IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE FILED JANUARY SESSION, 1998 April 1, 1998
Cecil W. Crowson STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) Appellate Court Clerk C.C.A. NO. 01C01-9610-CC-00456 ) Appellee, ) ) ) MONTGOM ERY COUNTY VS. ) ) HON. ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER MATTHEW C. WELKER, ) JUDGE ) Appe llant. ) (Sentencing)
ON APPEAL FROM THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF MONTGOM ERY COUNTY
FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:
MICHAEL J. LOVE JOHN KNOX WALKUP 215 South Second Street Attorney General and Reporter Clarksville, TN 37040 LISA A. NAYLOR Assistant Attorney General 425 Fifth Avenu e North Nashville, TN 37243
JOHN CARNEY District Attorney General
ARTHUR BIEBER Assistant District Attorney General 204 Franklin Street, Suite 200 Clarksville, TN 37040
OPINION FILED ________________________
AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED
DAVID H. WELLES, JUDGE OPINION
The Defendant, Matthew C. We lker, ap peals as of rig ht purs uant to Rule
3 of the Tenn essee R ules of Appe llate Procedure . He was co nvicted by a
Montgom ery Coun ty jury of voluntary manslau ghter. 1 The trial court sentenced
him to six years imprisonment with the Department of Correction as a Range I,
standard offender. The trial court also impose d a fine of five thousan d dollars
($5000) and ordered the Defendant to pay restitution in the amount of nine
thousand six hundred dollars ($9600). In this appeal, the Defendant argues that
the trial court erred by failing to grant proba tion, tha t his sentence is excessive,
and that the trial court erred in imposing restitution with a sentence of
confinem ent. After reviewing the record, we conclude that on ly the D efend ant’s
third issue has merit. Accordingly, we affirm the sentence of confinement but
must reverse the order of restitution.
Although the Defendant does not contest the sufficiency of the evidence,
a brief summary of the proof offered at trial is pertinent to our consideration of the
sentencing issues raised in this appeal. In October of 1994, the Defendant was
dating and at times living with Alanna Simmons. At that time, Simmons had two
children from a previous relationship, Brianna and Brandon Paulen. Brianna was
three years old and Brandon, the victim in this case, was approximately fifteen
months old at the time of the offense. Alanna Simmons worked long hours during
this time period. As a result, a woman by the name of Christine Johnson took
1 Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-211.
-2- care of Brianna and Brandon during the day and the Defendant took care of the
children in the evening. The Defendant was twenty years old at this time.
On the evening of Thursday, October 20, 1994, Alanna Simmons took
Brandon to the emergency room because the child appeared to be sick. He had
been coughing and vomiting and had shown signs of decreased appetite and
lethargy since the previous day. Dr. Stephen Kent examined the victim. He
testified that the victim a ppea red to b e sligh tly ill but his appearance was
otherwise unremarkable. Dr. Kent diagnosed the victim as having bronchitis,
gastritis and possibly a viral infection. The victim was discharged after Dr. Kent
wrote a prescription.
On the following evening, Friday, October 21, 1994, the Defendant came
to the ho me o f Jenn ifer Blair , a siste r of Alan na Sim mons, carrying the victim.
The victim was not breathing. Blair called 911 and Blair’s husb and be gan to
perform cardiopulm onary resus citation (“CPR ”) on the victim. T he De fenda nt told
Blair that the victim had choked on hamburger. Officer Allen Klein of the
Clark sville Police Depa rtmen t respo nded to the e merg ency c all. He performed
CPR on the victim until emergency medical technicians arrived on the scene.
According to Officer Klein, the Defendant approached him and told him that he
had been babysitting and that the victim had flu symptoms. The Defe ndan t did
not mention the victim’s choking on ham burger.
The victim was transported to the hospital. Attempts to resus citate h im
failed. During those attempts, Dr. William Shippen noticed retinal hemorrhages
in the victim. This condition led Dr. Shippen to suspect that the victim had similar
-3- tissue dam age in his brain, possibly resulting from a blow to the head or “shaken
baby syndrome .” An autopsy w as later perform ed by Dr. Ch arles Harlan. D r.
