3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
4 DISTRICT OF NEVADA
5 * * *
6 TESLA, INC., Case No. 3:18-cv-00296-MMD-CLB
7 Plaintiff and Counter Defendant, ORDER 8
9 v.
10 MARTIN TRIPP,
11 Defendant and Counter Claimant.
12 13 I. SUMMARY 14 Plaintiff and Counter Defendant Tesla, Inc. sued Defendant and Counter Claimant 15 Martin Tripp, a former employee, primarily for violations of federal and state trade secret 16 law, after he shared confidential information about the production of Tesla’s Model 3 car 17 with a reporter. (ECF No. 1.) Tripp filed counterclaims for defamation and false light after 18 Tesla’s CEO Elon Musk, and others at Tesla, sent out various emails and tweets about 19 Tripp. (ECF No. 25.) Before the Court are two primary, and four ancillary, motions: (1) 20 Tripp’s motion for summary judgment on some of the claims and damages theories 21 Tesla asserts against him (ECF No. 154 (“Motion”)); (2) Tesla’s motion for summary 22 judgment on Tripp’s defamation and false light counterclaims (ECF Nos. 155, 162 23 (sealed) (“Cross-Motion”)); (3) Tesla’s motions to seal portions of its briefs and exhibits 24 (ECF Nos. 161, 183, 195); and (4) Tripp’s motion for leave to file a surreply to Tesla’s 25 Cross-Motion (ECF No. 197). As further explained below, the Court will grant in part, and 26 deny in part, Tripp’s Motion because it is persuaded Tripp’s actions lack the requisite 27 causal link to any diminution in the value of Tesla’s stock, but is otherwise unpersuaded 28 by Tripp’s arguments in his Motion. The Court will grant Tesla’s Cross-Motion because 1 the Court agrees with Tesla that Tripp must show actual malice, but cannot, and 2 alternatively agrees none of the statements Tripp challenges were false. The Court will 3 grant Tesla’s motions to seal because compelling reasons support them, and they are 4 unopposed. Finally, the Court will deny Tripp’s motion for leave to file a surreply as 5 unnecessary. 6 II. BACKGROUND 7 A. Claims 8 Tripp contends he is a whistleblower, blowing the whistle on production 9 inefficiencies and delays in Tesla’s race to produce 5,000 Model 3 cars per week. Tesla 10 believes Tripp is a misguided leaker, who came to incorrect conclusions about the 11 efficiency and effectiveness of Tesla’s assembly lines at the Gigafactory1 in the Nevada 12 desert, then shared confidential information Tripp thought supported his conclusions with 13 a reporter, without permission. These differing views color the parties’ claims against 14 each other in this case, and the way they approach it. Regardless, Tripp had a brief but 15 dramatic tenure as a Tesla employee. 16 Tesla brings five claims against Tripp: (1) violation of the Defend Trade Secrets 17 Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1836, et seq.; (2) violation of the Nevada Uniform Trade Secrets Act, 18 NRS §§ 600A.10, et seq.; (3) breach of contract; (4) breach of the fiduciary duty of 19 loyalty; and (5) violation of the Nevada Computer Crimes Law, NRS § 205.4765 20 (“NCCL”). (ECF No. 1 at 4-10.) Tripp asserts two2 counterclaims: (1) defamation; and (2) 21 false light. (ECF No. 25 at 9-25.) 22 /// 23
1Both parties refer to Tesla’s factory outside Reno, Nevada as the Gigafactory, so 24 the Court adopts the same nomenclature for convenience. (ECF Nos. 25 at 11, 155 at 3, 157 at 1.) According to Tesla, it is named the Gigafactory to convey it is very large, 25 incorporating ‘Giga,’ the unit of measurement representing ‘billions.’ See Tesla, Tesla Gigafactory, https://www.tesla.com/gigafactory (last visited Sept. 17, 2020). 26
2Tripp originally also brought a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress 27 (ECF No. 25 at 25), but later stipulated to dismiss that claim (ECF No. 66 (granting stipulation of dismissal of third counterclaim)). 28 1 B. Relevant Facts 2 The following facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted, and proceed in 3 roughly chronological order. 4 Tesla hired Tripp as a Lead Process Technician in October 2017. (ECF No. 155 5 at 3-4.) At and around the time Tesla hired Tripp, Tripp signed several agreements 6 containing confidentiality provisions. (ECF Nos. 174-13 (sealed), 174-14 (sealed), 174- 7 15 (sealed), 174-16 (sealed).) Later in 2017, Musk announced that one of Tesla’s goals 8 was to produce 5,000 Model 3 cars per week. (ECF No. 155 at 4; see also ECF No. 157 9 at 2.) This announcement led to media coverage and public interest regarding Tesla’s 10 production targets for the Model 3. (ECF No. 157 at 2.) Tripp’s work at the Gigafactory 11 contributed to Tesla’s ability to achieve that goal, because assembly lines at the 12 Gigafactory make batteries and drivetrains for the Model 3. (Id.) 13 Soon after he started, Tripp grew concerned about the amount of scrap generated 14 by the assembly line he worked on. (ECF No. 177-1 at 5-7.) He got into disputes with 15 coworkers about it, complained to his managers, and even sent Musk two emails about 16 it—and Musk responded on at least one occasion, writing “[g]etting scrap from when 17 cells exit Panasonic to less than 1 percent needs to be a hardcore goal.” (ECF Nos. 174- 18 11 (sealed), 174-18 (sealed), 177-1 at 5-7.) 19 Between the time he was hired, and when Tesla fired Tripp on June 19, 2020, 20 Tripp was disciplined by his managers for fomenting conflict with his coworkers on at 21 least three occasions. (ECF No. 155 at 4-5 (partially redacted).) On May 17, 2018, 22 Tripp’s managers transferred him from one assembly line at the Gigafactory to another. 23 (Id. at 4-5.) On May 25, 2018, Tripp was formally disciplined regarding a conflict with his 24 coworkers. (ECF No. 174-19 (sealed).) 25 /// 26 /// 27 /// 28 1 On May 27, 2018, Tripp sent an email to several reporters saying that he had 2 information about Tesla’s Model 3 production he was willing to share.3 (ECF No. 175-2 3 (sealed).) Tripp requested to remain anonymous in this email. (Id. at 2.) As to the content 4 of the email, Tripp wrote that the amount of scrap generated during production at the 5 Gigafactory was much higher than Tesla had previously disclosed publicly. (Id.) Tripp 6 also wrote in the email that Tesla was not as close to hitting its production target of 5,000 7 Model 3s a week as Musk had stated publicly. (Id.) Finally, Tripp stated that Musk had 8 changed manufacturing processes to increase speed, creating safety issues such as 9 smoking batteries. (Id.) Linette Lopez of Business Insider responded that she was 10 interested, and Tripp began sharing information with her. (ECF No. 155 at 6.) The 11 information Tripp gathered and shared with Lopez forms the basis of Tesla’s claims 12 against Tripp. (ECF No. 1.) 13 On June 4, 2018, Lopez published an article in Business Insider titled, “Internal 14 documents reveal Tesla is blowing through an insane amount of raw material and cash 15 to make Model 3s, and production is still a nightmare” (the “Scrap Article”). (ECF No. 16 159-5.) Lopez used information that Tripp gave her in this article. (ECF No. 154 at 4.) 17 Tesla held its annual shareholder meeting the next day, on June 5, 2018. (ECF No. 157 18 at 3.) 19 On June 6, 2018, Lopez published another article in Business Insider titled, 20 “Tesla’s new Gigafactory robots that are supposed to help it ramp up Model 3 production 21 22
