The opinion of the court was delivered by
Harvey, C. J.:
This is an appeal by the state from an order sustaining defendant’s motion to quash the second amended information in a criminal case. The information reads:
“I, Lee Hornbaker, the undersigned County Attorney of said county in the name, and by the authority, and on behalf of the State of Kansas, come now here, and give the Court to understand and be informed, that on or about the 29th day of October, A. D. 1950, in said county of Geary and State of Kansas, one Gene Luther Champ did then and there UNLAWFULLY and FELONIOUSLY and with culpable negligence drive and operate a motor vehicle, to wit, a 1950 Ford Truck and attached semitrailer, upon the public highways of the State of Kansas, to wit, U. S. Highway 77, in a careless and reckless manner and in such a manner as to indicate a wilful, wanton and negligent disregard of the safety of other persons on said highway. That said culpable negligence and said wilful, wanton and negligent disregard of the safety of other persons on said highway consisted of driving and continuing to drive said vehicle aforesaid when the said Gene Luther Champ was and knew he was fatigued, sleepy and tired and while continuing to drive in said condition the said Gene Luther Champ fell asleep and allowed the said vehicle to cross the center line of said highway, contrary to the provisions of G. S. 1949, 8-537, and into the path of a vehicle driven by one Clarence Webber whereby the vehicle driven by the said Clarence Webber was then and there struck with great force and violence and the said Clarence Webber as a result thereof received wounds, bruises and contusions which caused his death, the death of the said Clarence Webber being caused by the act, procurement and culpable negligence of the said Gene Luther Champ as aforedescribed.
“Contrary to the form of tire statute in such case made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the State of Kansas.”
Defendant moved to quash-the information:
“. . . for the reason that it fails to state a crime as defined in the Statutes of Kansas, is too indefinite and uncertain, and does not inform the defendant as to what he is called upon to plead to or defend against.”
After a hearing the court found:
“. . . that the second amended information as filed herein by the State of Kansas fails to state a crime as defined in the statutes of the State of Kansas,” and sustained the motion.
The state, through its attorney, promptly gave notice to the court that it reserved the question and that if intended to appeal, and on the same date served and filed the notice of appeal.
[739]*739In this court counsel for appellant advise us that the statute under which defendant was charged is G. S. 1949, 21-420. All reference ■to statutes herein referred to are General Statutes of 1949 unless otherwise noted. The sections of the chapter and article preceding the one here relied upon pertain to murder in the first degree, murder in the second degree and manslaughter in the first, second and third degrees. The statute in question reads:
“Every other killing of a human being, by the act, procurement or culpable negligence of another, which would be manslaughter at the common law, and which is not excusable or justifiable, or is not declared in this article to be manslaughter in some other degree, shall be deemed manslaughter in the fourth degree.” (21-420.)
In this case counsel argue at length- and cite authorities as to what constitutes manslaughter at the common law. Each side cites and quotes excerpts from the opinion, at times without reference to the context, of State v. Custer, 129 Kan. 381, 282 Pac. 1071. The eminent jurist who wrote the opinion in that case made an exhaustive research of what constituted manslaughter at the common law at the time the section here in question was first adopted in this' state in 1855 and quoted from many authorities prior to and since that date. The result of all that study was embodied as the controlling rule in this state in the fourth paragraph of the syllabus, which reads:
“If death results from unlawful conduct amounting to misdemeanor denounced by statute for the purpose of protecting human life and safety, and the death would not have resulted except for the unlawful conduct, the killing would be manslaughter at common law.”
This same conclusion was reached by this court in State v. Spohr, 171 Kan. 129, at page 132, 230 P. 2d 1013. Since the decision in State v. Custer, supra, it is no longer an open question in this state as to what constitutes manslaughter at common law.
While there is some superfluous language in the information above quoted, such language does not make the information bad. On that point section 62-1011, so far as here pertinent, reads:
“No indictment or information may be quashed or set aside for any of the following defects: . . .
“Sixth. For any surplusage or repugnant allegation, when there is sufficient matter alleged to indicate the crime and person charged. Nor,
“Seventh. For any other defect or imperfection which does not tend to the prejudice of the substantial rights of the defendant upon the merits.”
Guided by our holding in State v. Custer, supra, and by the [740]*740statute above mentioned we think it cannot be said that the information fails to state a crime as defined in our statutes.
We should note, however, that the pertinent portion of our statute (8-537) reads: “Upon all roadways of sufficient width a vehicle' shall be driven upon the right half of the roadway,” except under circumstances not pertinent here; and this is made a misdemeanor by our statute (8-5,125). Also, our statute (8-529) in part reads:
“When the death of any person ensues within one year as a proximate result of injury received by the driving of any vehicle in negligent disregard of the safety of others, the person so operating such vehicle shall be guilty of negligent homicide,” providing the penalty.
Also, our statute (8-531) defines and prescribes a penalty for reckless driving. Our cases have consistently held that where one is prosecuted for manslaughter in the fourth degree under 21-420 the evidence may be such that the court is required to give an instruction upon negligent homicide under 8-529, or on reckless driving under 8-531. State v. Gloyd, 148 Kan. 706, syl. 4, 84 P. 2d 966; State v. Phelps, 151 Kan. 199, 206, 97 P. 2d 1105 (see same case on second appeal, 153 Kan. 337, 110 P. 2d 755; State v. Goetz, 171 Kan. 703, 706, 237 P. 2d 246.
We think there is nothing seriously wrong with this information and that, depending upon the evidence, the jury would be warranted in returning a verdict against the defendant of fourth-degree manslaughter under 21-420, or negligent homicide under 8-529, or reckless driving under 8-531.
Counsel for appellee make much of the allegation in the information of the defendant driving, and continuing to drive, his vehicle when he knew he was fatigued, sleepy, tired, and fell asleep and allowed his vehicle to cross the center line of the highway.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Harvey, C. J.:
This is an appeal by the state from an order sustaining defendant’s motion to quash the second amended information in a criminal case. The information reads:
“I, Lee Hornbaker, the undersigned County Attorney of said county in the name, and by the authority, and on behalf of the State of Kansas, come now here, and give the Court to understand and be informed, that on or about the 29th day of October, A. D. 1950, in said county of Geary and State of Kansas, one Gene Luther Champ did then and there UNLAWFULLY and FELONIOUSLY and with culpable negligence drive and operate a motor vehicle, to wit, a 1950 Ford Truck and attached semitrailer, upon the public highways of the State of Kansas, to wit, U. S. Highway 77, in a careless and reckless manner and in such a manner as to indicate a wilful, wanton and negligent disregard of the safety of other persons on said highway. That said culpable negligence and said wilful, wanton and negligent disregard of the safety of other persons on said highway consisted of driving and continuing to drive said vehicle aforesaid when the said Gene Luther Champ was and knew he was fatigued, sleepy and tired and while continuing to drive in said condition the said Gene Luther Champ fell asleep and allowed the said vehicle to cross the center line of said highway, contrary to the provisions of G. S. 1949, 8-537, and into the path of a vehicle driven by one Clarence Webber whereby the vehicle driven by the said Clarence Webber was then and there struck with great force and violence and the said Clarence Webber as a result thereof received wounds, bruises and contusions which caused his death, the death of the said Clarence Webber being caused by the act, procurement and culpable negligence of the said Gene Luther Champ as aforedescribed.
“Contrary to the form of tire statute in such case made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the State of Kansas.”
Defendant moved to quash-the information:
“. . . for the reason that it fails to state a crime as defined in the Statutes of Kansas, is too indefinite and uncertain, and does not inform the defendant as to what he is called upon to plead to or defend against.”
After a hearing the court found:
“. . . that the second amended information as filed herein by the State of Kansas fails to state a crime as defined in the statutes of the State of Kansas,” and sustained the motion.
The state, through its attorney, promptly gave notice to the court that it reserved the question and that if intended to appeal, and on the same date served and filed the notice of appeal.
[739]*739In this court counsel for appellant advise us that the statute under which defendant was charged is G. S. 1949, 21-420. All reference ■to statutes herein referred to are General Statutes of 1949 unless otherwise noted. The sections of the chapter and article preceding the one here relied upon pertain to murder in the first degree, murder in the second degree and manslaughter in the first, second and third degrees. The statute in question reads:
“Every other killing of a human being, by the act, procurement or culpable negligence of another, which would be manslaughter at the common law, and which is not excusable or justifiable, or is not declared in this article to be manslaughter in some other degree, shall be deemed manslaughter in the fourth degree.” (21-420.)