Harlan testified that the cause of death was blunt trauma to the head and
abdomen. The blunt trauma to the head resulted in subdural hema tomas on both
sides of the brain, with forty cubic centim eters (approximately eight teaspoons)
of blood pooled on each side. The blunt trauma to the abdomen ruptured the
victim’s right adrenal g land a nd pro duce d hem orrha ging, re sulting in
approximately one hundred seventy-five cubic centimeters of free blood in the
abdomen. The amount of blood lost to these injuries equa tes with appro ximate ly
one third of th e victim ’s blood volume, meaning that the victim had only two thirds
of the ordinary volume of blood in circulation. T his deficiency in blood volume
produced a corresponding deficiency in the provision of nutrients and oxyg en to
the victim’s body and brain. The cardiac arrest suffered by the victim on October
21, 1994, was secondary to the blood loss. According to Dr. Harlan, the blows
producing these injuries occurred between one and five days prior to the vic tim’s
death. Dr. Harlan noted that there were multiple injuries indicated and that the
injuries we re cons istent with b lows from a fist or a foot.
In the ea rly morning hours of Saturday, October 22, 1994, shortly after the
death of the vic tim, po lice officers in terview ed the Defe ndan t. Dete ctive P hillip
Wa rd testified that the Defendant stated that the victim’s injuries could have been
caused by a fall he suffered while playing with his sister Brianna appro ximate ly
a week and a half earlier. W ith regard to his personal circumstances, the
Defendant related that he was diabetic. His diabetes was particularly acute and
he had tro uble maintaining a proper blood sugar level. The Defendant was also
disabled due to a back injury, and had mental problems stemming from abuse he
-4- had suffered as a child. The lingering effects of this abuse included episodes
where the Defendant would go into a “fit” and strike out at whatever was around
him. The Defendant stated that he often does no t remem ber what occ urs during
these “fits.” In response to questions about whether he could have struck the
victim during one o f these “fits,” the D efend ant sta ted tha t “it was p ossib le, but
not prob able be cause he wou ld have b een exh austed after it happ ened.”
Law enforcement officials conducted a second interview w ith the De fendant
on Monday, October 24, 1994. Detective Anthony Clark of the Clarksville Police
Department and Agent Jeff Puckett of the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation
recounted esse ntially the sam e facts . At the M onda y intervie w, the Defendant
first stated that he did not know what had happened to the victim. Police officers
explained the caus e of the victim ’s death a s reveale d by the a utopsy. The
Defendant then stated that the victim’s sister, Brianna, had inflicted the injuries.
The officers respo nded that the y did not believe the injuries suffered by the victim
were consistent with those that could have been inflicted by his three-year-old
sister. The De fendant then stated that two da ys before the victim’s death, he had
tripped and landed on the victim’s abdomen. He also stated that he had
accid entally struck the victim in the head while playing. Upon further questioning,
the Defendant admitted he had hit and kicked the victim to get him to leave a
room which he was cleaning. Shortly thereafter, the Defendant was placed under
arrest. At that point, he became belligerent and stated that he was lying about
having hit and kicked the victim. The Defendant requested an attorney, and the
interview ceased for that purp ose. A short time later, however, the victim asked
to spea k with th e office rs aga in and told them th at his account of hitting and
kicking the victim while he cleaned the home was the truth.
-5- The Defen dant did n ot testify at trial. He did, however, offer the testimony
of Dr. Barry Nurcombe, a psychiatric expert. At the Defendant’s request, Dr.
Nurcombe perfor med a me ntal eva luation shortly before trial to determine the
Defe ndan t’s comp etency to stand trial an d men tal state at the time of the offense.
Dr. Nurco mbe te stified that he had first met the Defendant in 1990. The
Defendant was referred to D r. Nurcom be by a juvenile co urt apparently because
he had set fire to a neighbor’s home. Dr. Nurcombe conducted several
interviews and treatment periods with the Defendant in 1990 and 1991. During
that time, th e Def enda nt relate d that h e had been physic ally and s exually abused
between the ag es of five and e leven b y his m other’s boyfriend , Jerry Knig ht. The
abuse was quite extensive and was among the most severe cases Dr. Nurcombe
had ever encountered. As a result of the abuse, the Defendant was diagnosed
as suffering from a type of post-traumatic stress disorder known as intermittent
explosive disorder. Dr. Nurcombe described intermittent explosive disorder as
a disorder involving “intermittent explosion s of rage precipitate d by even ts which
are not often proportioned to the rage. In other words, the rage is much more
excessive than one would expect given the event which pre cipitates it.” Dr.