3Tripp collected information to build his case Tesla was generating too much 23 scrap before reaching out to reporters. Specifically, there is no dispute that Tripp took the following actions. (ECF No. 177 at 3 (“As to those material facts Tesla does assert, 24 Tripp does not dispute them per se.”).) He forwarded an email about Tesla’s manufacturing processes and excel sheets purporting to show scrap levels to his 25 personal email account. (ECF Nos. 174-21 (sealed), 174-22 (sealed).) He took pictures inside the Gigafactory on his personal phone. (ECF Nos. 174-23 (sealed), 174-24 26 (sealed).) He also used Tesla’s internal software to run queries and generate charts to support his view that scrap levels were too high, and sent that information to personal 27 email and cloud storage systems so he could share the information with reporters. (ECF No. 155 at 5.) 28 1 aren’t working yet” (the “Robot Article”). (ECF No. 159-6.) Lopez also used information 2 that Tripp gave her in this article. (ECF No. 154 at 4.) 3 Musk was unhappy with the publication of these two articles. (ECF No. 157 at 3.) 4 Thus, Musk initiated an investigation into the source of the articles. (Id. at 3-4.) Members 5 of Tesla’s security team, including Tesla employee Nicholas Gicinto, working with 6 security investigation contractors, worked backwards from the information included in the 7 Scrap Article and the Robot Article to uncover Lopez’s source. (ECF No. 174-2 (sealed) 8 at 6-7.) They were able to pinpoint Tripp as the potential source using the audit logs of 9 Tesla’s Manufacturing Operating System (“MOS”), Tesla’s internal computer system it 10 uses to keep track of its manufacturing processes. (Id. at 8-9.) 11 Tesla security employees interviewed Tripp on June 14 and 15, 2020. (Id. at 9- 12 10.) While at first he denied being the source for the two articles, he later admitted he 13 was the source, and stated he knew he was not permitted to share the information he 14 had shared with Lopez. (Id. at 26-28; see also ECF No. 174-6.) Over the weekend of 15 June 16-17, 2018, Tesla’s security team passed the results of their investigation on to 16 Musk. (ECF No. 157 at 4.) 17 Having received these results, Musk sent an email to all employees at Tesla at 18 11:55 p.m. that Sunday night. (ECF No. 160-17.) In the email, without naming Tripp, 19 Musk wrote he was “dismayed to learn this weekend about a Tesla employee who had 20 conducted quick extensive and damaging sabotage to our operations.” (Id. at 2.) Musk 21 went on to write this employee had made direct changes to the MOS, and exported 22 “large amounts of highly sensitive Tesla data to unknown third parties.” (Id.) After 23 speculating that “there may be more to this situation than meets the eye,” Musk noted 24 Tesla’s investigation will continue, and stated “there are a long list of organizations that 25 want Tesla to die[,]” including Wall Street short-sellers, oil and gas companies, and “big 26 gas/diesel car company competitors.” (Id.) Musk wrapped up the email by warning all 27 employees to remain vigilant, encouraging them to report any suspicious activity to him. 28 1 (Id.) This email is the First Challenged Statement upon which Tripp bases his 2 counterclaims for defamation and false light. (ECF No. 177 at 2.) 3 On June 19, 2018, Tesla terminated Tripp’s employment. (ECF No. 159-9.) Tesla 4 filed this lawsuit the next day. (ECF No. 1.) Then things heated up. The same morning 5 Tesla filed this lawsuit, Musk and Tripp exchanged escalating emails about the articles 6 and this case in which Tripp wrote to Musk that he had “what’s coming to you for the lies 7 you have told the public and investors[,]” they both called each other ‘horrible human 8 beings,’ and Musk warned Tripp that “[t]hreatening me only makes it worse for you[.]” 9 (ECF No. 172-10.) Tripp forwarded some portion of this email thread to a reporter at the 10 Guardian. (Id.) 11 At 1:40 p.m. that same day, Tesla’s call center in Las Vegas received a call from 12 someone claiming to be a friend of Tripp’s, warning the call center employee that Tripp 13 was “extremely volatile,” and was “very well heavily armed.” (ECF No. 172-11.) The call 14 center employee passed this information along to Tesla’s security team, who quickly 15 passed it on to Musk. (ECF Nos. 159-12, 159-13.) Tesla’s security team also reported 16 the threat to the local police, who began investigating it. (ECF No. 160-7.) As Musk had 17 recently received an email from the reporter at the Guardian seeking comment on the 18 emails Musk had exchanged that morning with Tripp, Musk responded to the Guardian 19 reporter that he “was just told that we received a call at the Gigafactory that [Tripp] was 20 going to come back and shoot people.” (ECF No. 160-19.) Musk’s email to the Guardian 21 reporter included members of Tesla’s communications staff on the cc line, and included 22 a forwarded copy of Musk’s email thread with Tripp. (Id.) Musk’s email to the Guardian 23 reporter is the Second Challenged Statement forming the basis for Tripp’s defamation 24 and false light counterclaims. (ECF No. 177 at 2.) 25 Tesla’s communications staff followed up with the Guardian reporter that evening 26 with another email. The email included an ‘on background’ section that basically refuted 27 Tripp’s claims about the production issues with the Model 3, and included an “Attributed 28 to a Tesla spokesperson” quote that read as follows: 1 “This afternoon, we received a phone call from a friend of Mr Tripp telling us that Mr Tripp would be coming to the Gigafactory to “shoot the place 2 up.” Police have been notified and actions are being taken to enhance security at the Gigafactory.” 3 4 (ECF No. 159-15 at 2.) This portion of this email is the Third Challenged Statement 5 forming the basis of Tripp’s counterclaims against Tesla for defamation and false light. 6 (ECF No. 177 at 2.) 7 The local police found Tripp at a casino hotel in Reno about an hour after Tesla’s 8 communications team sent the email containing the Third Challenged Statement. (ECF 9 No. 160-7 at 6.) Tripp was “visibly shaken” and “crying.” (Id.) The local police determined 10 Tripp was not a threat, and told Tesla’s security team that at 7:19 p.m. (again, on June 11 20). (Id. at 7.) Nonetheless, Tesla’s communications team sent the email containing the 12 Third Challenged Statement around to other reporters on June 21 and 22, 2018. (ECF 13 Nos. 160-1, 160-2, 160-3, 176-4 (sealed), 160-5.) “The ‘shoot the place up’ statement in 14 Tesla’s press releases was published by media outlets on June 21 and 22, 2018, 15 including Ars Technica, the Guardian, CNBC, Newsweek, Fortune, and the Washington 16 Post.” (ECF No. 177 at 10 (citing ECF Nos. 25-3, 25-4, 25-5, 25-6, 25-7).) 17 Meanwhile, another former Tesla employee and friend of Tripp named James 18 Uelmen emailed Musk on June 20 and 21, 2018. (ECF No. 177 at 10.) Musk wrote back. 19 (Id.) Uelmen then voluntarily acted as a mole for Tesla, texting with Tripp in an attempt to 20 find out more about the information he was sharing with Lopez. (Id.; see also ECF No. 21 160-8.) Tripp told Uelmen in a text message that Uelmen would get some money if he 22 shared information with Lopez, and apparently told him the same thing in person. (ECF 23 Nos. 158-7, 160-8.) Uelmen relayed this to Gicinto on Tesla’s security team (ECF No. 24 160-8), who, in turn, told Musk. Musk “did not know or believe this information to be 25 false. Nor did I entertain serious doubts as to its truth.” (ECF No. 157 at 7.) 26 Some time later, specifically, July 5, 2018, Musk asked Lopez on Twitter if she 27 paid Tripp. Musk wrote: 28 1 “Indeed, very simple question. To be specific @lopezlinette, did you compensate or promise to compensate Martin Tripp for inside information 2 about Tesla? Did he, under that inducement, provide you with exaggerated negative info, which you printed but turned about to be untrue?” 3 4 (ECF Nos. 157 at 7, 160-20.) This tweet is the Fourth Challenged Statement forming the 5 basis for Tripp’s defamation and false light counterclaims. (ECF No. 177 at 2.) 