IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE AT JACKSON Remanded by Supreme Court September 10, 2001
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. REGINALD MERRIWEATHER
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Madison County No. 98-549 John Franklin Murchison, Judge
No. W1999-02050-CCA-R3-CD - Filed February 11, 2002 No. W2001-02206-CCA-RM-CD - Filed February 11, 2002
This case returns to this court after remand by order of the Tennessee Supreme Court. The defendant appeals his jury convictions of attempted second degree murder, aggravated assault, and especially aggravated robbery. He raises the following issues: (1) whether the trial judge erred in denying defendant’s request for a mistrial based on a juror’s response during voir dire; (2) whether the trial court erred in directing a witness to answer questions on cross-examination; (3) whether the evidence was sufficient to support his convictions; and (4) whether the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury as to certain lesser-included offenses. This court initially reversed the appellant’s conviction for aggravated assault, based on double jeopardy considerations, and affirmed the judgment of the trial court on all other issues. See State v. Reginald Merriweather, No. W1999- 2050-CCA-R3-CD, 2001 WL 242570 (Tenn. Crim. App., Jackson, March 6, 2001) (perm. to appeal granted). On June 5, 2001, the Supreme Court released its decision in the case of State v. Curtis Jason Ely and State v. Laconia Lamar Bowers, 48 S.W.3d 710 (Tenn. 2001). In Ely and Bowers, the Court announced new standards regarding the duty to instruct on lesser-included offenses. In light of the decision in Ely and Bowers, the Supreme Court remanded the case to this court to determine whether error in not instructing facilitation was harmless. See State v. Reginald Merriweather, No. W2001-02206-CCA-RM-CD, Madison County (Tenn., September 10, 2001). After revisiting this issue under the standards announced in Ely and Bowers, we reverse the defendant’s convictions and remand this matter for a new trial.
Because Ely and Bowers involve the issue of lesser-included offenses only, the remand does not alter the analyses in our original opinion as to other issues. However, the necessity of a new trial does render premature our earlier determination to dismiss the conviction for aggravated assault. So as to avoid confusion, sections I and II from our original opinion will be restated in their entirety. Sections III and IV, dealing with the conviction for aggravated assault and the issue of lesser- included offenses, have been changed.
T. R. A. P. 3 APPEAL AS OF RIGHT; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed and Remanded. CORNELIA A. CLARK , SP. J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAVID H. WELLES and ALAN E. GLENN, JJ. joined.
J. Colin Morris, for the appellant, Reginald Merriweather.
Paul G. Summers, Attorney General, Mark E. Davidson, Assistant Attorney General, Jerry G. Woodall, District Attorney General, and Donald H. Allen, Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION ON REMAND
On April 17, 1998, James Thomas Wyatt was dating a woman named Elizabeth Smith, who lived in an apartment on Ridgemont Drive in Madison County. He had used crack cocaine earlier in the day. According to Wyatt, around 12:30 or 1:00 Miguel Miller and defendant Reginald Merriweather arrived at the Ridgemont Drive house. He had never met them before. They attempted to sell Mr. Wyatt some crack cocaine. Wyatt agreed to purchase cocaine, and Miller left to get it.
A few minutes later Wyatt and the defendant received a call to come to another residence1 to purchase cocaine. The defendant went with Wyatt to that residence.2 Wyatt waited in the living room while the two men went into a bedroom. A small boy also was present in the living room, watching cartoons on television. Wyatt testified that Miguel Miller and the defendant then gestured to him to come into a back bedroom. Wyatt understood that he was going to be handed cocaine when he arrived in the bedroom. However, he was instead confronted by Miller, who took a knife and slit Wyatt’s throat. Wyatt asked why Miller had done this, and he responded, “Because I wanted to.” Miller then slashed him in the stomach. Wyatt began to fall backward. Defendant Merriweather pushed him forward so that he would fall on a mattress instead of on the floor. At that point Mr. Wyatt lapsed into unconsciousness.
The next thing Wyatt remembered was being placed into the back seat of his own truck by Miller and Merriweather. While he was riding down the road in the back of the truck he heard one of the defendants say to the other, “We need to make sure this white m----- f----- is dead”. The other defendant then slapped him in the head. The victim could not identify which man took which action, because he did not open his eyes during this time period. He wanted the defendants to think he was dead. Once again he lost consciousness.
1 The residence was located at 121 Hickory Hollow Road, and had been occupied for about six months by Miguel Miller and the defendan t. 2 On direct examination Wyatt testified that he thought Miller left Ridgemont Drive first, and the defendant later rode with him from Sm ith’s to the Hick ory H ollow a ddress. On cross-examination he admitted that he was not certain which man left first, and which rode later with him.
