Brogden, J.
Three questions are presented for determination: (1) Was there sufficient evidence to establish a contract of sale and delivery of materials? (2) Was tbe defendant relieved of liability by reason of rejection of said material by tbe resident engineer of tbe State Highway Commission? (3) Is tbe defendant Casualty Company
liable under its bond for said materials, it being admitted that they were not actually incorporated in the work?
In reference to the first question presented, it is established law that in order to constitute a binding contract the offer and acceptance must be in identical terms and unequivocal. The rule is thus stated by
Stacy, J.,
in
Rucker v. Sanders,
182 N. C., 609: “There is no effort to circumvent or deny the well settled principle that an offer must be accepted in its exact terms in order that a contract should arise therefrom, and any attempt to impose new conditions or terms in the acceptance, however slight, will ordinarily deprive it of any efficacy.”
Overall Co. v. Holmes,
186 N. C., 428;
Refining Corporation v. Sanders,
190 N. C., 203.
Applying this rule to the facts as disclosed by the record, it appears that on 16 November the defendant wrote the plaintiff, “Can you ship me sand and gravel to Verona and Jacksonville?” On 20 November the plaintiff wrote defendant, “I think we can handle the Verona order O.K., but could not promise you shipment before the first of the month on gravel, but can ship the sand at any time. Please advise if this is satisfactory and the approximate quantities you would want shipped to Verona.” In response to that letter, on 22 November, the defendant wrote the plaintiff, “I want you to ship to Verona just as soon as you can. If you can see your way to ship before the first of the month I wish you would do so. I will need about 1100 cubic yards of gravel and about 450 cubic yards of sand.” This language, by fair deduction, compels the conclusion that there was such an offer and acceptance thereof as the law contemplates, and, therefore, a binding contract. While the price for the' material was not mentioned in the correspondence, it appears from the record that the plaintiff had quoted the defendant gravel and sand for shipment to Onslow County at the price of $1.50 on the inch and a half gravel per ton and fifty cents on sand.
The plaintiff offered in evidence twenty-one way bills issued by the railroad company for thirteen cars of gravel and eight cars of sand, showing shipment of material to the defendant. The defendant objected to these documents for the reason that they were carbon copies of the originals, and that the originals were in the possession of the railroad. The evidence was admitted over the objection of the defendant, and the ruling of the trial judge presents the question of admissibility of carbon copies of the bills of lading where no notice was given to produce the original and where the original was in the possession of the railroad company.
There was evidence that the carbon copies were made at the same time and by the same mechanical operation as the originals. In
International Harvester Co. of America v. Elfstrom,
112 N. W., 252, it is
said: “It is well settled that, where a writing is executed in duplicate or multiplicate, each of the parts is the writing which is to be proved, because by the act of the parties each is made as much the legal act as the other.” In
Chesapeake Ry. Co. v. Stock,
51 S. E., 161, the Court held: “That a carbon copy made at the same time and by the same impression of type is to be regarded as a duplicate original and admissible in evidence without notice to produce the other original.”
Federal Union Surety Co. v. Ind. Lumber and Mfg. Co.,
95 N. E., 1104; 22 C. J., 1024;
McLendon v. Ebbs,
173 N. C., 605;
Ins. Co. v. R. R.,
138 N. C., 42;
Beard v. R. R.,
143 N. C., 142.
~We
conclude, therefore, that his Honor was correct in admitting the evidence.
The second question involves the rejection of the material by the resident engineer of the State Highway Commission. Upon this aspect of the case the judge charged the jury in part: “If you are satisfied from the evidence and by the greater weight thereof that the materials were contracted for by the defendant, and were loaded on the car and shipped by the plaintiff in accordance with the contract, and the materials were the kind and quality contracted for and suitable for the purpose for which they were ordered, and the defendant failed to pay therefor, the plaintiff would be entitled to recover the contract price therefor, provided the plaintiff had received nothing from the sale of the material.” This charge is a correct interpretation of the law applicable to the facts. In sales of personal property where there is no warranty of quality, it is nevertheless the duty of the seller to furnish property reasonably suitable for the uses and purposes for which the property was intended.
Ashford v. Shrader,
167 N. C., 45;
Furniture Co. v. Mfg. Co.,
169 N. C., 41;
Farquhar Co. v. Hardware Co.,
174 N. C., 369. It also appeared from the testimony of the resident engineer of the State Highway Commission that the defendant did not wait to get the material tested, but refused it himself, and hence this aspect of the case is immaterial.