6 III. LEGAL STANDARD 7 “The purpose of summary judgment is to avoid unnecessary trials when there is 8 no dispute as to the facts before the court.” Nw. Motorcycle Ass’n v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 9 18 F.3d 1468, 1471 (9th Cir. 1994) (citation omitted). Summary judgment is appropriate 10 when the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits 11 “show there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to 12 judgment as a matter of law.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). An 13 issue is “genuine” if there is a sufficient evidentiary basis on which a reasonable fact- 14 finder could find for the nonmoving party and a dispute is “material” if it could affect the 15 outcome of the suit under the governing law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 16 242, 248-49 (1986). Where reasonable minds could differ on the material facts at issue, 17 however, summary judgment is not appropriate. See id. at 250-51. “The amount of 18 evidence necessary to raise a genuine issue of material fact is enough ‘to require a jury 19 or judge to resolve the parties’ differing versions of the truth at trial.’” Aydin Corp. v. Loral 20 Corp., 718 F.2d 897, 902 (9th Cir. 1983) (quoting First Nat’l Bank v. Cities Service Co., 21 391 U.S. 253, 288-89 (1968)). In evaluating a summary judgment motion, a court views 22 all facts and draws all inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See 23 Kaiser Cement Corp. v. Fishbach & Moore, Inc., 793 F.2d 1100, 1103 (9th Cir. 1986) 24 (citation omitted). 25 The moving party bears the burden of showing that there are no genuine issues 26 of material fact. See Zoslaw v. MCA Distrib. Corp., 693 F.2d 870, 883 (9th Cir. 1982). 27 Once the moving party satisfies Rule 56’s requirements, the burden shifts to the party 28 resisting the motion to “set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for 1 trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256. The nonmoving party “may not rely on denials in the 2 pleadings but must produce specific evidence, through affidavits or admissible discovery 3 material, to show that the dispute exists,” Bhan v. NME Hosps., Inc., 929 F.2d 1404, 4 1409 (9th Cir. 1991), and “must do more than simply show that there is some 5 metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Orr v. Bank of Am., 285 F.3d 764, 783 (9th 6 Cir. 2002) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 7 (1986)). “The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiff’s position 8 will be insufficient[.]” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252. 9 IV. DISCUSSION 10 The Court first addresses Tripp’s Motion, then Tesla’s Cross-Motion, and then 11 Tesla’s motions to seal. 12 A. Tripp’s Motion 13 Tripp seeks summary judgment on some, but not all, of Tesla’s damages theories, 14 and some, but not all, of Tesla’s claims. As further explained below, the Court is 15 persuaded by Tripp’s argument that his actions could not have caused the declines in 16 Tesla’s stock price proffered by Tesla’s damages expert Jeffrey H. Kinrich, but is 17 otherwise unpersuaded by the arguments in his Motion. The Court addresses each of 18 Tripp’s arguments, in turn, below. 19 1. Market Capitalization Damages 20 Tesla’s damages expert Kinrich identifies three categories of damages that Tesla 21 allegedly suffered because of Tripp’s actions. (ECF No. 154 at 4.) The most significant of 22 those categories—in terms of the amount of money Tesla seeks—is Tesla’s theory that 23 Tripp’s disclosure of confidential information to Lopez resulted in $167.37 million in 24 market capitalization damages to Tesla stock. (Id.) Tripp argues he is entitled to 25 summary judgment on this damages theory for three, alternative reasons: (1) it does not 26 reflect an actual loss; (2) even Kinrich concedes that he cannot establish causation; and 27 (3) Kinrich did not conduct an ‘event study,’ the only analysis purportedly robust enough 28 to show that Tripp’s alleged breaches caused Tesla’s stock price to decline. (Id. at 12- 1 18.) The Court finds Tripp’s arguments persuasive, particularly his second argument on 2 lack of causation. 3 Tesla’s primary response to Tripp’s arguments is they remain premature—as 4 Judge Hicks found in a prior order denying Tripp’s Daubert motion seeking exclusion of 5 Kinrich’s testimony (ECF No. 118)—and would require the Court to engage in a Daubert 6 analysis. (ECF No. 178 at 22.) Tripp replies this mischaracterizes his argument. (ECF 7 No. 192 at 6.) Tripp says he does not challenge the admissibility of Kinrich’s testimony, 8 but instead clarifies that he is arguing as a matter of law Tesla cannot establish actual 9 loss or causation based on Kinrich’s report. (Id. at 6-12.) The Court finds this a subtle, 10 but persuasive, clarification. 11 Tripp does not, as would be typical in a Daubert motion, challenge Kinrich’s 12 qualifications, and only challenges Kinrich’s methodology to the extent Tripp argues 13 Kinrich should have conducted an event study. (Id.) The Court understands Tripp’s 14 argument as operating at a higher conceptual level than a Daubert challenge, in gist 15 arguing that no matter how qualified Kinrich is,4 or how spot-on his methodology, Tripp’s 16 actions cannot have caused Tesla approximately $167 million in damages. So 17 construed, the Court agrees. 18 The causal chain a rational jury would have to accept to agree Tripp should be on 19 the hook for Tesla’s purported market capitalization damages is too long, and too 20 attenuated. Tripp’s purported wrongdoing is gathering information and using it in a way 21 he was not authorized to—sharing it with a reporter. (ECF No. 1.) The reporter then 22 wrote two articles based on that information. Tesla’s market capitalization damages 23 theory looks at the price of Tesla’s stock between the moment the two articles hit the 24 internet and the end of the corresponding trading day. (ECF No. 154-4 at 8-10, 33-36.) 25 Kinrich summarized his calculations in the following table: 26 /// 27
4Kinrich appears to be well qualified based on his CV. (ECF No. 154-4 at 11-24.) 28 1 Tesla Market Capitalization Effect, as of June 4 and June 6 Articles 2\| ~~... duned, 2018 ———S—C«Wme 6, 2018S 3:42 PM ET 3:21 PM ET 3 || Price Before Event $296.94 $320.28 [A] Closing Price $296.74 $319.50 [B] 4 Price Difference -$0,20 -$0,78 (C) = □□□□□□□ 5 || _ Shares Outstanding (millions) 170.52 170.52 [D] Market Capitalization Effect ($millions) $33.56 ~$133.82 [E]=[C]*[D] 6 Total Market Capitalization Effect (Smillions) $167.37 [F] 7 || (ECF No. 154-4 at 36.) Kinrich thus holds Tripp responsible for temporary 20 cent and 8 || 78 cent reductions in Tesla’s share price, and multiplies those losses by all of Tesla’s || outstanding 170.52 million shares to arrive at approximately $167 million. 10 While Kinrich attempted to rule out other causes for these reductions in his 11 || analysis, he freely admitted in his deposition that he could not conclude the publication 12 || of the articles caused the losses he calculated. (ECF No. 154-6 at 9-12, 17.) Moreover, 13 || that concession does not account for the possibility that some information in the articles 14 || that did not come from Tripp caused the drop in Tesla’s stock price. Said otherwise, 15 || Kinrich’s calculations do not even attempt to make the first link between Tripp and the 16 articles—they instead use the articles as the point of reference. Even though damages 17 || are typically a fact issue, there are so many tenuous links in the causal chain between 18 Tripp’s actions and any drop in Tesla’s stock price that no rational jury could find Tripp 19 || caused it. Compare World Mkt. Ctr. Venture, LLC v. Strickland, Case No. 2:08-CV- 20 || 00968-RLLH-R, 2011 WL 573757, at *6 (D. Nev. Feb. 14, 2011) (stating a particular 21 || damages theory was “beyond possibility” but denying a summary judgment motion on 22 || damages because damages calculations present factual questions) with Estate of 23 || Claypole v. Cty. of Monterey, Case No. 14-CV-02730-BLF, 2016 WL 693282, at *12 24 || (N.D. Cal. Feb. 22, 2016) (finding that an admission from the plaintiffs’ expert he could 25 || not draw a conclusion as to causation meant that the plaintiffs “failed to demonstrate the 26 || existence of disputed facts that would preclude summary judgment’). 27 In addition, the Court finds persuasive Tripp’s broader, alternative argument that 28 || Tesla did not suffer any losses at all—because its stock price quickly recovered from
