Smith, Judge.
Leonard and Stellie Sletto filed this action against the Hospital Authority of Houston County d/b/a Houston Medical Center (HMC), Marlyn Jackson, and Smart Corporation as a result of the unauthorized release of Leonard Sletto’s psychiatric records. The trial court granted summary judgment to all defendants, and the Slettos appeal. For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part and reverse in part.
The essential facts are not disputed. Leonard Sletto filed an action in August 1992 against an individual for personal injuries he allegedly received as a result of an automobile accident. During the course of discovery, the defendant’s attorney, James Towson, sent a request for production of documents to non-party HMC requesting all of Sletto’s records. In response, HMC released to Towson copies of Sletto’s medical records, including certain mental health records, without obtaining authorization from Sletto to release the mental [204]*204health records. Appellee Smart Corporation was contracted by HMC to provide photocopying and distributing services of medical records and apparently copied Leonard Sletto’s records on HMC’s behalf. The custodian of medical records for HMC, Marlyn Jackson, testified on her deposition that the release was “an error” or “oversight” made by her.
After HMC sent the records to Towson, HMC’s attorney asked Towson that the records be returned, and after having his paralegal review the records, Towson did so. The Slettos filed this action, alleging that Leonard Sletto had “suffered pecuniary loss and injury to his peace, happiness, feelings, and has suffered an invasion of his legal right of privacy as a result of” HMC’s unauthorized disclosure of his psychological records. The complaint also alleged that Stellie Sletto had suffered a loss of consortium. All defendants moved for summary judgment on several grounds. They contended, among other things, that they were entitled to summary judgment on any invasion of privacy claim. HMC and Jackson also argued that summary judgment was warranted because the Slettos could not prevail on their action alleging purely emotional harm. Further, Smart Corporation argued that it was entitled to summary judgment based on the running of the applicable statute of limitation. The trial court granted summary judgment to the defendants, finding that defendants did not intentionally release Leonard Sletto’s psychiatric records. The trial court further found that Leonard Sletto was not entitled to recover for a claim of negligent infliction of emotional distress, because that required “some physical impact arising directly from the release of the mental health records.” The trial court also concluded that the Slettos were not entitled to recover on their an invasion of privacy claim.
On appeal, the Slettos raise no contention with respect to the trial court’s finding concerning the invasion of privacy claim but instead argue that the “impact rule” does not bar recovery in this case. We conclude that Smart Corporation was entitled to summary judgment with respect to Leonard Sletto’s claim, based on the expiration of the statute of limitation. We also agree with the Slettos, however, that summary judgment was incorrectly granted to HMC and Jackson, but for different reasons.
1. The threshold issue in this case is whether the unauthorized release of Leonard Sletto’s psychiatric records affords them a cause of action under our law. The Slettos acknowledge on appeal that they seek damages under OCGA § 51-12-6. If damages for mental pain and suffering sought under this section “are not accompanied by physical or pecuniary loss, recovery is allowed only if the conduct complained of was malicious, wilful or wanton.” (Punctuation omitted.) Carroll v. Rock, 220 Ga. App. 260, 261 (469 SE2d 391) (1996). [205]*205See also Ryckeley v. Callaway, 261 Ga. 828 (412 SE2d 826) (1992); Ob-Gyn Assoc. of Albany v. Littleton, 259 Ga. 663, 665-666 (2) (386 SE2d 146) (1989); Ford v. Whipple, 225 Ga. App. 276, 277-278 (483 SE2d 591) (1997). Furthermore, even if the conduct was malicious, wilful, and wanton, it must have been directed toward the plaintiff to warrant recovery. Ryckeley, supra at 829. And it is true, as argued by appellees, that the record is devoid of evidence that Leonard Sletto suffered a physical impact. The Slettos concede as much in their appellate brief. We must also agree with appellees that the record does not show that appellees’ actions were “malicious, wilful, or wanton” or that any act or omission was directed toward the Slettos. Jackson testified unequivocally that HMC inadvertently released the records and that she did not harbor any malice toward Leonard Sletto, nor did she intend to injure him. She also stated that she “did not personally know or have any knowledge of Mr. Sletto or his records at HMC prior to the filing of this lawsuit.”