In reference to the third question, it appears from the testimony that the material was sold at the instance of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company, and, therefore, not actually incorporated in the work. The pertinent provision of the bond obligated the bondsman
to truly pay every person furnishing labor and material for all labor and materials for which the contractor is liable.
The jury, by its verdict, under proper instruction from the court, found that the defendant made a valid contract for the material, and that in pursuance thereof material reasonably fit and suitable for the contemplated work was delivered to a common carrier consigned to the defendant. The material was therefore “furnished” to the contractor,
and, Pence of necessity the contractor was liable for the purchase price. Therefore, the contractor being liable, the bond, by its express terms, guaranteed payment.
Counsel, in able briefs, have called our attention to no case in this State determining the question of liability of a bondsman for material not actually incorporated in the work. In construing lien statutes, the courts are divided. Some hold that no lien can be acquired by a ma-terialman unless the material is actually incorporated in the structure. These are “strict constructions.” The more liberal view is that, if material, fit and proper, is delivered to the owner, the materialman having done all that he is required to do and all that he can do, is entitled to a lien whether the material is actually used or not. The divergence of judicial decision is classified in an exhaustive note in 13 A. & E. Anno. Cas., p. 13. The liberal interpretation of such statutes was adopted in North Carolina in
Womble v. Leach,
83 N.
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Brogden, J.
Three questions are presented for determination: (1) Was there sufficient evidence to establish a contract of sale and delivery of materials? (2) Was tbe defendant relieved of liability by reason of rejection of said material by tbe resident engineer of tbe State Highway Commission? (3) Is tbe defendant Casualty Company
liable under its bond for said materials, it being admitted that they were not actually incorporated in the work?
In reference to the first question presented, it is established law that in order to constitute a binding contract the offer and acceptance must be in identical terms and unequivocal. The rule is thus stated by
Stacy, J.,
in
Rucker v. Sanders,
182 N. C., 609: “There is no effort to circumvent or deny the well settled principle that an offer must be accepted in its exact terms in order that a contract should arise therefrom, and any attempt to impose new conditions or terms in the acceptance, however slight, will ordinarily deprive it of any efficacy.”
Overall Co. v. Holmes,
186 N. C., 428;
Refining Corporation v. Sanders,
190 N. C., 203.
Applying this rule to the facts as disclosed by the record, it appears that on 16 November the defendant wrote the plaintiff, “Can you ship me sand and gravel to Verona and Jacksonville?” On 20 November the plaintiff wrote defendant, “I think we can handle the Verona order O.K., but could not promise you shipment before the first of the month on gravel, but can ship the sand at any time. Please advise if this is satisfactory and the approximate quantities you would want shipped to Verona.” In response to that letter, on 22 November, the defendant wrote the plaintiff, “I want you to ship to Verona just as soon as you can. If you can see your way to ship before the first of the month I wish you would do so. I will need about 1100 cubic yards of gravel and about 450 cubic yards of sand.” This language, by fair deduction, compels the conclusion that there was such an offer and acceptance thereof as the law contemplates, and, therefore, a binding contract. While the price for the' material was not mentioned in the correspondence, it appears from the record that the plaintiff had quoted the defendant gravel and sand for shipment to Onslow County at the price of $1.50 on the inch and a half gravel per ton and fifty cents on sand.
The plaintiff offered in evidence twenty-one way bills issued by the railroad company for thirteen cars of gravel and eight cars of sand, showing shipment of material to the defendant. The defendant objected to these documents for the reason that they were carbon copies of the originals, and that the originals were in the possession of the railroad. The evidence was admitted over the objection of the defendant, and the ruling of the trial judge presents the question of admissibility of carbon copies of the bills of lading where no notice was given to produce the original and where the original was in the possession of the railroad company.
There was evidence that the carbon copies were made at the same time and by the same mechanical operation as the originals. In
International Harvester Co. of America v. Elfstrom,
112 N. W., 252, it is
said: “It is well settled that, where a writing is executed in duplicate or multiplicate, each of the parts is the writing which is to be proved, because by the act of the parties each is made as much the legal act as the other.” In
Chesapeake Ry. Co. v. Stock,
51 S. E., 161, the Court held: “That a carbon copy made at the same time and by the same impression of type is to be regarded as a duplicate original and admissible in evidence without notice to produce the other original.”