-2- Wyatt next remembered waking up in his truck and finding that he was locked in and had no keys. The truck had been wedged between some trees. His wallet containing $700.00 was missing. Wyatt finally managed to kick a window out of the truck and exit. He found two jackets in the tool box. He wrapped them around his wounds and walked toward the sound of a running lawn mower.
Gregory Allen Jeffries was mowing his lawn when he heard his dogs barking and observed a man he did not know standing in the middle of a field. He approached the man, Mr. Wyatt, and discovered that his neck was severely cut. Wyatt was very weak and bloody. Jeffries called for an ambulance, then placed Wyatt in the back of his own truck and drove him up to the main road to wait for medical personnel to arrive.
Deputy Chad Lowery of the Madison County Sheriff’s Department was dispatched to the Jeffries home in Madison County to investigate a reported stabbing. When Deputy Lowery arrived he encountered Mr. Wyatt, who had suffered a severe cut on his neck and was bleeding profusely. Wyatt was holding an army jacket or some article of clothing to his neck to stop the blood flow. Wyatt appeared to be conscious at that time. Deputy Lowery also noticed another injury to Mr. Wyatt’s chest. He assisted in placing Wyatt in the ambulance, then drove his car to the hospital. Doctors there immediately began to work on Mr. Wyatt.
Wyatt was hospitalized for eight days. He suffered permanent paralysis to the right side of his face because of the cuts he sustained.
Sheriff David Woolfork testified that he participated in the investigation, which eventually led officers to Miguel Miller and the defendant. Woolfork conducted the initial interview of Miguel Miller. Miller gave his written consent for officers to search the Hickory Hollow residence. Miller gave a statement admitting his involvement in the stabbing and robbery. As a result, Miller was charged with attempted first degree murder, aggravated assault, and especially aggravated robbery. Miller eventually pled guilty to each of those offenses.
Investigator Anthony Heavner participated in gathering evidence from the crime scene and the truck. Blood was observed in both locations. Heavner obtained two knives that were hidden underneath the mattress in the defendant’s bedroom. He also identified cocaine found in that room, and photographs taken of the crime scene.
Heavner also interviewed the defendant. The defendant signed a waiver of rights form before speaking. His statement was recorded and played for the jury at trial. Defendant told Detective Heavner that he first met the victim with Miguel Miller at a house on Ridgemont. Defendant then left and returned to the Hickory Hollow Road residence he shared with his girlfriend and Miller. A short time later Miller returned to the Hickory Hollow residence on foot. He then got a truck, left, and returned with Wyatt.
According to defendant’s statement, Miller and Wyatt went into defendant’s bedroom to “mak[e] some transactions”. Defendant paid no attention to them, but remained in the living room, waiting for his young son to come in from school. Miller then called to the defendant to come to the
-3- bedroom. When defendant arrived in the bedroom, he found that Wyatt’s throat had been cut and he was bleeding profusely. However, Wyatt was still conscious. He was saying his money already had been taken, and begging for his life. Defendant claimed he had no advance knowledge of Miller’s actions.
Defendant stated to Heavner that Miller then asked for his help in disposing of Wyatt. Defendant acknowledged that he helped load Wyatt into the truck, then drove with him to a deserted field and hid the truck in some bushes. During that trip Miller gave defendant half of the money. According to defendant, he then jumped out of the truck and ran to a relative’s trailer.
Miguel Miller testified for the defendant at trial. He stated that he met Wyatt at Ms. Smith’s house, and that they got involved in doing drugs together. They smoked a gram of crack cocaine. According to Miller, defendant Merriweather was not present at the Smith residence.
Later Miller and Wyatt rode in Wyatt’s truck back to Miller’s house. Defendant was present there. Wyatt had agreed to buy more crack from Miller. Miller testified that he originally planned to rob Wyatt, and then decided to cut his throat. He testified that prior to executing it, he discussed the robbery plan with the defendant, who tried to stop him. Miller, high on cocaine, would not listen. He stated that he used two different knives in the stabbing. Miller denied that defendant knew anything about his actions or assisted him in any way in the stabbing.
Miller testified that he asked Wyatt for his money while he was sitting on the bed immediately after the stabbing. By this time defendant had returned to the living room, and did not witness the robbery. Wyatt then passed out. Miller wrapped him in a blanket, carried him outside, and loaded him into the truck. Defendant again did not participate in this process. He was angry at Miller, and attempted to convince him to take Wyatt to the hospital. Miller refused. Defendant rode with Miller into the countryside to leave the victim and his truck. They left the truck and walked to the home of Miller’s cousin.