1 these two drops that even Kinrich identified as not statistically significant, and were 2 eliminated by the next trading day. (ECF No. 154 at 12-14.) Tesla does not dispute that 3 the price of Tesla’s stock fluctuates, and recovered quickly after the drops Kinrich relies 4 on. (Compare ECF No. 154 at 4-9 (listing as undisputed facts showing that Tesla’s stock 5 price fluctuates, and quickly recovered the losses identified by Kinrich) with ECF No. 178 6 at 10-11, 22-23 (emphasizing the losses, but ignoring the subsequent gains).) Indeed, it 7 would be irrational to conclude that Tripp harmed Tesla through its purported market 8 capitalization damages when Tesla’s stock price declined for less than a day. And 9 Kinrich’s market capitalization damages theory seems even less rational in view of the 10 fact that Tesla’s share price is now much higher than it was at the time, especially 11 considering Tesla has not even argued it lost revenue, profits, sales, or customers as a 12 result of Tripp’s purported misconduct.5 (ECF No. 154 at 13-14.) 13 Further, the Court finds Tesla’s other responsive argument unpersuasive. Tesla 14 merely points to certain testimony it says Kinrich will offer at trial as creating a factual 15 dispute rendering this issue inappropriate for summary disposition. (ECF No. 178 at 22- 16 23.) However, each of those pieces of testimony were included in Kinrich’s report (ECF 17 No. 154-4), and covered in his deposition (ECF No. 154-6), so would not actually be 18 additional testimony. More importantly, none of it matters in light of Kinrich’s admission in 19 his deposition that he cannot say the articles caused the drops in Tesla’s stock price. (Id. 20 154-6 at 9-12, 17.) Tripp’s actions may have harmed Tesla in certain ways, but they did 21 not cause Tesla to lose $167 million dollars in share value. The Court therefore grants 22 Tripp summary judgment on Tesla’s market capitalization damages theory. See 23 Domingo ex rel. Domingo v. T.K., 289 F.3d 600, 607-08 (9th Cir. 2002) (affirming the 24 district court’s grant of summary judgment to the defendants where the testimony of the 25 plaintiff’s expert witnesses was insufficient to raise a triable issue of fact regarding 26
5This analysis also sets aside Tripp’s persuasive argument that Tesla’s market 27 capitalization damages theory cannot show damages to Tesla itself, even if it could be used to show damages to Tesla’s shareholders. (ECF Nos. 154 at 12-13.) 28 1 causation); see also Avila v. Willits Envtl. Remediation Tr., 633 F.3d 828, 836-40 (9th 2 Cir. 2011) (affirming the district court’s grant of summary judgment on lack of causation 3 where the district court found an expert’s testimony could not establish causation). 4 2. Nevada Computer Crimes Law 5 Tripp also seeks summary judgment on Tesla’s NCCL claim, arguing he cannot 6 have violated it as a matter of law because he had authority to access the information 7 forming the basis for that claim. (ECF No. 154 at 11-12.) Tesla responds that the NCCL 8 also prohibits unauthorized use of data—so Tripp is not entitled to summary judgment on 9 this claim—especially considering Tripp admitted he was not authorized to use the data 10 in the way he did. (ECF No. 178 at 13-16.) The Court agrees with Tesla. 11 Tripp’s argument relies heavily on Oracle USA, Inc. v. Rimini St., Inc., 879 F.3d 12 948, 962 (9th Cir. 2018), cert. granted, 139 S. Ct. 52 (2018), and rev’d in part on other 13 grounds, 139 S. Ct. 873 (2019) (“Oracle III”). (ECF Nos. 154 at 11.) Specifically, Tripp 14 contends that the key question under Oracle III and consistent caselaw is whether Tripp 15 had access to the information he shared with Lopez. (ECF No. 154 at 11-12.) Because 16 he did, Tripp argues, he cannot have violated the NCCL. (Id.) However, the Court 17 disagrees with Tripp’s reading of the pertinent portion of Oracle III. 18 To start, the Oracle III court found that a different type of behavior than Tripp’s 19 actions here—“taking data using a method prohibited by the applicable terms of use, 20 when the taking itself generally is permitted”—did not violate the NCCL. 879 F.3d at 962. 21 That is not what Tripp admittedly did. Tripp was not permitted to take the data he took to 22 use it in the way that he did. (ECF No. 185-6 (sealed) at 8, 10, 12, 14, 20, 21 (admitting 23 he knew he was not authorized to share the information he took and shared with Lopez 24 or anyone else outside of Tesla, and confirming he knew that at the time).) Thus, Oracle 25 III does not sanction Tripp’s conduct. See Oracle III, 879 F.3d at 962 (“But the key to the 26 state statutes is whether [the defendant] was authorized in the first instance to take and 27 use the information that it downloaded.”) (emphasis added). Moreover, the Oracle III 28 court favorably cited both U.S. v. Christensen, 828 F.3d 763, 789 (9th Cir. 2015) and 1 Facebook, Inc. v. Power Ventures, Inc., 844 F.3d 1058, 1069 (9th Cir. 2016), cert. 2 denied, 138 S.Ct. 313 (2017),6 but the parentheticals the Oracle III court uses to 3 describe the key holdings of both of those cases make clear that an unauthorized use 4 could also violate the NCCL. See Oracle III, 879 F.3d at 962. Thus, Oracle III does not 5 foreclose Tesla’s argument that Tripp’s unauthorized use of the data could violate the 6 NCCL. (ECF No. 178 at 13-14.) 7 Tesla’s argument also better aligns with the text of the statute itself, which 8 prohibits unauthorized use, disclosure, transfer, or copying of data that exists within a 9 computer system. (Id. (citing NRS § 205.4765(1)).) Because Tripp admitted during his 10 deposition that he shared information with Lopez he was not authorized to share with her 11 (see, e.g., ECF No. 185-6 at 21), he conceivably violated the plain language of the 12 NCCL. For these reasons, it would be inappropriate to grant Tripp summary judgment on 13 Tesla’s NCCL claim.7 Tripp’s Motion is thus denied as to Tesla’s NCCL claim. 14 3. Response Costs 15 Tripp also makes the related argument that Tesla cannot recover its claimed 16 $261,919 in investigative costs as “response costs” under the NCCL because Tripp had 17 authority to access the data at issue. (ECF No. 154 at 18-19.) Nor can, Tripp further 18 argues, Tesla recover these investigative costs under any other theory because they are 19 not damages—they are attorneys’ fees. (Id.) Tesla responds the NCCL expressly 20 permits it to recover its investigative costs as “response costs,” and that the other 21 caselaw upon which Tripp relies does not preclude Tesla from recovering its 22 investigative costs under these circumstances. (ECF No. 178 at 16-22.) The Court again 23 agrees with Tesla.
24 6 Tripp also relies on Power Ventures. (ECF No. 154 at 12.)