But even though Leonard Sletto suffered no physical injury and HMC’s actions were not wilful, wanton, or malicious that does not end our inquiry, for this case is not defined solely by reference to OCGA § 51-12-6. This case is not simply an action concerning the emotional consequences on a plaintiff arising out of a defendant’s alleged commission of a negligent tort, such as a defendant’s damage to a burial ground, Ryckeley, supra, the negligent loss of a plaintiff’s pet by defendant veterinary clinic, Carroll, supra, a vehicular collision, Ford, supra, or even the alleged negligent delivery of an infant who later died, Littleton, supra. Instead, this case involves the unauthorized release of psychiatric records, records specifically granted special, protective treatment under our law. For example, OCGA § 24-9-21 (5) expressly provides that “certain admissions and communications excluded on grounds of public policy” include “Communications between psychiatrist and patient.” Other statutes manifest this strong public policy against the unauthorized release of mental health records. OCGA § 37-3-166 (a) (2) carefully and strictly defines those persons to whom mental health records may be released. As stated in Mrozinski v. Pogue, 205 Ga. App. 731 (423 SE2d 405) (1992):
[T]he legislature’s pronouncements in OCGA §§ 37-3-166 (a) and 37-7-166 (a) as to disclosure of clinical records of persons receiving hospital treatment for mental illness and substance abuse are that a clinical record for each patient shall be maintained and no part of it shall be released. Even when clinical records are properly disclosed pursuant to these Code sections, such authorization shall not permit disclosure of matters privileged under the laws of this state. [206]*206[Cits.] We conclude that Georgia law has an exceedingly strict view as to what are privileged communications.
(Punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) Id. at 734 (2).1 See also OCGA § 43-39-16 (psychologist-patient privilege).
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Smith, Judge.
Leonard and Stellie Sletto filed this action against the Hospital Authority of Houston County d/b/a Houston Medical Center (HMC), Marlyn Jackson, and Smart Corporation as a result of the unauthorized release of Leonard Sletto’s psychiatric records. The trial court granted summary judgment to all defendants, and the Slettos appeal. For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part and reverse in part.
The essential facts are not disputed. Leonard Sletto filed an action in August 1992 against an individual for personal injuries he allegedly received as a result of an automobile accident. During the course of discovery, the defendant’s attorney, James Towson, sent a request for production of documents to non-party HMC requesting all of Sletto’s records. In response, HMC released to Towson copies of Sletto’s medical records, including certain mental health records, without obtaining authorization from Sletto to release the mental [204]*204health records. Appellee Smart Corporation was contracted by HMC to provide photocopying and distributing services of medical records and apparently copied Leonard Sletto’s records on HMC’s behalf. The custodian of medical records for HMC, Marlyn Jackson, testified on her deposition that the release was “an error” or “oversight” made by her.
After HMC sent the records to Towson, HMC’s attorney asked Towson that the records be returned, and after having his paralegal review the records, Towson did so. The Slettos filed this action, alleging that Leonard Sletto had “suffered pecuniary loss and injury to his peace, happiness, feelings, and has suffered an invasion of his legal right of privacy as a result of” HMC’s unauthorized disclosure of his psychological records. The complaint also alleged that Stellie Sletto had suffered a loss of consortium. All defendants moved for summary judgment on several grounds. They contended, among other things, that they were entitled to summary judgment on any invasion of privacy claim. HMC and Jackson also argued that summary judgment was warranted because the Slettos could not prevail on their action alleging purely emotional harm. Further, Smart Corporation argued that it was entitled to summary judgment based on the running of the applicable statute of limitation. The trial court granted summary judgment to the defendants, finding that defendants did not intentionally release Leonard Sletto’s psychiatric records. The trial court further found that Leonard Sletto was not entitled to recover for a claim of negligent infliction of emotional distress, because that required “some physical impact arising directly from the release of the mental health records.” The trial court also concluded that the Slettos were not entitled to recover on their an invasion of privacy claim.
On appeal, the Slettos raise no contention with respect to the trial court’s finding concerning the invasion of privacy claim but instead argue that the “impact rule” does not bar recovery in this case. We conclude that Smart Corporation was entitled to summary judgment with respect to Leonard Sletto’s claim, based on the expiration of the statute of limitation. We also agree with the Slettos, however, that summary judgment was incorrectly granted to HMC and Jackson, but for different reasons.