According to Miller, Wyatt had only $100 with him. Miller claimed none of that money was given to the defendant. Instead, Miller gave defendant fifty dollars of his own money for rent that was due. The money was transferred at the house, before the robbery occurred. Miller also testified that defendant Merriweather did not smoke cocaine, although he did drink. Merriweather did not participate in the crimes in any way. Miller stated he planned the robbery from the beginning.
Miller acknowledged that he had already pled guilty in this case to attempted first degree murder, especially aggravated robbery, and aggravated assault.
During cross-examination Miller’s testimony varied significantly from both his own testimony on direct examination and from defendant’s written statement. He agreed that the stabbing occurred in defendant’s bedroom rather than Miller’s. He also stated that he obtained $200.00, rather than $100.00, from Wyatt. Miller reiterated that, when he told the defendant that he planned to rob Wyatt, defendant tried to talk him out of it.
-4- However, when he was then asked if defendant had taken any steps to warn Wyatt of the planned robbery, Miller again changed his story. He stated that he did not advise defendant about the robbery in advance. He then became argumentative, refusing to answer the questions posed to him, demanding to know whether they had been posed to the defendant. On several occasions the trial judge instructed him to answer. Miller changed his testimony again, stating that he told defendant about the robbery in advance, and the defendant tried to stop him. Miller denied that defendant’s son was present during the events in question. He also denied there were any drugs in the residence. When shown one of the photographs taken by police in defendant’s bedroom, he first admitted cocaine was present in the defendant’s room. However, he claimed it was his. Almost immediately, however, he returned to his position that there was no cocaine in the Hickory Hollow apartment.
The defendant testified on his own behalf. Contradicting Miller’s testimony, he acknowledged first meeting Wyatt at Elizabeth Smith’s house. He admitted drinking three or four beers while he was there, but denied using drugs. He said that he and Miller left together and returned to their residence. Miller left and returned to Smith’s house. After ten or fifteen minutes he returned with Wyatt in a gray truck. Wyatt entered the house with Miller.
Defendant then testified that Miller called him to the bedroom and told him he planned to rob Wyatt. Defendant claimed he thought Miller was joking, because he was high on cocaine. Defendant saw his son approaching outside, so he left the bedroom where he understood the other two men would conduct a drug transaction. He first said he spoke to his son, then stated that he merely saw his son walking down the hill outside. Miller then called to him to come to the bedroom.
Defendant walked into the bedroom and found that Wyatt’s throat had been cut. That sight made him panic, so he quickly ran outside and sent his son to a friend’s house. Then he returned inside to the bedroom. He found Wyatt with blood gushing from his neck, conscious and saying, “I’ve done gave you all my money. Just don’t do that no more.” Miller picked Wyatt up, wrapped him in a blanket, and indicated he planned to put him in his truck. Defendant testified that he continued to try to stop Miller. He was standing by the truck when Miller threw Wyatt in. Wyatt’s head “flopped out”, throwing blood onto the defendant. Defendant pushed his head back in and got into the truck. Miller then drove off.
Defendant testified that he continued begging Miller to take Wyatt to the hospital. Miller was “acting crazy”. They actually passed the hospital, but Miller would not stop. Miller drove to a field behind his grandparents’ home and left Wyatt and the truck. Although he was scared of Miller, defendant followed him on foot to another house.
Concerning the money, defendant testified that Miller gave him $100 for rent, just as he did every week. He denied seeing Miller take money from Wyatt, or receiving any of Wyatt’s money himself.
Defendant admitted that he did not warn Wyatt about the robbery plan because he did not believe Miller was serious. Defendant denied slapping the victim or saying they needed to be sure
-5- he was dead. Defendant asserted that both Wyatt and Miller had testified incorrectly about the events in question, probably because both were high on cocaine at the time. Defendant admitted that Miller often smoked crack cocaine, but was unaware that he sold it. Defendant admitted that he often drank beer and smoked marijuana with Miller.
Defendant denied that he had participated in any way in the crimes. He admitted he had several prior felony and misdemeanor convictions. He asserted that he had cooperated fully with law enforcement officers.
On cross-examination defendant confirmed the details of his prior convictions. He also admitted using marijuana, but denied using cocaine.
Defendant reiterated that he and Miller left Elizabeth Smith’s house and returned to their own residence together. Miller then went back to Smith’s and returned with Wyatt in Wyatt’s truck. Wyatt sat down in the living room and Miller went back to defendant’s bedroom. Miller then called defendant back and told him he planned to rob Wyatt. Defendant opposed this plan, then left the room as Wyatt entered. He did not mention the robbery plan to Wyatt as they passed. When he was called back in a few minutes later, Wyatt’s throat had been cut. Defendant then went and told his son not to enter the house. He denied that his son ever entered the house. He testified that Wyatt watched cartoons alone.