Federal Union Surety Co. v. Ind. Lumber and Mfg. Co.,
95 N. E., 1104; 22 C. J., 1024;
McLendon v. Ebbs,
173 N. C., 605;
Ins. Co. v. R. R.,
138 N. C., 42;
Beard v. R. R.,
143 N. C., 142.
~We
conclude, therefore, that his Honor was correct in admitting the evidence.
The second question involves the rejection of the material by the resident engineer of the State Highway Commission. Upon this aspect of the case the judge charged the jury in part: “If you are satisfied from the evidence and by the greater weight thereof that the materials were contracted for by the defendant, and were loaded on the car and shipped by the plaintiff in accordance with the contract, and the materials were the kind and quality contracted for and suitable for the purpose for which they were ordered, and the defendant failed to pay therefor, the plaintiff would be entitled to recover the contract price therefor, provided the plaintiff had received nothing from the sale of the material.” This charge is a correct interpretation of the law applicable to the facts. In sales of personal property where there is no warranty of quality, it is nevertheless the duty of the seller to furnish property reasonably suitable for the uses and purposes for which the property was intended.
Ashford v. Shrader,
167 N. C., 45;
Furniture Co. v. Mfg. Co.,
169 N. C., 41;
Farquhar Co. v. Hardware Co.,
174 N. C., 369. It also appeared from the testimony of the resident engineer of the State Highway Commission that the defendant did not wait to get the material tested, but refused it himself, and hence this aspect of the case is immaterial.
In reference to the third question, it appears from the testimony that the material was sold at the instance of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company, and, therefore, not actually incorporated in the work. The pertinent provision of the bond obligated the bondsman
to truly pay every person furnishing labor and material for all labor and materials for which the contractor is liable.
The jury, by its verdict, under proper instruction from the court, found that the defendant made a valid contract for the material, and that in pursuance thereof material reasonably fit and suitable for the contemplated work was delivered to a common carrier consigned to the defendant. The material was therefore “furnished” to the contractor,
and, Pence of necessity the contractor was liable for the purchase price. Therefore, the contractor being liable, the bond, by its express terms, guaranteed payment.
Counsel, in able briefs, have called our attention to no case in this State determining the question of liability of a bondsman for material not actually incorporated in the work. In construing lien statutes, the courts are divided. Some hold that no lien can be acquired by a ma-terialman unless the material is actually incorporated in the structure. These are “strict constructions.” The more liberal view is that, if material, fit and proper, is delivered to the owner, the materialman having done all that he is required to do and all that he can do, is entitled to a lien whether the material is actually used or not. The divergence of judicial decision is classified in an exhaustive note in 13 A. & E. Anno. Cas., p. 13. The liberal interpretation of such statutes was adopted in North Carolina in
Womble v. Leach,
83 N. C., 86, which held that a landlord, furnishing supplies was not bound to see that the supplies to the tenant were actually used on his farm.
In the present case, however, we are not construing a lien statute but a contract.
Town of Cornelius v. Lampton,
189 N. C., 718. As stated by
Justice Clarkson
in
Aderholt v. Condon,
189 N. C., 755: “The hond is to pay for the work and material for which the contractor — Costello Brothers-Condon & Condon — is liable.”
In lien statutes the lien is the security for the laborer and the ma-terialman. In cases like the case now under consideration where no lien can be secured, the bond is the security for laborers and material-man. In
Crane v. U. S. Fidelity and Guaranty Co.,
132 Pac., 872, the contract provided for the construction of an annex to a public school building in the city of Seattle. The contractor bought material, part of which was not used in the structure. The Court held that the liability of a contractor for materials ordered and supplied for the work, but not actually used therein, is within the contractor’s bond conditioned on payment of materialmen furnishing materials for the work, the contractor not reserving the right to return any material not used.
Trammel v. Mount,
68 Texas, 213. Indeed, if any other rule of liability should be applied, materialmen would be compelled to stand guard over materials furnished and compel the contractor to incorporate them in the work in order to collect the purchase price. The logical result of such a rule would be to undermine and destroy business confidence and -security.
By reason of the importance of the principles involved, we have given the record careful consideration and are convinced that the merits of the controversy have been determined in accordance with the law.
Affirmed.