25 7Tripp attempts to distinguish Christensen because it addressed a California law, not the NCCL, but the Oracle III court both treated the two statutes as equivalent and 26 cited favorably to Christensen with the quote ‘“A plain reading of the [California law] demonstrates that its focus is on unauthorized taking or use of information.”’ (ECF No. 27 192 at 3-4.) See also Oracle III, 879 F.3d at 962. Thus, Christensen supports Tesla’s position on its NCCL claim as pertinent to Tripp’s Motion. 28 1 First, Tripp’s argument that Tesla cannot recover response costs whose recovery 2 is permitted by the NCCL—because he did not violate the NCCL—is untenable in light of 3 the Court’s holding above that he may have violated the NCCL. Indeed, Tripp effectively 4 concedes as much. (ECF No. 192 at 12.) Moreover, the Court agrees with Tesla (ECF 5 178 at 16) that the NCCL allows recovery for “for any response costs, loss or injury,” 6 NRS § 205.511(1)(a), where response costs are the reasonable costs “that relate to 7 investigating, determining the amount of damage, remedying or preventing future 8 damage, and testing or restoring a computer system.” Oracle USA, Inc. v. Rimini St., 9 Inc., 191 F. Supp. 3d 1134, 1145 (D. Nev. 2016) (“Oracle II”) (citations omitted). The 10 Court therefore rejects Tripp’s argument that depends on his other argument he could 11 not have violated the NCCL. 12 Second, Tripp’s argument that Tesla’s investigative costs are not recoverable 13 because they are actually attorneys’ fees is unpersuasive because Tripp supports that 14 argument with caselaw tending to establish that investigators’ fees can be considered 15 attorneys’ fees under some circumstances—not that attorneys’ fees can never be 16 recovered as investigative costs. (ECF No. 154 at 19 (first citing Rolex Watch U.S.A., 17 Inc. v. Zeotec Diamonds, Inc., Case No. CV02-1089GAFVBKX, 2003 WL 23705748, at 18 *3 (C.D. Cal. May 2, 2003), then citing Lifted Research Group Inc. v. Biglarpour, Case 19 No. SACV0800033JVSANX, 2008 WL 11342709, at *4 (C.D. Cal. July 16, 2008)).) And 20 to the extent Tripp argues Tesla has manufactured damages (ECF No. 192 at 12-15), 21 that argument goes to the reasonableness of the amount of damages Tesla seeks—an 22 issue better resolved later in this case. See Oracle II, 191 F. Supp. 3d at 1145 23 (explaining that response costs must be reasonable in ruling on a post-trial motion to 24 reduce the jury’s damages award). Having found both of Tripp’s arguments about 25 Tesla’s potential recovery of its investigative costs unpersuasive, the Court denies 26 Tripp’s Motion to the extent it seeks summary judgment that Tesla may not claim those 27 costs as damages. 28 /// 1 4. Punitive Damages 2 Tripp also seeks summary judgment on Tesla’s punitive damages claim, arguing 3 Tesla cannot recover punitive damages because it cannot establish that Tripp acted with 4 fraud, oppression, or malice. (ECF No. 154 at 19-21.) Tesla responds that summary 5 judgment on this damages theory would be inappropriate because Tesla has suffered 6 actual damages, and there is evidence Tripp acted with malice. (ECF No. 178 at 24-27.) 7 Tripp replies that Tesla’s proffered evidence does not establish fraud, oppression, or 8 malice. (ECF No. 192 at 15-17.) The Court again agrees with Tesla. 9 The parties agree Nevada law governs the question of whether Tesla may 10 recover punitive damages against Tripp. (ECF Nos. 154 at 19-20, 178 at 25-27.) So 11 does the Court. Nevada law permits the recovery of punitive damages where the plaintiff 12 can prove by clear and convincing evidence the defendant acted with fraud, oppression, 13 or malice—express or implied. See NRS § 42.005. Tesla argues that Tripp acted with 14 malice in collecting information about Tesla’s operations at the Gigafactory and sharing it 15 with Lopez. (ECF No. 178 at 25.) Nevada law defines “[m]alice, express or implied” as 16 “conduct which is intended to injure a person or despicable conduct which is engaged in 17 with a conscious disregard of the rights or safety of others.” NRS § 42.001(3). 18 Circumstantial evidence that one acted with conscious disregard for the rights of another 19 may be enough to support a punitive damages award. See Countrywide Home Loans, 20 Inc. v. Thitchener, 192 P.3d 243, 255-56 (Nev. 2008). 21 A material factual dispute as to whether Tripp acted with malice in taking 22 information without authorization and sharing it with Lopez precludes summary judgment 23 on Tesla’s punitive damages claim. Because of the agreements he signed when Tesla 24 hired him, Tripp had a duty not to disclose Tesla’s confidential information. (ECF Nos. 25 171-13 at 5 (including confidentiality protections and proper use of company assets 26 clauses), 174-14 at 2 (sealed) (noting that Tesla employees sign a confidentiality 27 agreement prohibiting them from sharing confidential information with anyone outside 28 the company), 174-15 at 2 (sealed) (requiring all Tesla employees hold confidential 1 information in strictest confidence), 174-16 (sealed) (agreeing to protect confidential 2 information).) Tripp’s duty gave Tesla a corresponding right to not have Tripp breach his 3 confidentiality obligations. Tripp understood this, but nonetheless shared information 4 with Lopez he knew he was not authorized to share with her. (ECF No. 174-1 (sealed) at 5 8, 18.) He also admitted he tried to get other employees to talk to Lopez (id. at 22), 6 which was prohibited (ECF No. 174-14 (sealed)). Tripp specifically wrote to Uelmen, 7 “[o]h, if you are helpful you will get some money, I GUARANTEE you. There is stuff 8 going on that I cannot tell anyone…it is GOOD though.” (ECF No. 171-7 at 2.) Viewing 9 this evidence in the light most favorable to Tesla as the party opposing summary 10 judgment, a rational trier of act could reasonably find Tripp acted in conscious disregard 11 of Tesla’s rights. It would therefore be inappropriate to grant Tripp’s Motion as to this 12 issue. Tripp’s Motion is thus denied to the extent it seeks to preclude Tesla from arguing 13 for punitive damages. 14 5. Ability to Seek Permanent Injunction 15 Tripp finally argues that the Court should preclude Tesla from seeking a 16 permanent injunction at the conclusion of this case allowing Tesla to inspect Tripp’s 17 electronic devices, primarily because Tesla never moved for a preliminary injunction in 18 this case, and thus, Tripp argues, Tesla cannot establish irreparable harm. (ECF No. 154 19 at 21-23.) Tesla responds it is not necessarily precluded from obtaining a permanent 20 injunction because it did not seek a preliminary injunction—and argues the fact that 21 Tripp has publicly disclosed confidential information several times during this litigation 22 tends to show that Tesla will be irreparably harmed in the absence of an injunction 23 prohibiting Tripp from disclosing more information. (ECF No. 178 at 27-30.) The Court 24 agrees with Tesla. 25 As Tesla argues, Tripp’s actions since the start of this case indicate Tesla may be 26 able to show the irreparable harm necessary to obtain a permanent injunction. At the 27 time Tesla responded to Tripp’s Motion, it pointed to two instances—in 2018 and 2020— 28 where Tripp tweeted purportedly confidential Tesla information. (ECF Nos. 180-12, 181- 1 2.) Since Tesla responded to Tripp’s Motion, Tripp tweeted more links to confidential 2 information on at least one other occasion, including information explicitly designated 3 ‘attorneys’ eyes only.’ (ECF Nos. 207, 208, 211, 212 (confirming he took the materials 4 down after agreeing to do so at a hearing before Judge Baldwin).) Tripp thus has a 5 demonstrated history of disclosing information Tesla contends is confidential, suggesting 6 he may continue to do so if not enjoined. It would therefore be premature to rule at this 7 stage Tesla is precluded from attempting to seek a permanent injunction towards the 8 conclusion of this case. Tripp’s Motion is denied to the extent that is the relief he seeks. 9 B. Tesla’s Cross-Motion 10 Tesla’s Cross-Motion seeks summary judgment on Tripp’s counterclaims for 11 defamation and false light. (ECF No. 155.) The Court first addresses the procedural 12 matter of Tripp’s motion for leave to file a surreply to Tesla’s Cross-Motion, then 13 addresses Tesla’s arguments in its Cross-Motion. 14 1. Tripp’s Motion for Leave to File a Surreply 15 Tripp filed a motion for leave to file a surreply to Tesla’s Cross-Motion, to respond 16 to what Tripp contends is additional evidence that Tesla attached to its reply in support 17 of its Cross-Motion. (ECF No. 197.) Tesla responds the Court should deny Tripp’s 18 motion because none of Tesla’s additional proffered evidence, or Tripp’s proposed 19 surreply, relates to a material disputed fact, and even if it did, Tesla was merely offering 20 factual refutations to purported ‘additional facts’ offered by Tripp in his opposition to 21 Tesla’s Cross-Motion. (ECF No. 198.) The Court agrees with Tesla. 