Defendant testified that he knew Miller kept a knife, but he did not see it prior to the stabbing. He did not warn Wyatt about the impending robbery because he did not believe it would happen. He vehemently denied being in the bedroom when the stabbing and robbery occurred. He also denied touching him or helping carry him to the truck. His only contact with Wyatt was to push his head back into the truck.
Defendant stated that he was in a panic from the time he first observed the injured Wyatt. He had gotten his life back together after serving several prison terms. He had a job. He knew he needed to get help for Wyatt. That is why he got into the truck with Miller. He admitted that he never phoned for help, even after leaving Miller. He denied receiving any of Wyatt’s money, and said the reference to “half the money” meant half of the rent that was due. He continued to assert that he did not stay behind and go for help because he was in shock.
I.
Defendant first contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial after a juror, Mr. Harris, allegedly tainted the entire jury pool with remarks concerning his inability to be impartial. The specific exchange complained of occurred at the very beginning of the assistant district attorney’s voir dire of the potential jury panel:
MR. ALLEN: All right, let me make sure I have everyone in the right place. Mr. Harris, Mr. Brook and Ms. Cash and Ms. Rowland. I think I got everybody.
-6- Have each of you four been able to hear all of my statements and questions of your fellow jurors? I assume none of you know any of the people involved in this case. Or do you? Okay, Mr. Harris, you do. JUROR HARRIS: I’ve met him. MR. ALLEN: You have met Mr. Merriweather? JUROR HARRIS: Yeah, through a friend, you know, over at a house, over at somebody else’s house. MR. ALLEN: You met him over at a friend’s house? JUROR HARRIS: Yeah. MR. ALLEN: About how long ago has that been? JUROR HARRIS: I don’t remember. A year or so ago. MR. ALLEN: Was this a close friend of yours whose house you were at when you met him? JUROR HARRIS: The lady was.
MR. ALLEN: And did you, I guess, have a conversation with Mr. Merriweather that night or that day? JUROR HARRIS: No. I just knew him through another person he was visiting with, a conversation with him. MR. ALLEN: Have you seen or talked to him since that one occasion? JUROR HARRIS: No. MR. ALLEN: But you do know Mr. Merriweather. Have you met any of his family or any of his associates or friends? JUROR HARRIS: I know Mr. Merriweather, but I don’t know any of his family. MR. ALLEN: But you do know the Defendant. JUROR HARRIS: Yeah, I’ve seen him. MR. ALLEN: Do you think that might in some way affect your ability to make a fair and impartial decision in his case, the fact that you know him and met him? JUROR HARRIS: I don’t know. The way I know him, being the situation it was when I met him. MR. ALLEN: All right. Something about the situation or the way that you met him that you think might make it difficult for you to serve as a fair and impartial juror? JUROR HARRIS: Yes, it was. MR. ALLEN: Without getting into what the details were, do you think it might? JUROR HARRIS: It might, because – you know, like I said, because of the situation, you know, the way I met him and, you know, where the place was.
-7- MR. ALLEN: Well, the bottom line is whether or not you can make a fair and impartial decision. And the reason we’re asking you these questions is whether or not you think based upon your contact with him sometime in the past, because of the circumstances of that contact, is that going to play a part in that decision? JUROR HARRIS: I don’t know. It may not, you know. MR. ALLEN: But you’re just not sure. JUROR HARRIS: No, because, like I said, the situation, but I can hear the evidence. MR. ALLEN: Okay. Anybody else know the Defendant or have any contact with him before? I believe that’s all. THE COURT: Mr. Morris. MR. MORRIS: Mr. Harris, are you saying you can’t be impartial? Is that what I’m hearing? JUROR HARRIS: Well, I’m just saying, you know, I wouldn’t want to, you know, to do nothing to jeopardize, because like I say, I had met him – THE COURT: Let’s don’t get into any details about this. MR. MORRIS: I just want to know if you can be fair and impartial, that’s all, and objective, and look at the facts in this case in particular, regardless of how you may or may not know Mr. Merriweather or where you were or whatever happened. Can you look at this case objectively and listen to the facts from the witness stand, follow the Judge’s instructions, hold the State to its burden of proving the Defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, go in the jury room and deliberate on this case? Can you do all that? JUROR HARRIS: Oh, I’m not sure I can do that, you know, honestly, because – like I say, because I knew him. THE COURT: I take it that you understand you can’t get into details on the matter, but there is something that’s going to give you problems. I kind of can read that into it, right? JUROR HARRIS: Yes, sir. THE COURT: You’re excused. James C. Volner. MR. MORRIS: Your Honor, can we approach? THE COURT: Yes. (There was a conference at the bench, out of the hearing of the prospective jurors as follows.) MR. MORRIS: Your Honor, I’ve never faced a situation like this before, but I think I better make an objection.
-8- THE COURT: On what? MR. MORRIS: Or ask the Court to consider a mistrial. Mr. Harris has tainted the whole jury pool. THE COURT: Let’s go out in the hall. (There was a discussion off the record; and jury selection continued without further objection.)
A mistrial shall be declared in criminal cases only in the event that a manifest necessity requires such action. State v. Millbrooks, 819 S.W.2d 441 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). In other words, a mistrial is an appropriate remedy only when a trial cannot continue, or a miscarriage of justice would result if it did. State v. McPherson, 882 S.W.2d 365, 370 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). The decision to grant a mistrial lies within the sound discretion of the trial court and this court will not interfere with the exercise of that discretion absent clear abuse appearing on the face of the record. See State v. Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121, 147 (Tenn. 1998). Moreover, the burden of establishing the necessity for mistrial lies with the party seeking it. State v. Williams, 929 S.W.2d 385, 388 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996).
Initially, we note that the defendant has not preserved in the record the argument on the motion for mistrial. It is the appellant’s duty to preserve an adequate record for purposes of appeal. Tenn. R. App. P. 24(b); State v. Bennett, 798 S.W.2d 783, 790 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). Failure to do so results in waiver of consideration of the issue on appeal, and a presumption that the trial court ruled correctly. State v. Ivy, 868 S.W.2d 724, 728 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).
Second, no objection was made by defense counsel to the questions being posed by the prosecutor. Defense counsel himself asked a similar series of questions in the presence of the entire jury panel before deciding to present his motion. No request was ever made for individual voir dire. This failure to object also normally results in waiver of the issue. See State v. Little, 854 S.W.2d 643, 651 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).
Third, at no time during the course of the proceedings did defense counsel request any curative instruction to the jury about the possible prejudice that might have occurred. This failure, too, constitutes waiver of the issue. Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a); State v. Jones, 733 S.W.2d 517, 522 (Tenn. Crim. App.), per. app. denied (Tenn. 1987).
Fourth, the motion for new trial does not specifically address this issue, asserting only that “defendant was not tried by an impartial jury”. Since oral argument on the motion is not preserved in the record, we are unable to determine if this issue was specifically raised to the trial court. This failure also generally results in waiver of the issue. Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e).
However, a review by this court of the entire exchange reveals no clear prejudice done to the defendant during the questioning of the juror. The juror admitted that he had previously met the defendant at a friend’s house, and had had a single conversation with him. He expressed uncertainty about his ability to be fair and impartial because of the “situation” when they met. While defense counsel speculated this was a reference to some improper activity, it might equally have been a
-9- simple reference to having met in a social situation and sharing mutual friends. Both trial counsel and the court asked the prospective juror not to recite any details, and he did not. Absent additional information, it is pure speculation as to what caused his discomfort, and is even more speculative to assume that other members of the potential jury panel would be more likely to assume a negative rationale rather than a positive one.
Generally, errors committed during the selection, summoning and empaneling of juries do not affect the validity of a verdict in a criminal case unless prejudice has enured to the accused. See Helton v. State, 195 Tenn. 36, 51, 255 S.W.2d 694, 700, cert. denied, 346 U.S. 816, 74 S.Ct. 28, 98 L.Ed. 343 (1953); State v. Boyd, 867 S.W.2d 330, 337 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992), per. app. dismissed (Tenn. 1993); State v. Elrod, 721 S.W.2d 820, 822 (Tenn. Crim. App.), per. app. denied (Tenn. 1986); State v. Wiseman, 643 S.W.2d 354, 359 (Tenn. Crim. App.), per. app. denied (Tenn. 1982). The defendant has failed to substantiate his claim beyond mere speculation. He has not demonstrated that he was prejudiced by any error that was committed during voir dire. Without more, this court must conclude there was no manifest necessity for a mistrial and that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to grant a mistrial. This issue is without merit.
II.
Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in its instructions to witness Miguel Miller during his testimony before the jury. This issue was not raised in defendant’s motion for a new trial. Therefore, it is waived. Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e). However, defendant asserts that the judge’s remarks constitute plain error and, as such, are subject to review. See Tenn. R. Crim. P. 52(a).
Miguel Miller, the original co-defendant in this case, was called by the defense during its case in chief. During cross-examination by the assistant district attorney, Miller engaged in a pattern of responding to the prosecutor’s questions with questions of his own. His answers were unresponsive and contradictory on a number of occasions. On four separate occasions the trial judge asked the witness to answer questions specifically. The witness continued his unresponsive answers. The last exchange, challenged by defendant in his brief, was as follows:
Q. You took his wallet? You got a problem there, Mr. Miller? A. Do you have a problem? Q. You got how much money out of his pocket? A. I already told you that. Q. Tell me again. I don’t remember. A. Yeah, you remember. THE COURT: He asked how much money. Come on, Mr. Miller. How much money did you get from him? THE WITNESS: He already know that. I ain’t going to answer that again. THE COURT: You’re not? THE WITNESS: He already knows the answer.
-10- THE COURT: If you don’t answer these questions, I’m going to tell those ladies and gentlemen to disregard every statement you’ve made. And if you want me to do that, that’s what I’m going to do, every word that you say. A witness cannot get on the stand, give the testimony they want to and refuse to give it -- all of the testimony. So please – A. What was the question again? THE COURT: Please cooperate with us, Mr. Miller. I wish you would. If you don’t, your testimony and you are both going out of here. Q. How much money did you get from Mr. Wyatt? A. $200. Q. Okay. And you say you turned around and give him $50. A. Of my check.
Tenn. R. Evid. 611(a) provides that “a court shall exercise appropriate control over the presentation of evidence. . .” The propriety, scope, manner, and control of examination of witnesses is entrusted to the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be interfered with absent an abuse of that discretion. State v. Hutchison, 898 S.W.2d 161, 172 (Tenn. 1994). The defendant never objected to the judge’s statement to the witness, never asked for the jury to be excused, never asked for a curative instruction, and did not include this matter in his motion for new trial.
A trial court may admonish a witness suspected of untruthfulness of the significance of lying under oath. State v. Schafer, 973 S.W.2d 269, 278 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). However, a trial court may not declare its belief the witness is being untruthful and threaten the witness with prosecution for perjury to such a degree that the witness changes his testimony to the detriment of the defendant. Id. at 278. When the trial court’s actions exceed the bounds of an appropriate warning, “the defendant’s right to a fair trial is compromised and the outcome of the trial brought into question”. Id.
The witness in this case clearly evidenced, through his actions, that he did not intend to cooperate with the prosecutor’s attempt to conduct cross-examination. He had to be admonished more than once. The trial judge merely attempted to require him to be more responsive. He did not exceed the bounds of an appropriate warning. No abuse of discretion occurred. There is no plain error. This issue is without merit.
III.
Defendant next contends that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his convictions of attempted second degree murder, aggravated assault, and especially aggravated robbery. When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, the standard is whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the
-11- evidence, are resolved by the trier of fact, not this court. State v. Morris, 24 S.W.3d 788, 795 (Tenn. 2000). Nor may this court reweigh or reevaluate the evidence. State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992). A verdict of guilty by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the state’s witnesses and resolves all conflicts in the testimony in favor of the state. See State v. Cazes, 875 S.W.2d 253, 259 (Tenn. 1994).
The defendant was charged with attempt to commit first degree murder, aggravated assault, and especially aggravated robbery. He was convicted of attempt to commit second degree murder, aggravated assault, and especially aggravated robbery.
To obtain a conviction for attempted second degree murder, the state must prove that defendant knowingly attempted to kill the victim. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§39-12-101, 39-13-210.
To obtain a conviction for especially aggravated robbery, the state must prove (1) the defendant perpetrated an intentional or knowing theft of property from the person of another by violence or putting the person in fear; (2) the defendant accomplished the theft with a deadly weapon; and (3) the victim suffered serious bodily injury. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§39-13-403(a) and 39-13-401.
To obtain a conviction for aggravated assault, the state must prove the defendant (1) intentionally or knowingly committed an assault as defined in Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-101 and, (2) caused serious bodily injury to the victim or used or displayed a deadly weapon. See Tenn. Code Ann. §39-13-102(a).
A person may be convicted of each of these three offenses under a criminal responsibility theory. A defendant is criminally responsible as a party to an offense if the offense is committed by the defendant’s own conduct, by the conduct of another for which the defendant is criminally responsible, or by both. See Tenn. Code Ann. §39-11-401(a). A defendant is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the conduct of another if, acting with intent to promote or assist in the commission of the offense, or to benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense, the defendant solicits, directs, aids, or attempts to aid another person to commit the offense. See Tenn. Code Ann. §39-11-402(2).
Both Miguel Miller and the defendant testified that Miller advised defendant in advance about his plan to rob the victim. The victim testified that the two men were together alone in the bedroom before he entered and that, immediately upon his entry, Miller attacked him with two different knifes, seriously injuring him, and took his money. He testified that the defendant assisted by directing his body to fall in a location where blood would not be spilled across the room. Both men then assisted in placing him in his truck, driving him to a deserted location, locking him in the truck, and leaving him there without assistance. One of the men commented to the other during the drive that they needed to be sure he was dead. Defendant also acknowledged receiving money from Miller shortly after Miller took money from the victim. He never warned the victim, called the police, or sought to get the victim any assistance. The victim was hospitalized for eight days and suffered partial paralysis to his face as a result of his injuries.
-12- A verdict of guilty accredits the theory of the state and removes the presumption of innocence. While the testimony in this case was contradictory, the jury could have concluded, taking all evidence in the light most favorable to the state, that the defendant was criminally responsible for the attempted murder, aggravated assault, and especially aggravated robbery of the victim. The jury needed only to find that the defendant, acting with the intent to promote or assist the commission of the offenses, or to benefit in the proceeds of the offense, aided Miller in committing the offenses. See Tenn. Code Ann. §39-11-402(2). The proof is sufficient to support the convictions on all three counts. This issue is without merit.
In our original opinion we dismissed the defendant’s conviction for aggravated assault based on double jeopardy issues. The Tennessee Constitution protects defendants from multiple punishments for the same offense. See Tenn. Const. Art.1, §10; State v. Denton, 938 S.W.2d 373, 378 (Tenn. 1996). Because this case is being remanded for a new trial, it is premature to address this issue. However, our analysis of that issue is still valid. Should the defendant after retrial be convicted of both attempted homicide and aggravated assault arising out of a single attack on a single victim, the trial court should apply the three prongs of the Denton test to determine if a double jeopardy violation has occurred.
IV.
The defendant finally contends that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury about the possible lesser-included offenses of criminal responsibility for facilitation of a felony and accessory after the fact. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§39-11-403, 39-11-411. This issue was not raised at trial or in the motion for new trial. Therefore, generally it is deemed waived. Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e).
Additionally, defendant in his brief does not cite any case law in support of his argument. His entire argument on this issue is:
IV. WHETHER THE COURT COMMITTED PLAIN ERROR BY NOT INSTRUCTION (sic) THE JURY OF THE LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSES OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR FACILITATION OF A FELONY AND ACCESSORY AFTER THE FACT.
It is the Defendant’s position that the Court committed Plain Error by not instructing the lessor (sic) included offenses of Criminal Responsibility for Facilitation of a Felony and Accessory after the Fact. It is the Defendant’s position that after all of the proof in this case, both of these instructions should have been submitted to the jury for their consideration. The Defendant argues that this is Plain Error under Rule 52(b) of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure.
-13- This failure, too, generally acts as a waiver of the issue. Tenn. Crim. App. R. 10(b). However, the defendant argues that the trial court’s failure to properly instruct on lesser-included offenses is plain error under Rule 52(b), Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure. We agree that a trial court’s failure to instruct the jury on a lesser-included offense, where that instruction is warranted by the evidence adduced at trial, may properly be reviewed by this court as plain error. See State v. Brooks, 909 S.W.2d 854, 860 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).
A. Accessory After the Fact
Defendant first claims the trial court should have instructed the jury about the offense of accessory after the fact. “A person is an accessory after the fact who, after the commission of a felony, with knowledge or reasonable ground to believe that the offender has committed the felony, and with the intent to hinder the arrest, trial, conviction or punishment of the offender: (1) [h]arbors or conceals the offender; (2) [p]rovides or aids in providing the offender with any means of avoiding arrest, trial, conviction or punishment; or (3) [w]arns the offender of impending apprehension or discovery.” Tenn. Code Ann. §39-11-411(a).
In State v. Hodgkinson, 778 S.W.2d 54, 63 (Tenn. Crim. App.), perm. app. denied (Tenn. 1989), this court held that accessory after the fact is a separate offense, rather than a lesser-included offense of a felony committed by the perpetrator of a crime. See Monts v. State, 214 Tenn. 171, 379 S.W.2d 34, 43 (1964); State v. Hoosier, 631 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. Crim. App.) perm. app. denied (Tenn. 1982). Since the defendant was not charged separately with this offense, the trial court was under no duty to instruct the jury about it. This assertion is without merit.
B. Facilitation of a Felony
Trial courts are under a duty to ‘“instruct the jury on all lesser-included offenses if the evidence introduced at trial is legally sufficient to support a conviction for the lesser offense.”’ State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 464 (Tenn. 1999) (quoting State v. Langford, 994 S.W.2d 126, 128 (Tenn. 1999)). This duty exists even absent a request from the defendant. The trial judge did, over the objection of the defendant, instruct the jury on criminal responsibility for the conduct of another.3 He was not requested to, and did not, charge facilitation of any of the felonies.
In Burns, our Supreme Court adopted a new three-part test for determining whether an offense is a lesser-included offense. See 6 S.W.3d at 466-67. Under this test, facilitation of the offense charged is, by definition, a lesser-included offense. Id. This general statement, however, does not end our analysis.
3 W e note that this is a theory of criminal liability, which m ay result in a conviction of the charged offense. It is not a lesser-included offense.
-14- Our Supreme Court has recognized that, “[t]he mere existence of a lesser offense to a charged offense is not sufficient alone to warrant a charge on that offense.” Id. at 468. Rather, the trial court’s obligation to charge the jury on lesser-included offenses depends on a two-part inquiry:
First, the trial court must determine whether any evidence exists that reasonable minds could accept as to the lesser included offense. In making this determination, the trial court must view the evidence liberally in the light most favorable to the existence of the lesser-included offense without making any judgments on the credibility of such evidence. Second, the trial court must determine if the evidence, viewed in this light, is legally sufficient to support a conviction for the lesser- included offense.
Id. at 469. In this case, the evidence was sufficient to support convictions of facilitation of each of the charged felonies. The trial court therefore erred in failing to give this instruction.
In State v. Ely and Bowers, 48 S.W.3d 710 (Tenn. 2001), our Supreme Court held that the right to lesser-included offense instructions is a right of constitutional dimension and derives not merely from statute. As the Supreme Court noted:
The distinction is significant, because if the right is constitutional in nature, the State bears the burden of showing that a deprivation of this right is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967); cf. State v. Scott, 33 S.W.3d 746, 755 (Tenn. 2000); Momon v. State, 18 S.W.3d 152, 164 (Tenn. 1999). However, if the right is not constitutional in nature, the defendant bears the burden of showing the harmfulness of its deprivation. Moreover, the standard for assessing the effect of a constitutional error is higher than that for assessing the effect of a non-constitutional error. An error affecting a constitutional right is presumed to be reversible, and any such error will result in reversal of the conviction unless the State proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not affect the outcome of the trial. State v. Harris, 989 S.W.2d 307, 315 (Tenn. 1999). A non-constitutional error, on the other hand, is presumed not to be reversible, and no judgment of conviction will be reversed unless the error affirmatively appears to have affected the result of the trial on the merits, or unless considering the record as a whole, the error involves a substantial right which more probably than not affected the judgment or resulted in prejudice to the judicial process. Id.; see also Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b), Tenn. R. Crim. P. 52(a).
48 S.W.3d at 725. In our view, the application of the higher standard of review controls the outcome of this case.
Here, the trial judge instructed the jury on (1) attempted first degree murder and the lesser- included offense of attempted second degree murder; (2) aggravated assault; and (3) especially aggravated robbery and the lesser-included offenses of aggravated robbery and robbery. The trial judge did not charge the jury concerning the defendant’s possible criminal responsibility for the
-15- facilitation of each of these felonies. Although we earlier held that we could not say the jury more probably than not would have found the defendant guilty of criminal responsibility for the facilitation of any of the charged offenses, the application of the standard of review set forth in Ely and Bowers changes the outcome of our analysis. We do not believe the state has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the failure to charge these lesser offenses did not affect the outcome of the trial on the charges of attempted murder and aggravated assault.
With respect to the especially aggravated robbery, the record in this case reflects that, after charging the jury about the offense of especially aggravated robbery, the trial judge also charged the jury with the lesser-included crimes of aggravated robbery and robbery. At first glance, the jury’s rejection of these lesser offenses in favor of the greater one would appear to render harmless the trial court’s failure to instruct on the additional lesser offense of facilitation. See State v. Williams, 977 S.W.2d 101, 106 (Tenn. 1998). In Williams, our Supreme Court held that, “by finding the defendant guilty of the highest offense to the exclusion of the immediately lesser offense, . . . the jury necessarily rejected all other lesser offenses . . . .” Id. (emphasis added). However, since facilitation of a felony is a lesser degree of criminal responsibility for the commission of the felony, see Burns, 6 S.W.3d at 470, the immediately lesser offense of especially aggravated robbery is facilitation of especially aggravated robbery, not aggravated robbery. Thus, the trial court did not charge the jury on the immediately lesser offense of especially aggravated robbery, and the error was therefore not harmless under the Williams analysis.
Accordingly, because the trial court committed plain error in failing to instruct the jury on the lesser-included offenses supported by the evidence adduced at trial, we must reverse the defendant’s convictions for attempted second degree murder, aggravated assault, and especially aggravated robbery, and remand this case for a new trial on those counts.
____________________________________ CORNELIA A. CLARK, SPECIAL JUDGE
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