liable under § 1983 for an Eighth Amendment violation based
on a prisoner’s suicide . . . .” Id. Deputies Peterson and Oakley are not supervisors
or jail administrators.
And in Cox, the alleged deliberate indifference occurred when the decedent
was booked into the jail, screened for placement in the general population, and
received no response to a request for medical assistance. Id. at 1237-39. The Estate
has not cited any cases in which arresting officers have been held liable under § 1983
for a jail suicide that occurred after they transported the arrestee to the jail and turned
over custody to jail staff for screening and placement.
In addition to Cox, the district court cited George and Crane v. Utah
Department of Corrections, 15 F.4th 1296 (10th Cir. 2021), as clearly establishing
the law in this case. Even if George or Crane were factually analogous to this case,
both were decided after Mr. Simon’s suicide occurred in 2019. For qualified
immunity, the right must be “clearly established at the time of the defendant’s alleged
misconduct.” Pearson, 555 U.S. at 232 (quotations omitted). While “a case decided
after the [underlying] incident . . . can state clearly established law when [it] ruled
that the relevant law was clearly established as of an earlier date preceding the
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[underlying] events,” Wilkins v. City of Tulsa, 33 F.4th 1265, 1276 n.8 (10th Cir.
2022) (quotations omitted), neither George nor Crane did so.
In sum, even assuming the amended complaint adequately alleged that
Deputies Peterson and Oakley violated Mr. Simon’s constitutional right, the Estate
has not shown that the right was clearly established at the time of the violation. We
therefore reverse the denial of qualified immunity to Deputies Peterson and Oakley.
Supervisors
The Estate did not sufficiently allege that any of the supervisors had actual
knowledge of Mr. Simon’s risk of suicide, which is required for supervisory liability
under a § 1983 jail-suicide claim. We therefore reverse the district court’s denial of
qualified immunity because the Estate failed to allege a constitutional violation. 3
a. Additional legal background
“A § 1983 defendant sued in an individual capacity may be subject to personal
liability and/or supervisory liability.” Brown, 662 F.3d at 1163. Supervisors are not
vicariously liable for their employees’ acts under § 1983, but a supervisor may be
liable for “personally violat[ing] [a plaintiff’s] constitutional rights.” Perry, 892
F.3d at 1121.
3 The Estate also brought a municipal liability claim against the supervisors by suing them in their official capacities. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of the City of N.Y., 436 U.S. 658, 690 (1978). The supervisors moved to dismiss this claim, but the district court found it was adequately alleged. The Monell claim is not part of this appeal.
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To establish supervisory liability, a plaintiff must “show an affirmative link
between” a supervisor and the alleged constitutional injury. Id. (quotations omitted).
The “plaintiff must prove: (1) the defendant promulgated, created, implemented or
possessed responsibility for the continued operation of a policy that (2) caused the
complained of constitutional harm, and (3) acted with the state of mind required to
establish the alleged constitutional deprivation.” George, 32 F.4th at 1255
(quotations omitted).
“Precisely what state of mind is required for individual liability depends on the
type of claim a plaintiff brings.” Schneider v. City of Grand Junction Police Dep’t,
717 F.3d 760, 769 (10th Cir. 2013). The state of mind to establish Ҥ 1983 jail-
suicide supervisory[ ]liability” is knowledge “that the specific inmate at issue
presented a substantial risk of suicide.” George, 32 F.4th at 1257 (citing Cox, 800
F.3d at 1250; Crane, 14 F.4th at 1307); see Est. of Hocker ex rel. Hocker v. Walsh,
22 F.3d 995, 1000 (10th Cir. 1994).
b. Application
The Estate does not allege facts showing that any of the supervisors had
“actual knowledge . . . of an individual inmate’s substantial risk of suicide,” Cox, 800
F.3d at 1249, or that “the risk was obvious,” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842. It alleges that
information about Mr. Simon was communicated to ECSO and ECDF employees who
are not parties to this suit. But it does not allege that this information was shared
with the supervisors or was generally known. Nor did it allege that the supervisors
were made aware of Deputy Peterson’s or Deputy Oakley’s interactions with
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Mr. Simon. See Mata, 427 F.3d at 751 (“[T]he official must both be aware of facts
from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm
exists, and she must also draw the inference.” (alterations and quotations omitted)).
The district court inferred that the supervisors had actual knowledge of
Mr. Simon’s risk of suicide from the allegation that the judge’s August 5 referral of
Mr. Simon to the Bridges Program for a mental health assessment was emailed to the
ECSO and ECDF. But the Estate did not allege that any of the supervisors monitored
the email address or that they were informed about the email. And the referral does
not mention suicide, nor does the Estate allege that it does. App., Vol. II at 327-28;
see Cox, 800 F.3d at 1252-53 (finding a defendant who was informed that a patient
had paranoid schizophrenia “had no knowledge that [he] presented a substantial risk
of suicide”).
The district court also relied on Sheriff Van Beek’s post-incident statement
that the ECDF had two suicides during the month of Mr. Simon’s death. But a
statement made one month after Mr. Simon’s suicide does not show any of the
supervisors’ knowledge before his suicide.
In sum, the Estate failed to allege a constitutional violation against the
supervisors. The district court erred in denying qualified immunity. 4 We do not need
to address whether the law was clearly established. See Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236.
4 The district court erred not only in concluding the amended complaint alleged a constitutional violation against the supervisors, but it also erred in failing to address the clearly established law prong of qualified immunity.
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III. CONCLUSION
We reverse the district court’s denial of the motion to dismiss based on
qualified immunity.
Entered for the Court
Scott M. Matheson, Jr. Circuit Judge