22 Local Rule 7-2(b) allows a motion, a response and a reply. “Surreplies are not 23 permitted without leave of court; motions for leave to file a surreply are discouraged.” Id. 24 Because surreplies are discouraged, “[o]nly the most exceptional or extraordinary 25 circumstances warrant permitting a surreply to be filed.” Stevens v. Prentice, Case No. 26 2:17-cv-970-JCM-PAL, 2018 WL 3758577, at *1 (D. Nev. Aug. 8, 2018) (citation 27 omitted). 28 /// 1 No such circumstances exist here. While Tripp disagrees with the argumentative 2 nature of Tesla’s statement of facts in its Cross-Motion, “[a]s to those material facts 3 Tesla does assert, Tripp does not dispute them per se.” (ECF No. 177 at 3.) The parties 4 thus agree their dispute regarding the propriety of Tripp’s motion for leave to file a 5 surreply is limited to immaterial facts. (See id.; see also ECF No. 198 at 4.) Accordingly, 6 the Court denies Tripp’s motion for leave to file a surreply because a surreply—already 7 disfavored—is unnecessary for the Court to properly resolve the Cross-Motion. 8 2. Defamation and False Light 9 Tripp’s defamation and false light counterclaims are based on the four challenged 10 statements described supra in Section II. (ECF No. 25 at 17-22.) “To prevail on a 11 defamation claim, the plaintiff must show: (1) a false and defamatory statement by a 12 defendant concerning the plaintiff; (2) an unprivileged publication to a third person; (3) 13 fault, amounting to at least negligence; and (4) actual or presumed damages.” Rosen v. 14 Tarkanian, 453 P.3d 1220, 1225 (Nev. 2019) (internal quotation marks, punctuation, and 15 citation omitted). “But in a defamation action, it is not the literal truth of each word or 16 detail used in a statement which determines whether or not it is defamatory; rather, the 17 determinative question is whether the gist or sting of the statement is true or false.” Id. at 18 1224 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Chowdhry v. NLVH, Inc., 19 851 P.2d 459, 463 (Nev. 1993) (“words must be reviewed in their entirety and in context 20 to determine whether they are susceptible of defamatory meaning.”). Moreover, “[a] 21 statement may be defamatory only if it contains a factual assertion that can be proven 22 false.” Oracle USA, Inc. v. Rimini St., Inc., 6 F. Supp. 3d 1108, 1128 (D. Nev. 2014), 23 order clarified sub nom. Oracle USA, Inc. v. Rimini St., Inc., Case No. 210-CV-00106- 24 LRH-PAL, 2014 WL 5285963 (D. Nev. Oct. 14, 2014) (“Oracle I”). Whether a statement 25 contains a false factual assertion is a question of law. See id. 26 While the line between defamation and false light is blurry, in Nevada, false light 27 does not—unlike defamation—require a plaintiff to show reputational injury. See Flowers 28 v. Carville, 310 F.3d 1118, 1132 (9th Cir. 2002). That said, false light, “like defamation, 1 requires at least an implicit false statement of objective fact.” Id. (citation omitted). 2 Further, “just like public figure defamation, it requires actual malice—knowing or reckless 3 disregard of the truth.” Id. 4 Questions of actual malice and falsity are thus potentially dispositive as to both of 5 Tripp’s defamation and false light counterclaims. The Court addresses the question of 6 actual malice first, and then examines the falsity of each of the four sets of statements 7 forming the basis of Tripp’s counterclaims. 8 3. Actual Malice 9 Tesla argues Tripp must show that all four of the challenged sets of statements 10 were made with actual malice because Tripp became a limited purpose public figure 11 when he intentionally inserted himself into the public debate surrounding Model 3 12 production. (ECF No. 155 at 13-21.) Tesla further argues it is entitled to summary 13 judgment on Tripp’s defamation and false light claims because he cannot show actual 14 malice. (Id.) In addition, Tesla argues the lack of actual malice is dispositive of Tripp’s 15 false light claims regardless of whether Tripp is a public figure. (Id.) Tripp responds that 16 actual malice is not the correct standard because he initially tried to remain anonymous 17 when he shared information with Lopez, but Musk and other Tesla employees dragged 18 him into the public arena. (ECF No. 177 at 14-17.) Tripp further responds that even if he 19 is a public figure, Tesla’s statements to the press to the effect that Tesla received a 20 report Tripp was an active shooter threat were not germane to the controversy. (Id. at 21 17-20.) Tesla replies that Tripp can be a limited purpose public figure even though he 22 initially told reporters he wanted to remain anonymous because he nonetheless injected 23 himself into a public controversy—production issues or lack thereof with the Model 3. 24 (ECF No. 193 at 4-5.) As to the active shooter threat, Tesla replies these statements 25 were germane to the controversy because they were in response to Tripp’s public 26 statements to the press that Musk started the threatening email thread, and were 27 relevant to Tripp’s credibility as a participant in the public debate about Tesla’s 28 operations. (Id. at 11-13.) The Court agrees with Tesla. 1 A person becomes a limited purpose figure when: (1) there is a public 2 controversy, meaning a publicly-debated issue that has ramifications for nonparticipants; 3 (2) the person’s role in the controversy is more than trivial or tangential, meaning they 4 took some voluntary act to influence resolution of the public issue; and (3) the alleged 5 defamation is germane to the person’s participation in the controversy. See Oracle I, 6 F. 6 Supp. 3d at 1129. “The determination of whether a party is a public figure, or a limited 7 purpose public figure, is an issue of law to be decided by the court.” Id. 8 Tripp became a limited purpose public figure by June 17, 2018 because he 9 intentionally inserted himself into the public controversy surrounding Tesla’s Model 3 10 production issues. After Musk announced the goal of producing 5,000 Model 3s per 11 week, whether Tesla could hit that target on the timeline Musk also announced became 12 a public controversy. (ECF No. 157 at 2-3; see also ECF Nos. 158-8, 158-9, 158-10 13 (reporting on Tesla’s Model 3 production in light of the 5,000 per week target from 14 CNBC.com, NPR, and the New York Times).) The information Tripp passed to Lopez led 15 to the Scrap Article and the Robot Article, both of which centered on information directly 16 relevant to whether Tesla would hit its goal of producing 5,000 Model 3s per week— 17 suggesting Tesla would not, or would at least spend an unsustainable amount of money 18 to get there. (ECF Nos. 159-5, 159-6.) As these news articles indicate, Tesla’s Model 3 19 production issues had ramifications for nonparticipants in this case, such as investors in 20 Tesla and customers who had reserved Model 3s. (ECF No. 158-8 (indicating that 21 Tesla’s share price fell after the Moody’s credit-rating agency downgraded Tesla’s credit 22 rating because of a shortfall in the Model 3 production rate); ECF No. 158-10 (“But a 23 series of setbacks have left Tesla far behind schedule in turning out the Model 3 — for 24 which nearly 400,000 prospective buyers have already put down $1,000 deposits — and 25 it is taking some extraordinary measures to turn things around.”).) Thus, there was a 26 public controversy surrounding the Model 3’s production. See Oracle I, 6 F. Supp. 3d at 27 1129 (indicating this is one of three factors that must be satisfied for someone to be a 28 limited-purpose public figure); see also Makaeff v. Trump Univ., LLC, 715 F.3d 254, 266- 1 67 (9th Cir. 2013) (“concluding that a public controversy existed over Trump University’s 2 educational and business practices” where it had been reported on by the mainstream 3 media and could affect third party investors). 4 Second, Tripp voluntarily inserted himself into this controversy. As noted, he 5 argues he cannot be considered a limited-purpose public figure because he requested 6 he remain anonymous in his initial email to reporters. (ECF No. 177 at 14-17.) He no 7 doubt made that request. (ECF No. 175-2 (sealed) at 2.) However, the Court agrees with 8 Tesla that is not the test. (ECF No. 193 at 4.) The test is whether he voluntarily injected 9 himself into a public controversy. See Flowers, 310 F.3d at 1129. And the undisputed 10 evidence shows he did. Specifically, he took it upon himself to email reporters from 11 several news outlets regarding the public controversy surrounding Model 3 production, 12 indicating an awareness of the public nature of the controversy in stating, “[o]n several 13 occasions Elon [Musk] has flat out lied to the public/investors.” (ECF No. 175-2 (sealed).) 