In this case counsel argue at length- and cite authorities as to what constitutes manslaughter at the common law. Each side cites and quotes excerpts from the opinion, at times without reference to the context, of State v. Custer, 129 Kan. 381, 282 Pac. 1071. The eminent jurist who wrote the opinion in that case made an exhaustive research of what constituted manslaughter at the common law at the time the section here in question was first adopted in this' state in 1855 and quoted from many authorities prior to and since that date. The result of all that study was embodied as the controlling rule in this state in the fourth paragraph of the syllabus, which reads:
“If death results from unlawful conduct amounting to misdemeanor denounced by statute for the purpose of protecting human life and safety, and the death would not have resulted except for the unlawful conduct, the killing would be manslaughter at common law.”
This same conclusion was reached by this court in State v. Spohr, 171 Kan. 129, at page 132, 230 P. 2d 1013. Since the decision in State v. Custer, supra, it is no longer an open question in this state as to what constitutes manslaughter at common law.
While there is some superfluous language in the information above quoted, such language does not make the information bad. On that point section 62-1011, so far as here pertinent, reads:
“No indictment or information may be quashed or set aside for any of the following defects: . . .
“Sixth. For any surplusage or repugnant allegation, when there is sufficient matter alleged to indicate the crime and person charged. Nor,
“Seventh. For any other defect or imperfection which does not tend to the prejudice of the substantial rights of the defendant upon the merits.”
Guided by our holding in State v. Custer, supra, and by the [740]*740statute above mentioned we think it cannot be said that the information fails to state a crime as defined in our statutes.
We should note, however, that the pertinent portion of our statute (8-537) reads: “Upon all roadways of sufficient width a vehicle' shall be driven upon the right half of the roadway,” except under circumstances not pertinent here; and this is made a misdemeanor by our statute (8-5,125). Also, our statute (8-529) in part reads:
“When the death of any person ensues within one year as a proximate result of injury received by the driving of any vehicle in negligent disregard of the safety of others, the person so operating such vehicle shall be guilty of negligent homicide,” providing the penalty.
Also, our statute (8-531) defines and prescribes a penalty for reckless driving. Our cases have consistently held that where one is prosecuted for manslaughter in the fourth degree under 21-420 the evidence may be such that the court is required to give an instruction upon negligent homicide under 8-529, or on reckless driving under 8-531. State v. Gloyd, 148 Kan. 706, syl. 4, 84 P. 2d 966; State v. Phelps, 151 Kan. 199, 206, 97 P. 2d 1105 (see same case on second appeal, 153 Kan. 337, 110 P. 2d 755; State v. Goetz, 171 Kan. 703, 706, 237 P. 2d 246.
We think there is nothing seriously wrong with this information and that, depending upon the evidence, the jury would be warranted in returning a verdict against the defendant of fourth-degree manslaughter under 21-420, or negligent homicide under 8-529, or reckless driving under 8-531.
Counsel for appellee make much of the allegation in the information of the defendant driving, and continuing to drive, his vehicle when he knew he was fatigued, sleepy, tired, and fell asleep and allowed his vehicle to cross the center line of the highway. The contention is that defendant is not responsible for what he did while he was in that condition, and that he could not do an offense unless he acted knowingly and intelligently. This point is not well taken. Negligence is seldom, if ever, intentional. A similar question was argued in the case of Richardson v. Commonwealth, 192 Va. 55, 63 S. E. 2d 731, where Chief Justice Hudgins, speaking for the court, used this language:
“The number of deaths resulting from the operation of motor vehicles on the highways has increased to such an alarming extent that the legislature in a number of States haye made a simple act of negligence which results in serious bodily injury, or death, a crime. Such statutes have been adopted in California, People v. Warner, 27 Cal. App. 2d 190, 80 P. 2d 737, Kansas, sec. [741]*7418-529, G. S. 1947 Sup., and Michigan [Comp. Laws of Michigan (1929) secs. 16743-16745]; People v. Campbell, 237 Mich. 424, 212 N. W. 97.”
When our legislature laid down the rule stated in 8-537, above quoted, and made its violation a penalty, and created the offense of negligent homicide, it no longer left open to defendant as a defense that he negligently permitted himself to get on the other side of the road and cause the death of an approaching driver.
From what we have said it necessarily follows that the judgment of. the trial court must be reversed with directions to overrule defendant’s motion .to quash the information and to proceed accordingly.
It is so ordered.