Nurcombe stated that individuals may or may not suffer from emotional disorder
between the rage explosions. During the rage explosions, individuals may be
self-injurious, may as sault others, or m ay destroy prop erty.
The Defendant’s intermittent explosive disorder most frequently manifested
itself in the form of episodes of rage outbursts with the Defendant striking out at
everything around him. These episodes would sometimes be accompanied by
the Defendant’s hearing voices, particularly that of his childhood abuser, Jerry
Knight. Often the Defen dant wo uld have little or no me mory o f the outbu rsts
-6- imm ediate ly after the episo des. T he dis order would also m anifes t itself in the
form of self-injury, w ith the Defendant injuring himself by striking a wall or hitting
his head a gainst an object. T he De fendant had also injected himself with an
insulin overdose on more than one occasion.
The Defendant appeared to be making progress during the therapy
sessions conducted in late 1990 and early 1991, with his episodes of rage
becoming less frequent. In early 1991, however, the Defendant encountered
Jerry Knight in a superm arket. Imme diately after this encoun ter, the episodes of
rage explosion s recurred frequ ently.
Dr. Nurcombe interviewed the Defendant after the death of the victim.
From that interview, Dr. Nurcombe concluded that the Defendant was still
suffering from intermittent exp losive disorder . The disorder was, however, less
severe than it h ad be en in 1 990 a nd 19 91, as evidenced by less frequent rage
outbursts. Dr. Nurcombe also related a history of events leading up to the death
of the victim, as told to him b y the De fendan t. Shortly be fore mo ving in with
Alanna Simm ons in the su mm er of 19 94, the Defe ndan t saw J erry Kn ight at a
gas station. This encounter upset the Defendant. At the same time the
Defendant heard rumo rs that h is mother was having an affair with a younger
man. These rum ors also upse t the Defenda nt. Furthermo re, the Defenda nt’s
relation ship with Alanna Simmons was not altogether stable. Brianna Paulen
was appa rently disob edien t and d ifficult to con trol and Alann a Sim mon s did little
to discipline her. In contrast, Brandon Paulen created no difficulties and was
easy to ta ke care of accord ing to the D efenda nt.
-7- In Septe mbe r of 199 4, the D efend ant be lieved that Jerry Knight had moved
into a trailer very near his and Alanna Simmons’ residence. He believed that he
saw Jerry Knight s taring at him in a men acing w ay from th at trailer. The
Defendant found this circum stanc e extre mely upsetting. The Defendant’s sister
later walked dow n to the trailer to confirm this circumstance. Once there, she
encountered three men, one of whom did resemble Jerry Knight. The
Defe ndan t’s sister, however, “was not able to say that it was Jerry Knight.” She
asked the men if Jerry was there. One man replied affirmatively while another
man replied negatively. She left somewhat confused and returned to attem pt to
reassure the De fenda nt. Th e victim died the following month, October of 1994.
On December 5, 1994, the Defendant was indicted on one count of second
degree murder. H e was tried befo re a Montgomery County jury from April 23 to
April 25, 199 6. After co nsidering the proo f, the jury foun d the De fendan t guilty
of voluntary m anslau ghter. T he Defendant no w appe als to this C ourt,
challeng ing only the senten ce imp osed b y the trial cou rt.
In his first issue on appeal, the Defendant argues that the trial court erred
by failing to gran t him pro bation. A sentencing hearing was conducted on May
24, 1996. Volun tary manslaughter is a Class C felony. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-
13-211(b). The range of pun ishment ap plicable to Ran ge I, standard o ffenders
found guilty of Class C felonies is three to six years. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
112(a)(3). The trial court sentenced the De fenda nt to the maxim um te rm of s ix
years imprisonm ent with the De partment o f Correction as a Range I, stan dard
offender. In den ying the Defe ndan t’s request for probation, the trial court stated
as follows:
-8- Now, the next question and ob viously the m ost impo rtant to Mr. We lker is whether pro bation is an option. Obviously it is an option. I mean, whether or not the Court is going to impose that or not. In looking at that the Court has to consider the fact that most likely Mr. Welker’s best interest would be served by proba tion with a mandate for continued psychiatric treatment. Society’s best interest in the Court’s opinion would be served by Mr. Welker serving his sentence with the Tennessee Department of Corrections. For the reason that that is just simply necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the offense, and to provide an effective deterrence to others likely to commit similar offenses. I am not skilled at making sermons and making commentaries on the status that society is in today. But in th is Cou rt’s hum ble opinion if the Judges do not put people in the penitentiary for intentio nally or knowingly killing infants then I can’t image [sic] that that would be do [sic] anything other than depreciate the seriousness of this o ffense . Failing to that [s ic] wou ld certa inly provide no deterrenc e to others likely to commit this type of offense.
From this language, it appears that the trial court based the denial of probation
on avoiding depreciating the seriousness of the offense and providing effective
deterrence to others like ly to com mit simila r offense s. See Tenn. Code Ann. §
40-35-103 (1)(B).
Of course , a defend ant who “is an especially mitigated or standard offender
convicted of a Clas s C, D, o r E felony is p resum ed to be a favorab le candid ate
for alternative sentencing options in the absence of evidence to the con trary.”
Tenn. Code A nn. § 40-35-1 02(6). Our sentencing law also provides that
“convicted felons committing the most severe offenses, possessing criminal
histories evincing a clear disregard for the laws and morals of society, and
evincing failure of past efforts at rehab ilitation, shall be given first priority
regarding sentences involving incarceration.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-3 5-102(5).
Thus, a defendant sentenced to eight years or less who is not an offender for
whom incarceration is a priority is presumed eligible for alternative sentencing
unless sufficient evidence rebuts the presumption. However, the act does not
-9- provide that all offenders who meet the criteria are entitled to such relief; rather,
it requires that sentencing issues be determined by the facts and circumstances
presented in each c ase. See State v. Taylor, 744 S.W.2d 919, 922 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 19 87).
Additionally, the principles of sentencing reflect th at the s enten ce sh ould
be no greater than that deserved for the offense committed and should be the
least severe measure necessary to achieve the purposes for which the sentence
is imposed. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(3) - (4). The court should also
consider the po tential fo r rehab ilitation o r treatm ent of th e defe ndan t in
determining the sentence alternative. Tenn. C ode Ann . § 40-35-103 (5).
When imposing a sentence of total confinement, our Criminal Sentencing
Reform Act mandates the trial court to base its decision on the considerations set
forth in Tennes see Cod e Annotate d section 40-3 5-103. These considerations
which militate against alternative s entenc ing includ e: the nee d to prote ct society
by restraining a defendant having a long history of criminal conduct, whether
confinement is particularly appropriate to effectively deter others likely to c omm it
a similar offen se, the ne ed to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the offense,
and the need to order confinement in cases in which less restrictive measures
have often or recently been unsuccessfully applied to the defendant. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-1 03(1).
In determining whether to grant probation, the judge must consider the
nature and circum stances of the offense, the defe ndant’s crimina l record, his
background and social history, his present condition, including his physical and
-10- mental condition, the deterrent effect on other criminal activity, and the likelihood
that probation is in the best in terests of both the pu blic and the defend ant. Stiller
v. State, 516 S.W .2d 617, 620 (Tenn. 197 4). The burden is on the Defe ndant to
show that the sentence he received is improp er and th at he is en titled to
probatio n. State v. Ashby, 823 S.W .2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 199 1).
In challenging the denial of probation, the Defendant first contends that the
trial court’s reliance on deterrence as a factor in denying probation was improper.
He argues that the trial court’s finding tha t confinem ent was approp riate “to
provide an effective deterrence to others likely to commit similar offenses” was
not supported by evidence in the record. In support of his argument, the
Defendant cites well-established principles that the finding of dete rrence within
a jurisdiction cannot be conclusory but rather mus t be su pporte d by ev idenc e in
the reco rd. See Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 170); State v. Hartley, 818 S.W.2d 370,
375 (Ten n. Crim. App . 1991).