14 Sending this email was a voluntary act. See Oracle I, 6 F. Supp. 3d at 1129 (“This factor 15 requires the person to have undertaken some voluntary act through which he or she 16 sought to influence resolution of the public issue.”) (citation and internal quotation marks 17 omitted). 18 Further, Tripp ratcheted up his entanglement in the public controversy 19 surrounding Telsa’s Model 3 production issues as time went on. See supra Section II. 20 While he requested to remain anonymous in his initial email to reporters, he emailed with 21 Musk directly shortly after Tesla fired him and filed this lawsuit, and then sent that email 22 thread around to more reporters. See id. That makes the factual circumstances of this 23 case unique. Tripp, a single, non-executive-level employee, got into a very public dispute 24 directly with the CEO of his former employer that generated its own news cycle. (ECF 25 No. 177 at 10 (citing ECF Nos. 25-3, 25-4, 25-5, 25-6, 25-7).) That is unusual. And in 26 addition to exchanging threatening emails, both Tripp and Musk were attempting to 27 influence public perception of the other by emailing their dispute directly to reporters, 28 most notably at the Guardian. Under these unique factual circumstances, the Court 1 concludes Tripp voluntarily inserted himself into a public controversy. See Flowers, 310 2 F.3d at 1129 (finding the plaintiff voluntarily inserted herself into a public controversy 3 when she held a press conference in which she played tapes of her phone calls with Bill 4 Clinton during a presidential campaign). 5 Third, the four challenged statements are all germane to this controversy. The 6 Court examines each of the four challenged statements in more detail below as to their 7 falsity, but, for now, all of the challenged statements are germane to the controversy 8 because they either bear directly on Tesla’s Model 3 production issues, or Tripp’s 9 credibility as to his position on those production issues. That said, Tripp focuses only on 10 the active shooter element of the challenged statements in arguing they were not 11 germane to the controversy, so the Court does as well. (ECF No. 177 at 17-18.) 12 As to the report of the active shooter threat Musk and Tesla continued passing 13 along to reporters even after they learned it was not credible, the Court agrees with 14 Tesla this report was relevant to Tripp’s credibility as a participant in the public debate 15 about Tesla’s operations that he injected himself into. (ECF No. 193 at 11-13.) In some 16 key respects, the dispute that spun into this case pits Tripp’s word against Musk’s. As 17 noted, Tripp first sought out reporters to report on what he viewed as unacceptably high 18 levels of scrap and unused robots in Model 3 production lines by leading with, “[o]n 19 several occasions Elon [Musk] has flat out lied to the public/investors.” (ECF No. 175-2 20 (sealed).) Because Tripp believes Musk is a liar, and has, at this point, repeatedly said 21 so publicly, Tripp’s credibility is germane to this controversy as well. And even drawing 22 all inferences in Tripp’s favor, Musk and Tesla passing on a report that Tripp may 23 commit a mass shooting even after they learned he was not going to is an attempt to 24 undermine Tripp’s credibility—to undermine, in turn, his claim that Musk and Tesla lied to 25 investors by spending too much money to hit unrealistic Model 3 production targets. And 26 that is the public controversy: Model 3 production. Even relaying the active shooter 27 report to reporters after police determined it was not credible is therefore germane to the 28 controversy. 1 In sum, Tripp became a limited-purpose public figure by June 17, 2018 because 2 he achieved a certain level of “notoriety based on [his] role in a particular public issue[,]” 3 specifically, Tesla’s issues in ramping up Model 3 production, its more particular 4 outgrowth that is this case, and Tripp’s public dispute with Musk. Prendeville v. Singer, 5 155 F. App’x 303, 305 (9th Cir. 2005) (citations omitted). Tripp must therefore show the 6 four challenged statements were made with actual malice—“that is, knowledge that a 7 statement was false or reckless disregard of whether it was false or not[,]” Flowers, 310 8 F.3d at 1129 (internal punctuation and citations omitted)—to prevail on his defamation 9 claims.8 10 4. Falsity 11 Tripp cannot show actual malice. Indeed, the Court finds he cannot even meet the 12 lower bar of falsity. The Court addresses the falsity of each of the four challenged 13 statements below. For purposes of this analysis, the Court reiterates that “it is not the 14 literal truth of each word or detail used in a statement which determines whether or not it 15 is defamatory; rather, the determinative question is whether the gist or sting of the 16 statement is true or false.” Rosen, 453 P.3d at 1224 (internal quotation marks, 17 punctuation, and citation omitted). 18 a. First Challenged Statement 19 The gist of the First Challenged Statement is true. Musk’s email included a 20 number of statements about Tripp,9 but none of them were false. (ECF No. 160-17.) At 21 most, Musk’s email was hyperbolic. But “a statement is not defamatory if it is an 22 exaggeration or generalization that could be interpreted by a reasonable person as 23 ‘mere rhetorical hyperbole.”’ Pegasus v. Reno Newspapers, Inc., 57 P.3d 82, 88 (Nev. 24 2002) (citation omitted). For example, Musk’s statement that Tripp committed “extensive
25 8As noted, Tripp has to show the statements were made with actual malice to prevail on his false light claims regardless of whether he is a limited-public purpose 26 figure. See Flowers, 310 F.3d at 1132.
27 9While the email did not name Tripp, that is immaterial. See, e.g., Gerald Peters Gallery, Inc. v. Stremmel, 815 F. App’x 138, 138-141 (9th Cir. 2020). 28 1 and damaging sabotage” falls into this category. (ECF No. 160-17 at 2.) The gist of 2 Musk’s statement was an employee had done something Musk felt could harm Tesla’s 3 reputation, which is true in the sense that the Scrap Article and the Robot Article were 4 not favorable to Tesla. Further, as Tesla points out (ECF No. 193 at 8), even Tripp 5 argues that sabotage can be defined as an act tending to hamper (ECF No. 177 at 27- 6 28)—and Tripp’s actions could fall within that definition. 7 Tripp next points to the fact that Musk followed up his email with another email the 8 following day describing an unexplained fire in Tesla’s Fremont, California factory which 9 Tripp argues creates the implication Tripp had something to do with the fire. (Id. at 28.) 10 But when the Court reads both emails together (ECF No. 160-17), Musk is not making 11 any such implication. The better read is that Musk followed one email up with the other 12 because they both involved an adverse event at a Tesla manufacturing facility. Tripp’s 13 unpersuasive argument about the fire email also dovetails with Tripp’s argument that 14 Musk’s email implies Tripp was working with Wall Street short sellers, the oil and gas 15 industry, or the “gas/diesel” car industry. (ECF No. 177 at 28-29.) That is not the gist of 16 the email. (ECF No. 160-17.) The gist of both emails is ‘bad things are happening to 17 Tesla so we must remain vigilant as we ramp up Model 3 production.’ (Id.) No 18 reasonable person would read the emails as suggesting that Tripp is responsible for the 19 fire, or part of a vast conspiracy of everyone whose financial interests are adverse to 20 Tesla. And even construing the emails that way, Musk’s statements in the emails 21 constitute “mere rhetorical hyperbole” at most. See Pegasus, 57 P.3d at 88. 22 Tripp additionally argues that two of Musk’s specific statements in the First 23 Challenged Statement are false. (ECF No. 177 at 28.) But those statements do not 24 change the gist of the email. The Court also does not find Tripp’s particular arguments 25 as to these statements persuasive. Specifically, Tripp argues Musk’s statement Tripp 26 made “direct code changes” to the MOS is false. (Id.) But Tripp admitted to building 27 custom SQL (Structured Query Language) queries to generate the reports he shared 28 with Lopez. (ECF No. 174-1 (sealed) at 9-13.) Thus, while perhaps not precisely true, the 1 gist of Musk’s statement was. Getting into exactly what constitutes a “direct code 2 change” in the context of the interaction between an end user’s query and various 3 internal Tesla software systems would require an impermissibly granular review of each 4 word in the email—getting away from the ‘gist’ or ‘sting’ of the whole email. Tripp also 5 argues Musk’s statement that Tripp’s “stated motivation” for his “sabotage” was that he 6 “wanted a promotion” is false. (ECF No. 177 at 28.) This also falls into the category of 7 “mere rhetorical hyperbole[,]” see Pegasus, 57 P.3d at 88, because there is no dispute 8 Tripp was upset he was not really given a “lead” role throughout his time at Tesla, 9 though it was in his job title (ECF No. 174-1 at 38). 