Elliott, C. J.
The validity of a street assessment ordered by the city of Eort Wayne is in question here. The resolution on 'which the proceedings are based is set forth in the opinion in the case of Taber v. Grafmiller, ante, p. 206, and some of the questions here presented were decided in that case.
The objection is made that the notice for proposals is insufficient, and that for this reason the proceedings must fail. The resolution directed the engineer to advertise in two newspapers, the Daily Sentinel and the Tri-Weekly Staats Zeitung, and the transcript shows that the advertisement was published in the Daily Sentinel, but does not affirmatively show that it was published in the Staats Zeitung. The statute does not prescribe what notice inviting proposals shall be given, but provides that the contract shall be given to the best bidder, after advertising for proposals. R. S. 1881, section 3162.
The contention of counsel that the notice must be such as the common council directs is supported by the case of Kretsch v. Helm, 45 Ind. 438, and although if the question were an open one, we might feel inclined to hold, in view of the statutory provisions, that a publication in one of two designated newspapers would be sufficient, still we feel bound by that decision on the precise point decided. We can not perceive how the failure to give a notice in two newspapers, when a fair construction of the statute would seem to make notice in one sufficient, can be held to vitiate the proceedings. We suppose that if the common council does all that the law requires, the proceedings should not be nugatory because it failed to do something that it had itself superadded. The [229] decision in Kretsch v. Helm, supra, can not, however, be decisive of the question here, for there the fact that the notice provided for by the ordinance was not given, was pleaded as a matter of defence, while here the question is presented by a demurrer to the transcript, which, by force of the statute, stands, in a limited sense, as a complaint. R. S. 1881, section 3165.
The provision of the statute is, that the clerk shall make out “ a true and complete copy of all papers connected in any way with the said street improvement, beginning with the order of the council directing the work to be done and contracted for, and including all notices, precepts, orders of council, bonds, and other papers filed in said matter; which transcript shall be in the nature of a complaint, and to which the appellant shall answer upon rule.”
It seems clear from this provision, that the transcript is not a complaint, but is in the nature of a complaint; and, certainly, it can not, in strictness, be a complaint, for the clerk is only required to certify such papers as are filed. It must be presumed that only such papers are filed as the law requires, and that the transcript need contain no others.
In the record there is a statement that notice was given, and we are of the opinion that it was incumbent upon the appellant to answer as matter of defence, that the notice was insufficient or defective. Any other rule would work great hardship to the contractor, for he can not himself amend the transcript by supplying defects, and, as there is nothing in the statute requiring the filing of notices or proofs, the clerk is not bound to certify them, and hence it can not be inferred that because they are not in the transcript they were not given as the resolution directed. If the transcript contaiqs such papers as, under the law, must come into the hands of the clerk, it should be regarded as prima facie sufficient. The transcript ought not to be considered as a complaint, in the just sense of the term, for the real party in interest, the contractor, does not frame it; on the contrary, it is the record [230] of a public officer of papers 'filed in his office. He is only-required to certify to such papers as are filed, and, therefore, we do not think that the failure to set forth proof of notice in the transcript renders it bad on demurrer. "We think that where the transcript affirmatively shows that some notice was given, the property-owner is put to his defence, although no proof of notice is set forth in the transcript. We have not been able to find any provision of the statute requiring proof of notice of publication to be filed, and as there is no such provision, it can not be held that the transcript must show the filing of the proof. It should not be condemned because a notice not required by law to be embodied in it is not there. We do not, of course, decide that an assessment is good without notice; but what we decide is that the proof of notice need not be embodied in the transcript, and if the notice was insufficient, it should be set up by way of defence, as it was in Kretsch v. Helm, supra.
If any papers which form part of the -proceedings of the council, or which were to be filed with them or with the clerk, were omitted from the transcript, then, doubtless, it should be held that the transcript is not good as a complaint; but the non-appearance of papers or proof not required to be filed with the common council or the clerk, and not forming part of the proceedings, should not condemn it.
There are notices which must of necessity be filed with the clerk or incorporated in the records of the common council, as for instance, notice of the precept, of the sale and the like, and it is to such notices that reference is made by the clause of the statute we have quoted.