W e agree w ith the De fendan t that the findin g of deterrence cannot be
mere ly conclusory but must be supported by proof in the reco rd. Ashby, 823
S.W.2d at 170. We believe, however, that the record before us does conta in
evidence supporting the trial court’s findin g that con fineme nt was a ppropria te “to
provide an effective deterrence to others likely to com mit simila r offense s.” In
particular, the trial trans cript co ntains testim ony ind icating that the victim’s sister,
Brianna Paulen, was subject to abuse by another babysitter. At trial, the
Defendant elicited testimony from Brianna Paulen’s mother, Alanna Simmons,
that the babysitter she employed prior to Christine Johnson and the Defendant
threw Brianna to the floor on one occasion. Moreover, the Defendant also
-11- offered the testimony of Dr. William Moore, who treated the victim for various
ailmen ts in Augu st of 1994 , who sta ted that Alanna Simmons had reported
concerns over abuse by her babysitter to him.
This record is similar to th e case of State v. Davis , 940 S.W.2d 558 (Tenn.
1997), in which our supreme court upheld a finding of deterrence. In Davis , the
defendant and a cod efendant we re convicted of vanda lism. Davis , 940 S.W.2d
at 559. The proof revealed that the acts of vandalism took place in the c ontext
of a labor dispute wherein the owner of the vandalized property had crossed
picket lines. Id. at 558-59. The defendant and the codefendant were me mbers
of the labor union which was on strike. Id. A witnes s obse rved the d efenda nt,
the codefendant and an unidentified person vandalizing the victim’s p roperty. Id.
at 559. T he trial c ourt de nied p robatio n bas ed in p art on a finding that
confinement was nece ssary to deter others from committing similar offenses.
Our supreme court concluded that the record supported the finding of deterrence,
noting that there was evidence that an individual participating in criminal acts of
vandalism had es caped unpun ished. Id. at 560.
Applying the reasoning of Davis to the case sub judice, we believe that the
record supports the trial court’s application of deterrence as a factor to be
considered in denying probation. The record in the present case indicates that
other acts of ab use w ere co mm itted ag ainst th e victim ’s sister and p otentia lly
against the victim himself. Of course, the significance of deterrence in probation
decis ions “varies wid ely with the c lass of offe nse an d the facts of each c ase.”
State v. Michael, 629 S.W.2d 13, 14-15 (Te nn. 1982). W hile we do not b elieve
that the record in the case at bar supports placing exceptional significance on
-12- deterrence, we cannot conclude that it was error for the trial judge to consider
deterrence as a factor in arriving at his decision to deny probation.
Even more significant than deterrence, in o ur view , was th e trial co urt’s
finding that confinement was necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of
the offense. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(1)(B). We believe that the
record in this ca se fully s uppo rts the a pplication of this factor. The Defendant
argues that in orde r to deny probation based on this factor, the circumstances of
the offense must be “especially violent, horrifying, shocking, reprehensible,
offensive, or otherwise of an excessive or e xaggerated degre e.” Hartley, 818
S.W.2d at 374 (citation om itted). From our review, the circumstances of the
offense as revealed in this record are especially shocking and reprehensible.
The Defenda nt, entrusted with the c are of a fifteen-month-old child, hit and kicked
the infant in the head and abdomen multiple times. These blows produced
substantial bleeding in the victim ’s body, causing blood to pool on both sides of
the victim’s brain and in his abdomen. The blows to the abdomen ruptured the
victim’s right adrenal gland, which is well-protected deep within the human body
according to Dr. Harlan. The pooled blood placed pressure on the victim’s bodily
organs, especially his brain, and effe ctively re move d one third of th e victim ’s
blood volume from circu lation. As a result, the victim ’s bod ily organs were, over
the course of one to five days, de prived of su fficient nutrien ts and ox ygen to
susta in their functions. The v ictim eventually went into cardiac arrest and died.
Based on these circumstances, we conclu de that the trial court properly found
that confineme nt was nece ssary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the
offense.