10 Thus, the Court finds the First Challenged Statement substantially true, or at most 11 too hyperbolic to be actionable. 12 b. Second and Third Challenged Statement 13 The Court addresses the Second and Third Challenged Statements together 14 because Tripp’s argument is the same as to both statements—that Musk and Tesla used 15 some inexact variant of the phrase ‘shoot the place up’ in describing the report they 16 received about Tripp, even though the Tesla call center employee who received the 17 report never used that exact phrasing in passing the threat along, and even after Tesla 18 learned Tripp was not a credible active shooter threat. (ECF No. 177 at 23-27.) But Tripp 19 cannot prevail as to either of these statements because they were true—Tesla did 20 receive a report. (ECF Nos. 157 at 6, 159-11, 159-12, 159-13.) Indeed, looking at both of 21 the challenged statements, they state just that—that Musk and Tesla received a report. 22 (ECF Nos. 159-15, 160-19.) Moreover, Tripp does not proffer any contrary evidence. 23 (ECF No. 177 at 23-27.) 24 Tripp also argues the statements are actionable because the call center employee 25 who took the call never used the phrase “come back and shoot people,” like Musk did, 26 and Tesla’s communications employees used fake quotations to create “shoot the place 27 up[,]” which nobody ever said. (Id. at 23-24.) This argument is unpersuasive because the 28 gist of the statements is the same, even with the fake quotations. See Rosen, 453 P.3d 1 at 1224. The gist of the challenged statements is that Tesla received an active shooter 2 threat about Tripp. (ECF Nos. 157 at 6, 159-11, 159-12, 159-13 159-15, 160-19.) 3 Moreover, and contrary to Tripp’s argument (ECF No. 177 at 24), false quotes do not 4 necessarily make a statement defamatory so long as—like here—the false quotes do not 5 change the gist of the statement. See Flowers v. Carville, 310 F. Supp. 2d 1157, 1166- 6 68 (D. Nev. 2004) (granting summary judgment to defendants who the plaintiff accused 7 of creating misleading quotations in defamation action). 8 The Second and Third Challenged Statements are therefore not defamatory 9 because the gist of these statements is substantially true. 10 c. Fourth Challenged Statement 11 Tripp finally argues Musk’s tweeted question to Lopez about whether she paid 12 Tripp for the information about Tesla he gave her is defamatory because it implies an 13 assertion of fact—that Lopez did pay Tripp. (ECF No. 177 at 29-30.) The Court 14 disagrees. The question Musk tweeted at Lopez was open-ended, and therefore could 15 not reasonably be read as an assertion of fact. (ECF No. 160-20.) See also Partington v. 16 Bugliosi, 56 F.3d 1147, 1157 (9th Cir. 1995) (“A question can conceivably be 17 defamatory, though it must reasonably be read as an assertion of a false fact; inquiry 18 itself, however embarrassing or unpleasant to its subject, is not an accusation.”) (quoting 19 Chapin v. KnightRidder, Inc., 993 F.2d 1087, 1094 (4th Cir. 1993)) (emphasis omitted). 20 Moreover, Musk says in his declaration that he was simply asking a question. (ECF Nos. 21 157 at 7.) Tripp offers no evidence directly to the contrary. (ECF No. 177 at 29-30 22 (merely pointing to Musk’s answer in his deposition explaining why he wanted to ask 23 Lopez the question).) Thus, there is no material factual dispute as to whether Musk’s 24 question implied a false assertion of fact. It was an open-ended question that cannot be 25 either true or false. See Oracle I, 6 F. Supp. 3d at 1128 (“A statement may be 26 defamatory only if it contains a factual assertion that can be proven false.”). 27 In sum, because none of the four statements he challenges were false, Tesla is 28 entitled to summary judgment on Tripp’s defamation counterclaim. See Rosen, 453 P.3d 1 at 1225 (stating that falsity is a required element of defamation). Because he cannot 2 show falsity, he cannot show actual malice. See Dodds v. Am. Broad. Co., 145 F.3d 3 1053, 1063 (9th Cir. 1998) (“Mere negligence, however, is insufficient to demonstrate 4 actual malice.”). Tesla is therefore also entitled to summary judgment on Tripp’s false 5 light claim. See Flowers, 310 F.3d at 1132 (stating that a showing of actual malice is 6 required to prevail on a false light claim). Thus, the Court will grant Tesla’s Cross-Motion 7 in its entirety. 8 C. Tesla’s Motions to Seal 9 Tesla seeks to seal portions of its briefing addressed in this order, along with 10 certain exhibits to that briefing. (ECF Nos. 161, 183, 195.) Tripp initially opposed only the 11 earliest-filed of the three motions (ECF No. 161). (ECF No. 167.) However, in that 12 opposition, Tripp noted the parties met and conferred, and agreed to more limited 13 redactions. (Id.) Consistent with Tripp’s response, Tesla subsequently filed another set 14 of exhibits with more limited redactions. (ECF Nos. 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176.) 15 Tripp did not file oppositions to Tesla’s two other pending motions to seal. (ECF No. 183, 16 195.) Therefore, after accounting for the additional set of exhibits Tesla filed, the parties 17 agree Tesla’s pending motions to seal should be granted. 18 In the Ninth Circuit there is “a strong presumption in favor of access to court 19 records.” Foltz v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 331 F.3d 1122, 1135 (9th Cir. 2003) 20 (citation omitted). To overcome this presumption, a party must articulate “compelling 21 reasons” justifying nondisclosure, such as use of the record to gratify spite, permit public 22 scandal, circulate libelous statements, or release trade secrets. See Kamakana v. City of 23 Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172, 1179 (9th Cir. 2006). “The mere fact that the production of 24 records may lead to a litigant’s embarrassment, incrimination, or exposure to further 25 litigation will not, without more, compel the court to seal its records.” Id. (citation omitted). 26 Tesla generally agues the Court should grant the pending motions to seal “in 27 order to prevent the improper use of Tesla’s proprietary information and trade secrets, 28 and Tripp’s personal information.” (ECF No. 161 at 4.) Tesla provides reasonable 1 specificity about the information it seeks to seal. (ECF Nos. 161 at 4-5, 183 at 4-5, 195 at 2 3-4.) Further, having reviewed the documents and portions of documents Tesla seeks to 3 seal, the Court agrees they contain trade secrets and/or personal information that should 4 remain under seal. See Amarin Pharma, Inc. v. W.-Ward Pharm. Int’l Ltd., 407 F. Supp. 5 3d 1103, 1119 (D. Nev. 2019) (granting in pertinent part motions to seal documents that 6 contained proprietary and trade secret information); NML Capital Ltd. v. Republic of 7 Argentina, Case No. No. 2:14–cv–492–RFB–VCF, 2015 WL 727924, at *5 (D. Nev. Feb. 8 19, 2015) (permitting in pertinent part personal email address to remain under seal). The 9 Court will therefore grant all three of Tesla’s now-unopposed pending motions to seal. 10 (ECF Nos. 161, 183, 195.) 11 V. CONCLUSION 12 The Court notes that the parties made several arguments and cited to several 13 cases not discussed above. The Court has reviewed these arguments and cases and 14 determines that they do not warrant discussion as they do not affect the outcome of the 15 motions before the Court. 16 It is therefore ordered that Tripp’s motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 154) is 17 granted in part, and denied in part, as specified herein. 18 It is further ordered that Tesla’s motion for summary judgment on Tripp’s 19 counterclaims (ECF Nos. 155, 162 (sealed)) is granted. 20 It is further ordered that Tesla’s first motion to seal (ECF No. 161) is granted. 21 It is further ordered that Tesla’s second motion to seal (ECF No. 183) is granted. 22 It is further ordered that Tesla’s third motion to seal (ECF No. 195) is granted. 23 It is further ordered that Tripp’s motion for leave to file a surreply (ECF No. 197) is 24 denied. 25 DATED THIS 17th Day of September 2020. 26
27 MIRANDA M. DU 28 CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE