ORR, Circuit Judge.
This action was brought for the recovery of damages arising out of alleged acts of unfair competition and for the issuance of an injunction against the commission of future similar acts. A separate trial was had on the issue of jurisdiction, following which the trial court made findings of fact and conclusions of law and dismissed the complaint for lack of jurisdiction. The trial court found that appellant, Stauffer System, Inc., is a corporation of California and that both individual appellant and appellee are citizens and inhabitants of California. It also found that appellants are engaged in interstate commerce and use the unregistered trade name “Stauffer System” in interstate commerce and that the action is a simple action for unfair competition, not joined with a substantial and related claim under the copyright, patent or trade-mark laws. The wrongful acts alleged in the complaint are the use by appellee of the name “Stauffer” and the use of advertising, similar to that in use, by appellants, in such a way as to deceive the public into believing that the services offered by appellee originate with appellants.
The trial court reached' the conclusion that the Trade-Mark Act of July 5, 1946 does not confer original jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States in actions for unfair competition in the ab[964]*964sence of diversity of citizenship of the parties where there is no substantial and related claim under the copyright,. patent or trade-mark laws joined to such actions. We do not agree.
The Lanham Trade-Mark Act of July 5, 1946, 15 U.S.C.A. §§ 1051-1127, hereinafter referred to as the Act, provides comprehensively for • federal registration and protection of trade-marks, for protection of trade names, and for remedies against unfair competition. ■ Section 1126(b) provides that nationals, etc., of foreign countries with which the United States has a convention or treaty relating to trademarks, tráde names or unfair competition shall be entitled to the benefits and 'subject to the provisions of the Act insofar as essential to give effect to such conventions and treaties.1 ******Subsection (i) of the same section provides: “Citizens -or residents of the United States shall have the same benefits as are granted by this section to persons described in subsection (b) * * Subsection (h) provides that the persons described in subsection (b) “shall be entitled to effective protection against unfair competition, and the remedies provided in this chapter for infringement of marks shall be available so far as they may'be appropriate in-'repressing acts of unfair - competition.” Subsection (g) provides: '“Trade names or- commercial names of persons described in subsection (b) of this section shall be protected without th'e obligation of filing or registration whether or not they form parts of marks.” Therefore, under the provisions above mentioned, any citizen or resident may invoke in the United. States District Court, for acts of unfair competition, whatever appropriate remedies would be available under the Act if infringement of a registered trade-mark were charged.
Appellee contends that Congress, in enacting the revision of Title 28, effective September 1, 1948, partially withdrew the jurisdiction over the repression of unfair competition which had been granted to the district courts by the Lanham Trade-Mark Act.2 28 U.S.C.A. § 1337, giving the district courts jurisdiction over actions arising under any Act of Congress regulating commerce, and § 1338(a), giving the district courts jurisdiction over actions aris-r ing under any Act of Congress relating to trade-marks, are rather a reaffirmation of the grant of jurisdiction in the Lanham Act. Appellee relies, however, upon § 1338(b), which provides: “The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action asserting a claim of unfair competition when joined with a substantial and related claim under the copyright, patent or- trade-mark laws.”
In construing the sections of title 28 weight should be given to the reviser’s notes which were included in the committee reports when the legislation was before Congress. See Ex parte Collett, 1949, 337 U.S. 55, 69 S.Ct. 944, 959, 93 L.Ed. 1207,10 A.L.R.2d 921; United States v. National City Lines, 1949, 337 U.S. 78, 69 S.Ct. 955, 93 L.Ed. 1226. The reviser’s note to § 1338 states: “Subsection (b) is added and is intended to avoid ‘piecemeal’ litigation to enforce common-law and statutory copyright, patent, and trade-mark rights by specifically permitting such enforcement in a single civil action in the district court. While this is the rule under Federal decisions, this section would enact it as statutory authority. The problem is discussed at length in Hum v. Ousler, 1933, 289 U.S. 238, 53 S. [965]*965Ct. 586, 77 L.Ed. 1148, and' in Musher Foundation v. Alba Trading Co., 2 Cir., 1942, 127 F.2d 9, majority and dissenting opinions.”