-13- From our review, we believe that the trial court’s findings that confinement
was necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousne ss of the o ffense an d to
provide effective deterrence to others likely to com mit similar offenses were
supported by the record. As such, we be lieve that the application o f these factors
sufficiently rebutted the Defen dant’s presum ed eligibility for alternative
sentencing. Acco rdingly, we conc lude th at the tria l judge did no t abus e his
discretion in denying probatio n. The D efenda nt’s first issue la cks m erit. 2
In his second issue, the Defendant argues that his six-year sentence is
excessive. He con tends tha t the trial court e rroneou sly failed to apply relevant
mitigating factors. When an accused challenges the length, range, or the manner
of service of a sentence, this court has a duty to conduct a de novo review of the
sentence with a presumption that the determination s made by the trial court are
correct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d). This presumption is "conditioned
upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the
sentencing princip les an d all relevant fac ts and circ umsta nces." State v. Ashby,
823 S.W .2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 199 1).
In conducting a de novo review of a se ntenc e, this court must consider: (a)
the evidenc e, if any, rece ived at the tr ial and the sentencing hearing; (b) the
2 As part of his first issue, the Defendant also contends that the trial judge followed an erroneous procedure in arriving at the decision to deny probation. He points to language of the trial judge regarding the Defendant’s best interest being served by probation and society’s best interest being served by confinement. The Defendant argues that this language indicates that the trial court used an “ad hoc balancing test” rather than statutory principles to deny probation. We disagree. The trial judge’s comments at the sentencing hearing, read in full, clearly demonstrate that he was denying probation based on the statutory factors set forth in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-103(1)(B). The language referred to by the Defendant indicates only that the trial judge was considering the best interests of both the Defendant and the public in arriving at his sentencing decision, as he was required to do. See Stiller v. State, 516 S.W.2d 617, 620 (Tenn. 1974).
-14- presentence report; (c) the principles of sente ncing an d argum ents as to
sentencing alternatives; (d) the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct
involved; (e) any statutory mitigating or enhancement factors; (f) any statement
that the defen dant m ade on his own behalf; and (g) the potential or lack of
potential for rehab ilitation or treatm ent. Ten n. Cod e Ann. §§ 40-35-102, -103,
and -21 0; see State v. S mith, 735 S.W .2d 859, 863 (Tenn. Crim . App. 1987 ).
If our review reflects that the trial court followed the statutory sentencing
procedure, imposed a lawful sentence after having given due consideration and
proper weight to the factors and principles set out under the sentencing law, and
that the trial cou rt's findings of fact are adequately supported by the record, then
we may not modify the sentence even if we would have preferred a different
result. State v. Fletcher, 805 S.W .2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim . App. 1991 ).
As we stated above, the app ropriate sentencing range for the Defendant
was three to six year s. The record revea ls that th e trial co urt app lied three
enhancement factors: 1) that the victim was particularly vulnerable because of
age; 2) that th e Def enda nt treate d or allo wed the victim to be treated w ith
exceptional cruelty during the commission of the offense; and, 3) that the
Defendant abused a position of private trus t. Tenn. C ode Ann . § 40-35-114 (4),
(5), (15). The trial court also applied one mitigating factor, that the Defendant
acted under s trong pro vocation . Tenn. C ode An n. § 40-35-113(2). The trial court
placed great weight on all of the enhancement factors. Accordingly, the trial court
sentenced the Defendant to the maximum applicab le term o f imprison ment, six
years.
-15- The Defe ndan t’s challenge to the length of his sentence focuses upon the
application of mitigating factors.3 The Defendant submitted a detailed sentencing
memorandum to the trial cou rt prior to the sentencing hearing. In that sentencing
memorandum, and again at the sentencing hearing, the Defendant urged the trial
court to find num erous m itigating facto rs, both sta tutory and non-sta tutory. In
particular, the Defendant suggested three statutory mitigating factors: 1) that
substantial ground s exist tend ing to excuse or justify his criminal conduct, though
failing to establish a defense; 2) that he was suffering from a mental or physical
condition that significantly reduced his culpability for the offense; and, 3) that
although guilty of the crime, he committed the offense under such unusual
circumstances that it is unlike ly that a sustained intent to violate the law motivated
his criminal c onduc t. Tenn. Co de Ann. § 4 0-35-113(3 ), (8), (11). The Defendant
also suggested a number of non-statuto ry mitiga ting fac tors un der the catch all
provision of Ten nessee C ode Ann otated section 4 0-35-113(1 3):
(a) he never contem plated tha t his acts m ight lead to such a tragic incident; (b) he is extremely remorseful for the pain and suffering he has brought up on the victim’s fam ily and his own fam ily; (c) his character, habits, mentality, propensities, and activities indicate that he is unlikely to commit another crime; (d) he is devoted to his family; (e) he co operate d with auth orities to the b est of his a bility throughout the course of the investigation and legal proceedings; (f) his conduct between the offense date and sentencing date has been exem plary; (g) he lacked a criminal felony record prior to this offense; (h) he lacked a record of violent offenses prior to this offense; (I) he suffers from a k nown m ental defe ct; (j) he lacked a father figure during his childhood; (k) he ha s repea tedly volun tarily sough t menta l health trea tment; (l) he has a family history of physical and sexual abuse;
3 The Defendant first contends that the record is unclear as to which mitigating factors the trial court applied. We believe the record is clear that the trial court applied only one mitigating factor, that the Defendant acted under strong provocation. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113(2). As we will discuss later, the trial court grouped several of the factors suggested by the Defendant under the heading of “acting under strong provocation.”
-16- (m) he lacks substantial judgment due to his youth; (n) he is not a dangerous, wild, reckless or violent man and has attemp ted to imp rove him self; (o) he has potential for rehabilitation.
As we stated above, the trial court found only one mitigating factor applicable,
that the Defendant acted under strong provocation. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
113(2). The D efenda nt conten ds that the trial cou rt erred by failing to app ly all
of the mitigating factors suggested.
In order to address the Defendant’s argument, we must first examine the
trial court’s findings with regard to mitigating factors . The tr ial judg e spe cifically
stated that he found only one mitigating factor applicable, namely that the
Defendant acted under strong provocation. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113(2).
In so finding, however, the trial court did mention other factors suggested by the
Defen dant. Those factors de alt with the D efendant’s physical and mental
condition. As a result, the trial judge stated that the one factor he found
applic able was “re ally two or three com bined.” It appears the factors were
combined because they all stemmed principally from the same proof offered by
the Defendant, that his culpability was lessened due to the effect his childhood
physical and sexua l abuse had on his men tal state. It further appea rs that the
trial judge grouped the factors u nder th e hea ding o f “strong provo cation ” in
recognition of the jury’s finding of “provocation” as part of the verdict of g uilt of
voluntary man slaughter.
After carefully reviewing the record, we cannot conclude that the trial judge
erred in his application of mitigating factors. The Defendant suggested three
statutory mitigating factors, that substantial grounds exist tending to excuse or
-17- justify his cond uct, that he was suffering from a mental or physical condition that
signific antly reduced his culpability, and that he committed the offense under
such unus ual circ ums tance s that it is u nlikely a sustained intent to violate the law
motivated his conduct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113(3), (8), (11). Under the
circumstances of this case, howe ver, ea ch of th ese th ree fac tors foc uses main ly
on a single notion, that the Defendant’s culpability was lessened due to the effect
his childhood physical and sexual abuse had on his mental state, as is best
evidenced by the p roof of h is intermittent explosive diso rder. W e believe that this
mitigating eviden ce is ad equa tely pro vided fo r in the trial c ourt’s finding of “strong
provoca tion.”
With regard to the numerous non-statutory mitigating factors suggested by
the Defendant, we conclud e that they are either no t supported by p roof or are
included in the “strong provocation” mitigating factor. For instance, the
Defe ndan t’s suggestion that he is extremely remorseful is not supported by proof
in the reco rd. The Defen dant did n ot testify at trial or at the sentencing hearing.
The record contains no evidence pertaining to the Defendant’s remorse. Also
unsupported by the record is the Defendant’s suggestion that his cha racter,
habits, menta lity, propens ities, and a ctivities indicate that he is u nlikely to com mit
another crime. In fa ct, the pres entenc e report ind icates that the Defe ndant,
twenty years o ld at the time o f the offe nse, h as juvenile convictio ns of theft,
burglary, arson and s hopliftin g. Furth ermo re, it appe ars tha t the D efend ant still
suffers from interm ittent exp losive d isorde r, which has b een a factor in his prior
criminal beha vior.
-18- The Defendant asserts that he is devo ted to h is fam ily, but the record is
lacking. The p rincipa l proof p ertainin g to a s table fa milial re lationship comes from
a videotaped therapy session conducted during March of 1991 in which the
Defendant states that he has a good relation ship with his mother, his sister, and
his grandm other. G iven the leve l of proof an d the rem ote date of the session, we
do not believe the trial court erred in denying this mitigating factor. The
Defe ndan t also a sserts that his coope ration with authorities should qualify as a
mitigating factor. Th e Defe ndant is re ferring to his voluntary s ubmis sion to
interviews with police officers after the death of the victim. The Defendant’s
argument ignores th at he ga ve conflicting accou nts of wha t produ ced th e victim ’s
injuries during his inte rviews with po lice. Alth ough the victim now c laims that his
diabetes was in part responsible for any confusion during the interviews, he has
not produced evidence of his condition at the time of the interviews.
As yet another mitigating factor, the Defendant contends that his conduct
between the offense date and sentencing date has b een exem plary.
Unfortunate ly, the Defend ant has offered no evidence to support this claim other
than bare assertions in his sentencing memorandum submitted to and argument
before the trial court. Th e Defend ant also asse rts that he lacks a felon y record
and a violent record prior to the present offense. T he presen tence report
indicates that the Defen dant has juven ile convictions for theft, burglary,
shoplifting and arson, dating from the age of thirteen. We fail to see how th is
record of prior offens es qualifies as a m itigating factor.
The remaining non-statutory mitigating factors submitted by the Defendant
revolve around the lingering effects of childhood abuse on his mental state. The
-19- nature and severity of that abuse are well-documented in the record. These
additional factors, however, essentially restate the reasoning relied upon by the
trial court in applying the “strong provocation” statutory mitigating factor. As
such, we believe they were taken into account by the trial court at sentencing.
From our review of the record, we believe that the trial court considered the
relevant principles of sentencing as well as the pertinent facts and circumstances
detailed at trial and at the sentencing hearing. Notwithstanding the Defe ndan t’s
argument to the contrary, the record establishes that the trial court followed the
proper statutory pr ocedu re in setting the sente nce. Ob viously the trial court
placed great weight upon the enhancement factors, none of which are challenged
by the Defendant on appeal. We agree with the trial court that the circumstances
of this offense are reprehensible and far outweigh the mitigating factor pertaining
to the Defe ndant’s m ental state . Accord ingly, we conclude that the Defendant
has failed to carry his burden of establishing that his sentence was impro per,
particu larly in light of the pre sum ption o f correc tness afforde d the tria l court’s
ruling. Th e seco nd issue on app eal there fore lacks merit.
In his third issue, the Defendant argues that the trial court erred by
imposing restitution with a sen tence o f confinem ent. The record reveals that the
trial court imposed nine thous and s ix hund red do llars ($9 600) in restitution. The
trial court imposed restitution to compensate the victim’s family members for
counseling expenses already incurred or to be incurred in the future. The
Defendant contends tha t the trial court lacked statutory authority to order him to
pay restitution to Alanna Simmons given that he was sentenced to a term of
confinem ent.
-20- On appeal, the State concedes that the trial court did, in fact, lack statutory
authority to impose restitution. Under the law in effect at the time of the
Defendan t’s senten cing, restitutio n could b e impo sed on ly as a con dition of a
sentence of proba tion. State v. Davis , 940 S.W .2d 558 , 561-62 (Tenn. 1997).
According ly, we conclud e, as the State co ncedes, tha t the trial court erred by
imposing restitution. We therefore reverse the judgment of the trial court insofar
as it relates to the order of restitution.
For the reasons set forth in the discussion above, we conclude that the
Defe ndan t’s first and second issues on appeal lack m erit. Accordingly, we affirm
his six-year sentence of confinement. The Defendant’s third issue on appeal
does have merit, however, and we therefore reverse the order of restitution and
reman d this cas e to the trial co urt solely for e ntry of a judgm ent con sistent with
this opinion.
____________________________________ DAVID H. WELLES, JUDGE
CONCUR:
___________________________________ JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE
___________________________________ THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE
-21-