It is a just and reasonable presumption that the common council having declared the notice sufficient, it was, at least, prima facie good, for they are public officers acting under ■oath. It does not require a formal order or declaration to establish the council’s opinion upon the sufficiency of the notice. This is sufficiently evidenced by acting upon the notice without any formal order. Updegraff v. Palmer, 107 Ind. [231]*231181. The fact that the record discloses some notice, and the fact that the judgment of the common council shows that it was deemed sufficient, are enough to put the property-owner to his defence by way of answer.
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Elliott, C. J.
The validity of a street assessment ordered by the city of Eort Wayne is in question here. The resolution on 'which the proceedings are based is set forth in the opinion in the case of Taber v. Grafmiller, ante, p. 206, and some of the questions here presented were decided in that case.
The objection is made that the notice for proposals is insufficient, and that for this reason the proceedings must fail. The resolution directed the engineer to advertise in two newspapers, the Daily Sentinel and the Tri-Weekly Staats Zeitung, and the transcript shows that the advertisement was published in the Daily Sentinel, but does not affirmatively show that it was published in the Staats Zeitung. The statute does not prescribe what notice inviting proposals shall be given, but provides that the contract shall be given to the best bidder, after advertising for proposals. R. S. 1881, section 3162.
The contention of counsel that the notice must be such as the common council directs is supported by the case of Kretsch v. Helm, 45 Ind. 438, and although if the question were an open one, we might feel inclined to hold, in view of the statutory provisions, that a publication in one of two designated newspapers would be sufficient, still we feel bound by that decision on the precise point decided. We can not perceive how the failure to give a notice in two newspapers, when a fair construction of the statute would seem to make notice in one sufficient, can be held to vitiate the proceedings. We suppose that if the common council does all that the law requires, the proceedings should not be nugatory because it failed to do something that it had itself superadded. The [229] decision in Kretsch v. Helm, supra, can not, however, be decisive of the question here, for there the fact that the notice provided for by the ordinance was not given, was pleaded as a matter of defence, while here the question is presented by a demurrer to the transcript, which, by force of the statute, stands, in a limited sense, as a complaint. R. S. 1881, section 3165.
The provision of the statute is, that the clerk shall make out “ a true and complete copy of all papers connected in any way with the said street improvement, beginning with the order of the council directing the work to be done and contracted for, and including all notices, precepts, orders of council, bonds, and other papers filed in said matter; which transcript shall be in the nature of a complaint, and to which the appellant shall answer upon rule.”
It seems clear from this provision, that the transcript is not a complaint, but is in the nature of a complaint; and, certainly, it can not, in strictness, be a complaint, for the clerk is only required to certify such papers as are filed. It must be presumed that only such papers are filed as the law requires, and that the transcript need contain no others.
In the record there is a statement that notice was given, and we are of the opinion that it was incumbent upon the appellant to answer as matter of defence, that the notice was insufficient or defective. Any other rule would work great hardship to the contractor, for he can not himself amend the transcript by supplying defects, and, as there is nothing in the statute requiring the filing of notices or proofs, the clerk is not bound to certify them, and hence it can not be inferred that because they are not in the transcript they were not given as the resolution directed. If the transcript contaiqs such papers as, under the law, must come into the hands of the clerk, it should be regarded as prima facie sufficient. The transcript ought not to be considered as a complaint, in the just sense of the term, for the real party in interest, the contractor, does not frame it; on the contrary, it is the record [230] of a public officer of papers 'filed in his office. He is only-required to certify to such papers as are filed, and, therefore, we do not think that the failure to set forth proof of notice in the transcript renders it bad on demurrer. "We think that where the transcript affirmatively shows that some notice was given, the property-owner is put to his defence, although no proof of notice is set forth in the transcript. We have not been able to find any provision of the statute requiring proof of notice of publication to be filed, and as there is no such provision, it can not be held that the transcript must show the filing of the proof. It should not be condemned because a notice not required by law to be embodied in it is not there. We do not, of course, decide that an assessment is good without notice; but what we decide is that the proof of notice need not be embodied in the transcript, and if the notice was insufficient, it should be set up by way of defence, as it was in Kretsch v. Helm, supra.
If any papers which form part of the -proceedings of the council, or which were to be filed with them or with the clerk, were omitted from the transcript, then, doubtless, it should be held that the transcript is not good as a complaint; but the non-appearance of papers or proof not required to be filed with the common council or the clerk, and not forming part of the proceedings, should not condemn it.
There are notices which must of necessity be filed with the clerk or incorporated in the records of the common council, as for instance, notice of the precept, of the sale and the like, and it is to such notices that reference is made by the clause of the statute we have quoted.
It is a just and reasonable presumption that the common council having declared the notice sufficient, it was, at least, prima facie good, for they are public officers acting under ■oath. It does not require a formal order or declaration to establish the council’s opinion upon the sufficiency of the notice. This is sufficiently evidenced by acting upon the notice without any formal order. Updegraff v. Palmer, 107 Ind. [231]*231181. The fact that the record discloses some notice, and the fact that the judgment of the common council shows that it was deemed sufficient, are enough to put the property-owner to his defence by way of answer.
There is another view which strengthens our conclusion that where it appears that there was some notice the property-owner must answer that it was insufficient, and that view is this: A contractor has a right, in a proper case, although the proceedings are irregular, to avail himself of an estoppel, and if we should hold that the property-owner .is not required to answer the insufficiency of the notice where there is some notice, it would result in depriving the contractor of this right, for, as the transcript constitutes the only complaint which can be filed, and as the law directs what it shall contain, the contractor can not inject into it .any other matters. That an estoppel may be made available .in a proceeding to recover a street assessment is well established by the authorities. The rule is thus stated in a late work: “Thus, a property-holder can not quietly permit money to be expended in work which benefits his land, under a contract with the city, and then deny the power of the city to make the contract.” 2 Herman Estoppel and Res Judicata, section 1221. This principle has been fully recognized and strongly asserted by this court. Hellenkamp v. City of Lafayette, 30 Ind. 192; City of Evansville v. Pfisterer, 34 Ind. 36 (7 Am. R. 214); City of Lafayette v. Fowler, 34 Ind. 140; City of Logansport v. Uhl, 99 Ind. 531 (50 Am. R. 109), see p. 541.
The cases elsewhere sustain this doctrine, as will appear from an examination of the authorities referred to by the author from whom we have quoted. The principle has been given effect in tax and drainage cases. Peters v. Griffee, 108 Ind. 121; Flora v. Cline, 89 Ind. 208; Muncey v. Joest, 74 Ind. 410, see pp. 413, 414; Nevins, etc., Co. v. Alkire, 36 Ind. 189; Ricketts v. Spraker, 77 Ind. 371, see pp. 381, 382.
If it be true, as it certainly is, that a contractor may avail [232] himself of an estoppel, then it must be true that some opportunity must be given him to plead it, and this opportunity he could not have if it were held that such a transcript-as the one before us is fatally bad on demurrer, since that, would shut out any estoppel. The fair and reasonable procedure in such cases as this, where the transcript certified by a public officer is made by law to stand in the nature of a complaint, and there is some notice affirmatively shown, is to require the property-owner to answer, and permit the contractor to reply.
Under the rule as declared in Martindale v. Palmer, 52 Ind. 411, the question as to the sufficiency of the notice can not be made available, for it was there said, in speaking of the-insufficiency of a notice inviting proposals, that “ This can not be inquired into as a fact, as the statute expressly provides, ‘ that no question of fact shall be tried which may arise-prior to the making of the contract for the said improvement under the order of the council.’ Section 71, 3 Ind. Stat. 102; The City of Indianapolis v. Imberry, 17 Ind. 175.”
The case cited by the court undoubtedly sustains this doctrine, and so do the cases of Palmer v. Stumph, 29 Ind. 329, Board, etc., v. Silvers, 22 Ind. 491, and McGill v. Bruner, 65 Ind. 421.
These eases can not, however, be easily reconciled with the cases of Kretsch v. Helm, supra, McEwen v. Gilker, 38 Ind. 233, Moberry v. City of Jeffersonville, 38 Ind. 198, or Brookbank v. City of Jeffersonville, 41 Ind. 406.
We do not deem it necessary to undertake to determine which line of decisions is the better one, for we think the-question may be decided without entering the field .of conflict. In view, however, of the strong and clear language of the statute, and of the conflict in the authorities, we deem it proper not to extend the rule adopted in McEwen v. Gilker, supra, to such a case as this, nor do we feel inclined to give it, directly or indirectly, our approval, but we leave the ques[233] tion open for further consideration, since it is now left undecided by the conflict in the cases.
It appears in the transcript that the common council at one, time refused to order an estimate, but that after some litigation, the character' of which is not disclosed, an estimate was ordered. We think it clear that the final action of the common council is the governing one, for we do not believe that intermediate orders can overturn the final order. This is substantially held in the case of McGill v. Bruner, supra.
The record shows that the contract was made with Christian Grafmiller, and that he executed to John Ferguson the-following assignment: “ For value received, I hereby assign and transfer the within estimate to John Ferguson, July 28th, 1884. Christian Grafmiller.”
The only objection to the assignment that is important enough to merit especial consideration, is, that it does not appear that the common council consented to the assignment by Grafmiller. We think that the acceptance by the common council of Ferguson’s affidavit as the assignee of Grafmiller, and the action taken thereon, were a ratification of the assignment, and, as is well known, a subsequent ratification is equivalent to precedent authority. We do no,t perceive how the property-owner could have been prejudiced by the assignment of the estimate, for that was little else than an evidence of a debt, and a step in the process of collecting it, so that the question is very different from what it would be had there been an assignment of the contract. The difference between an assignment of the contract made before-the work was done, and an assignment of the estimate issued after the work was performed, is so obvious as not to require-illustration. But we do not deem it proper to do more than decide that the subsequent ratification of the assignment of the estimate was equivalent to a precedent authority, so that there is no question as to the right of the appellee to collect the assessment.
It was proper to file the assignment with the city clerk, and [234] when filed, it became part of the papers connected with the proceedings which it was his duty to embody in the transcript. It is, therefore, properly in the record certified to the circuit court.
We held in Taber v. Grafmiller, supra, that the resolution was sufficient, inasmuch as it-gave a general direction as to the character of the improvement, and that holding is sustained by the cases cited, as well as by the case of Martin-■dale v. Palmer, supra. The language of the ordinance in that case was that the street “ be properly graded according to stakes set by the chief engineer, and that the same be paved Avith the Nicholson or AA'ooden block pavement,” and the court held, that it AA'as sufficient, saying: “That AA'hich .can be made certain is certain.” In Burr v. Town of Newcastle, 49 Ind. 322, it was held, that an ordinance establishing the grade of the streets of the toAvn Avas not inA’alid if the grades could be ascertained without difficulty. We think this principle applies here, for no one can be in doubt as to ■the character of the pavement proposed to be laid.
It is objected that the plans and specifications prepared by the engineer were not competent. We think otherAA'ise. They Avere prepared before the notice inviting proposals Avas given, and shoAA'ed in detail the character of the Avork Avhich the city desired done. The statute expressly makes it the duty of the engineer to prepare plans and specifications, and certainly plans and specifications prepared by an officer expressly authorized by laAV to prepare them must be competent evidence.
It Avas not necessary to prove the execution of the assignment, for it Avas certified by the clerk as part of the papers filed in the proceedings. If the appellant desired to dispute the validity of the assignment, a proper plea should have been filed.
The record does not show that it contains all the instructions given by the .court, and it can not be said that it .affirmatively appears that any error Avas committed in refusing [235] instructions asked by the appellant. For aught that appears, instructions fully covering those refused were given by the court. Kennedy v. Anderson, 98 Ind. 151; Newcomer v. Hutchings, 96 Ind. 119; Mitchell v. Tomlinson, 91 Ind. 167; Pittsburgh, etc., R. R. Co. v. Noel, 77 Ind. 110.
Filed Jan. 11, 1887.
Judgment affirmed.