In Hurn v. Oursler, the plaintiff sought - an injunction against presentation of a play which allegedly (a) infringed the copyright on a play of the plaintiff’s and (b) was so similar to the plaintiff’s copyright play as to make the threatened presentation an act of unfair competition. The Supreme Court held that because the federal claim, copyright infringement, and the non-federal claim, unfair competition, were two grounds supporting a single cause of action, i. e., violation of the right to protection of the copyrighted play, the district court had jurisdiction over the entire complaint. In Musher Foundation v. Alba Trading Co., 2 Cir., 1942, 127 F.2d 9, the complaint alleged both infringement of the plaintiff’s patent for infusion of olive oil or paste into corn oil and unfair competition through the use of the word “infused” in advertising the defendant’s product. The court held that on the facts the two claims were not closely enough related to come under the rule of Hurn v. Oursler. The dissenting opinion, referred to in the reviser’s note, is illuminating: “The conceptual yardstick of [the Hurn] doctrine is the ‘cause of action’; a single cause of action giving rise to both federal and non-federal rights may be completely adjudicated in the federal cotirts, where it must be anyhow because of the federal rights. * * * [T]he cause or ground of the action is, broadly, the unfair appropriation by defendant of plaintiff’s property, protected by either state law or federal law or both, in a trade-mark or a book or an invention.” 127 F.2d 11.
It is clear that both the Hurn and the Musher Foundation cases and, therefore, § 1338(b) are concerned with the conditions under which federal courts may, in the absence of diversity of citizenship, adjudicate rights against unfair competition arising under state law. The purpose of § 1338(b) is to extend federal jurisdiction to the furthest possible extent by means of the rule that where jurisdiction is established on a federal ground, the court may dispose of the entire case before it, including the adjudication of any non-federal grounds invoked for relief. Reliance on § 1338(b) is unnecessary where there is an independent ground of federal jurisdiction over an action for unfair competition.
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ORR, Circuit Judge.
This action was brought for the recovery of damages arising out of alleged acts of unfair competition and for the issuance of an injunction against the commission of future similar acts. A separate trial was had on the issue of jurisdiction, following which the trial court made findings of fact and conclusions of law and dismissed the complaint for lack of jurisdiction. The trial court found that appellant, Stauffer System, Inc., is a corporation of California and that both individual appellant and appellee are citizens and inhabitants of California. It also found that appellants are engaged in interstate commerce and use the unregistered trade name “Stauffer System” in interstate commerce and that the action is a simple action for unfair competition, not joined with a substantial and related claim under the copyright, patent or trade-mark laws. The wrongful acts alleged in the complaint are the use by appellee of the name “Stauffer” and the use of advertising, similar to that in use, by appellants, in such a way as to deceive the public into believing that the services offered by appellee originate with appellants.
The trial court reached' the conclusion that the Trade-Mark Act of July 5, 1946 does not confer original jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States in actions for unfair competition in the ab[964]*964sence of diversity of citizenship of the parties where there is no substantial and related claim under the copyright,. patent or trade-mark laws joined to such actions. We do not agree.
The Lanham Trade-Mark Act of July 5, 1946, 15 U.S.C.A. §§ 1051-1127, hereinafter referred to as the Act, provides comprehensively for • federal registration and protection of trade-marks, for protection of trade names, and for remedies against unfair competition. ■ Section 1126(b) provides that nationals, etc., of foreign countries with which the United States has a convention or treaty relating to trademarks, tráde names or unfair competition shall be entitled to the benefits and 'subject to the provisions of the Act insofar as essential to give effect to such conventions and treaties.1 ******Subsection (i) of the same section provides: “Citizens -or residents of the United States shall have the same benefits as are granted by this section to persons described in subsection (b) * * Subsection (h) provides that the persons described in subsection (b) “shall be entitled to effective protection against unfair competition, and the remedies provided in this chapter for infringement of marks shall be available so far as they may'be appropriate in-'repressing acts of unfair - competition.” Subsection (g) provides: '“Trade names or- commercial names of persons described in subsection (b) of this section shall be protected without th'e obligation of filing or registration whether or not they form parts of marks.” Therefore, under the provisions above mentioned, any citizen or resident may invoke in the United. States District Court, for acts of unfair competition, whatever appropriate remedies would be available under the Act if infringement of a registered trade-mark were charged.
Appellee contends that Congress, in enacting the revision of Title 28, effective September 1, 1948, partially withdrew the jurisdiction over the repression of unfair competition which had been granted to the district courts by the Lanham Trade-Mark Act.2 28 U.S.C.A. § 1337, giving the district courts jurisdiction over actions arising under any Act of Congress regulating commerce, and § 1338(a), giving the district courts jurisdiction over actions aris-r ing under any Act of Congress relating to trade-marks, are rather a reaffirmation of the grant of jurisdiction in the Lanham Act. Appellee relies, however, upon § 1338(b), which provides: “The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action asserting a claim of unfair competition when joined with a substantial and related claim under the copyright, patent or- trade-mark laws.”
In construing the sections of title 28 weight should be given to the reviser’s notes which were included in the committee reports when the legislation was before Congress. See Ex parte Collett, 1949, 337 U.S. 55, 69 S.Ct. 944, 959, 93 L.Ed. 1207,10 A.L.R.2d 921; United States v. National City Lines, 1949, 337 U.S. 78, 69 S.Ct. 955, 93 L.Ed. 1226. The reviser’s note to § 1338 states: “Subsection (b) is added and is intended to avoid ‘piecemeal’ litigation to enforce common-law and statutory copyright, patent, and trade-mark rights by specifically permitting such enforcement in a single civil action in the district court. While this is the rule under Federal decisions, this section would enact it as statutory authority. The problem is discussed at length in Hum v. Ousler, 1933, 289 U.S. 238, 53 S. [965]*965Ct. 586, 77 L.Ed. 1148, and' in Musher Foundation v. Alba Trading Co., 2 Cir., 1942, 127 F.2d 9, majority and dissenting opinions.”
In Hurn v. Oursler, the plaintiff sought - an injunction against presentation of a play which allegedly (a) infringed the copyright on a play of the plaintiff’s and (b) was so similar to the plaintiff’s copyright play as to make the threatened presentation an act of unfair competition. The Supreme Court held that because the federal claim, copyright infringement, and the non-federal claim, unfair competition, were two grounds supporting a single cause of action, i. e., violation of the right to protection of the copyrighted play, the district court had jurisdiction over the entire complaint. In Musher Foundation v. Alba Trading Co., 2 Cir., 1942, 127 F.2d 9, the complaint alleged both infringement of the plaintiff’s patent for infusion of olive oil or paste into corn oil and unfair competition through the use of the word “infused” in advertising the defendant’s product. The court held that on the facts the two claims were not closely enough related to come under the rule of Hurn v. Oursler. The dissenting opinion, referred to in the reviser’s note, is illuminating: “The conceptual yardstick of [the Hurn] doctrine is the ‘cause of action’; a single cause of action giving rise to both federal and non-federal rights may be completely adjudicated in the federal cotirts, where it must be anyhow because of the federal rights. * * * [T]he cause or ground of the action is, broadly, the unfair appropriation by defendant of plaintiff’s property, protected by either state law or federal law or both, in a trade-mark or a book or an invention.” 127 F.2d 11.
It is clear that both the Hurn and the Musher Foundation cases and, therefore, § 1338(b) are concerned with the conditions under which federal courts may, in the absence of diversity of citizenship, adjudicate rights against unfair competition arising under state law. The purpose of § 1338(b) is to extend federal jurisdiction to the furthest possible extent by means of the rule that where jurisdiction is established on a federal ground, the court may dispose of the entire case before it, including the adjudication of any non-federal grounds invoked for relief. Reliance on § 1338(b) is unnecessary where there is an independent ground of federal jurisdiction over an action for unfair competition. The ground of jurisdiction over the unfair competition alleged in the instant case is the exercise by Congress of its power to repress unfair competition which affects interstate commerce, through the enactment of the Lanham Act and the granting of jurisdiction over actions arising under that Act in §§ 1337 and 1338(a) of title 28. If the alleged unfair competition before us is purely local and did not affect interstate commerce, we then have to look for federal jurisdiction in § 1338(b), or in diversity of citizenship. But if the alleged unfair competition, though local in the sense that the defendant was transacting only intrastate business, nevertheless affected the plaintiffs’ interstate business, the situation is otherwise.
A case of the kind last mentioned is not an appropriate one for the application of the rule that grants of federal jurisdiction should be construed strictly. Jurisdiction in such a case is unequivocally granted by the Lanham Act and by §§ 1337 and 1338(a) of title 28. If § 1338(b) is looked upon as limiting the jurisdiction thus granted, it can be only by construing § 1338(b) as an implied repeal of part of the Lanham Act. The rule that implied repeals are not favored and should be avoided if a reasonable construction permits is reinforced here by § 39 of the Act of June 25, 1948, c. 646, 62 Stat. 992, the statute by which the revision of Title 28 was enacted. Section 39 sets out schedules of statutory provisions which it declares to be “hereby repealed.” No provision of the Lanham Act appears in the schedule of repealed laws. We construe § 1338(b) as not affecting the jurisdiction granted under the Lanham Trade-Mark Act.
The protection granted by the Lanham Act against unfair competition, howevér is limited by § 1126(h) of the Act to “the remedies provided in this chapter for infringement of marks * * * so' far as they may be appropriate in repressing acts [966]*966.of unfair competition.” The general provision for remedies against tráde-mark infringement is § 1114(1), which provides: “Any .person who shall,, in commerce, (a) use, without the consent of- the registrant, any reproduction, . counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation of any -registered, mark in connection with the sale, offering for sale, or advertising of any goods or services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion or mistake or to -deceive purchasers .as- to the source of origin of1 such goods or services * , *, shall- be liable to a civil action by the registrant for- any or all of the remedies hereinafter provided in this chapter * 4 ({Emphasis ours.) - Section 1127 provides: “In the construction of -this chapter, unless the contrary is plainly apparent. from the context — * * * , .
.. “The word ‘commerce’ means all commerce which may lawfully be regulated by -Congress.”
Under the trade-mark law” as'it existed prior to the present Act- a party bringing an action for infringement was required to establish before he could recover that the infringer had used the copy or -colorable imitation of the trade-mark in interstate or foreign commerce.15 U.S.C. § 96 (1946 ed.); U.S. Printing & Lithograph Co. V. Griggs, Cooper & Co., 279 U.S. 156, 49 S.Ct. 267, 73 L.Ed. 650; Horlick’s Malted Milk Corp. v. Horluck’s, Inc., 9 Cir., 1932, 59 F.2d 13; Youngs Rubber Corp. v. C. I. Lee & Co., 2 Cir., 1930, 45 F.2d 103. Under the present. Act, however, it need only be proved1 that the infringer has used the copy or imitation in commerce which Congress - has power to regulate. Ari infringement committed iri intrastate commerce 'but affecting interstate commerce could clearly be regulated by Congress and thus would be within the present Act. Such -is the principle established in such cases as Houston, East and West Texas Railway Co. v. United States (Texas and Pacific Railway Co. v. United States), 1914, 234 U.S. 342, 34 S.Ct. 833, 58 L.Ed. 1341, and Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. 111, 63 S.Ct. 82, 87 L.Ed. 122. In the latter case at page 122 of 317 U.S., at page 88 of 63 S.Ct. it is stated: “It was soon demonstrated that the effects of many kinds of intrastate activity upon interstate commerce were such as to make them a proper subject of federal regulation.” It was the failure of the district court and of this court to recognize this principle in Mandeville Island Farms v. American Crystal Sugar Co., D.C., 64 F.Supp. 265 and Id., 9 Cir., 159 F.2d 71, which led to reversal in Mandeville Island Farms, Inc., v. American Crystal Sugar Co., 334 U.S. 219, 68 S.Ct. 996, 92 L.Ed. 1328.
The protection given by the Act against unfair competition is similarly limited to ■ that which may be lawfully regulated by Congress. The remedies available under § 1114 would not be “appropriate” under § 1126(h) for the repression of unfair competition unless the defendant in the unfair competition action met the § 1114 requirement of acting “in commerce.” In the event § 1126(h) were not subject to the limitation'contained in § 1114 that the defendant must have acted “in, commerce,” § 1126(h) would be subject to a claimed -.invalidity because it in whole or in part provided a remedy -for acts beyond congressional power to regulate. In re TradeMark Cases, 1879,100 U.S. 82, 25 L.Ed. 550. We think’ that by including the phrase “in commerce,” Congress meant to confine the remedies provided against unfair competition to the area of its constitutional, competence.
The trial court found that appellants “are engaged in interstate commerce.”3 The complaint alleges that appellants have developed a special apparatus and method for ‘giving therapeutic treatments of passive exercise which they advertise in California and other states as “Stauffer” treatments and “Stauffer System” treatments. Appellants operate a place of business in Los Angeles where such treatments are rendered to the public and have licensed others- to operate places of business, both in California and other states, where such treatments are rendered under appellants’ [967]*967supervision and control as to nature and quality. Appellants train the operators of the licensed places of business in the method of rendering the treatments and provide the necessary special apparatus. All the licensed businesses use. the trade name, “Stauffer”, with the express consent of appellants. U. S. v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass’n, 1944, 322 U.S. 533, 550, 64 S.Ct. 1162, 88 L.Ed. 1440.
It does not appear from the complaint that the business in which appellee is allegedly committing acts of unfair competition is carried on elsewhere than in the state of California. By such acts it is alleged appellee is attempting to represent to the public that the services she offers originate with appellants, thereby wrongfully obtaining the advantages of the good will attached to appellants’ trade name and built up through appellants’ extensive advertising. The complaint indicates an attempt to describe “activities which * * * may embrace integrated operations in many states.”
The evidence taken at the separate trial, had for the purpose of enabling the trial court to determine its jurisdiction, is not before us. Under the theory adopted by the trial court in determining its jurisdiction it evidently deemed a finding as to whether the unfair competition indulged in by appellee affected the interstate transactions of appellants unnecessary. Under our theory of the law such a finding becomes important. We cannot say as a matter of law that it would be impossible for the intrastate business of appellee to affect the interstate business of appellants. It is easy to see how separate local acts of unfair competition in states other than California might operate to whittle away appellants’ interstate business. Whether that business is so integrated that it, as a whole, might be adversely affected by acts of unfair competition wholly within the state of California is something we find ourselves unable to determine from the record now before us.
It is suggested that the complaint fails to allege sufficient facts to disclose a case involving unfair competition “affecting” the interstate business of appellants. The rule is, of course, that the fact that the action arises under the laws of the United States “must be disclosed upon the face of the complaint, unaided by the answer or by the petition for removal.” Gully v. First National Bank, 299 U.S. 109, 113, 57 S.Ct. 96, 98, 81 L.Ed. 70.
Here the determination of the question of jurisdiction was made after a preliminary hearing. See Rule 12(d), Fed. Rules Civ.Proc. 28 U.S.C.A. This was appropriate, for the answer had raised the defense of want of jurisdiction of the subject matter. Such a hearing called for findings of fact. King v. Wall & Beaver Street Corp., 79 U.S.App.D.C. 234, 145 F.2d 377.
It has been suggested that upon such a preliminary hearing the court should not be limited to the pleadings alone. Kaus v. Houston, D.C., 35 F.Supp. 327, 330, cited in Moore’s Federal Practice, 2nd Ed., Vol. 2, pp. 2275-2276.
Because of the importance of the questions which have been presented by this appeal, we deem it not in the interest of sound judicial administration to dispose of this case here on the basis of the absence of a finding which, at the time of the trial, appeared to the court not to be important. “No conclusion in such a case should prudently be rested on an indefinite factual foundation.” Kennedy v. Silas Mason Co., 334 U.S. 249, 256, 68 S.Ct. 1031, 1034, 92 L.Ed. 1347. Should the court below, on further hearing, find that the alleged unfair competition does not, or cannot possibly, affect the appellants’ interstate commerce, then the conclusions heretofore arrived at by the district court will be required.
We think justice to the litigants requires that they be permitted a new trial of the question of jurisdiction. United, States Smelting Refining & Mining Co. v. Lowe, 338 U.S. 954, 70 S.Ct. 493, and dissenting opinion, 9 Cir., 176 F.2d 813: And appellants should be permitted, should they be so advised, to amend their pleadings as authorized by 28 U.S.C.A. § 1653.
The cause is' remanded with directions to the trial court to permit appellants to amend their complaint, should they so [968]*968desire, with, leave to appellee to plead thereto, and to permit both parties to introduce: evidence (in the event the record produced at the separate trial does not contain it) on the question of the effect, if.any, of appellee’s operations on appellants’ interstate transactions, if the parties so desire, the trial court to make such findings thereon as it may be advised.
.Remanded.