1. The threshold issue in this case is whether the unauthorized release of Leonard Sletto’s psychiatric records affords them a cause of action under our law. The Slettos acknowledge on appeal that they seek damages under OCGA § 51-12-6. If damages for mental pain and suffering sought under this section “are not accompanied by physical or pecuniary loss, recovery is allowed only if the conduct complained of was malicious, wilful or wanton.” (Punctuation omitted.) Carroll v. Rock, 220 Ga. App. 260, 261 (469 SE2d 391) (1996). [205]*205See also Ryckeley v. Callaway, 261 Ga. 828 (412 SE2d 826) (1992); Ob-Gyn Assoc. of Albany v. Littleton, 259 Ga. 663, 665-666 (2) (386 SE2d 146) (1989); Ford v. Whipple, 225 Ga. App. 276, 277-278 (483 SE2d 591) (1997). Furthermore, even if the conduct was malicious, wilful, and wanton, it must have been directed toward the plaintiff to warrant recovery. Ryckeley, supra at 829. And it is true, as argued by appellees, that the record is devoid of evidence that Leonard Sletto suffered a physical impact. The Slettos concede as much in their appellate brief. We must also agree with appellees that the record does not show that appellees’ actions were “malicious, wilful, or wanton” or that any act or omission was directed toward the Slettos. Jackson testified unequivocally that HMC inadvertently released the records and that she did not harbor any malice toward Leonard Sletto, nor did she intend to injure him. She also stated that she “did not personally know or have any knowledge of Mr. Sletto or his records at HMC prior to the filing of this lawsuit.”
But even though Leonard Sletto suffered no physical injury and HMC’s actions were not wilful, wanton, or malicious that does not end our inquiry, for this case is not defined solely by reference to OCGA § 51-12-6. This case is not simply an action concerning the emotional consequences on a plaintiff arising out of a defendant’s alleged commission of a negligent tort, such as a defendant’s damage to a burial ground, Ryckeley, supra, the negligent loss of a plaintiff’s pet by defendant veterinary clinic, Carroll, supra, a vehicular collision, Ford, supra, or even the alleged negligent delivery of an infant who later died, Littleton, supra. Instead, this case involves the unauthorized release of psychiatric records, records specifically granted special, protective treatment under our law. For example, OCGA § 24-9-21 (5) expressly provides that “certain admissions and communications excluded on grounds of public policy” include “Communications between psychiatrist and patient.” Other statutes manifest this strong public policy against the unauthorized release of mental health records. OCGA § 37-3-166 (a) (2) carefully and strictly defines those persons to whom mental health records may be released. As stated in Mrozinski v. Pogue, 205 Ga. App. 731 (423 SE2d 405) (1992):
[T]he legislature’s pronouncements in OCGA §§ 37-3-166 (a) and 37-7-166 (a) as to disclosure of clinical records of persons receiving hospital treatment for mental illness and substance abuse are that a clinical record for each patient shall be maintained and no part of it shall be released. Even when clinical records are properly disclosed pursuant to these Code sections, such authorization shall not permit disclosure of matters privileged under the laws of this state. [206]*206[Cits.] We conclude that Georgia law has an exceedingly strict view as to what are privileged communications.
(Punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) Id. at 734 (2).1 See also OCGA § 43-39-16 (psychologist-patient privilege). 42 USC § 290dd-2 permits the release of records relating to the treatment of substance abuse only in certain strictly limited circumstances. See also 42 CFR §§ 2.1-2.67. Also, the right of confrontation may yield to the privilege afforded to psychiatric records, if the party seeking to use the privileged information cannot show the necessity of obtaining such records. See Bobo v. State, 256 Ga. 357 (349 SE2d 690) (1986). Our discovery and evidence codes, as well as our case law, therefore set extremely strict limitations on the release of mental health records.
Here, Jackson testified that each year, the department she supervises “produces approximately 500,000 pages of medical records” and receives approximately 60 to 70 requests for medical records each day. Significantly, she acknowledged that she did not “hold confidentiality of psychiatric records any higher than the confidentiality of ordinary medical records.” She also acknowledged that she did not “differentiate a release for ordinary medical records from a release for psychiatric records.” Under the very limited facts of this case, and bearing in mind the strong public policy of maintaining strict compliance with the requirements governing release of psychiatric records, we cannot say that the trial court correctly granted summary judgment to HMC and Jackson. Given the volume of records released by HMC each year, the number of requests presented to Jackson’s department, and her admissions, and in light of our laws concerning the release of psychiatric records, whether HMC adequately controlled its records is at least a jury issue. To condone the careless release of psychiatric records resulting from inadequate record controls would vitiate our State’s clear policies concerning such records. Furthermore, to refuse summarily to hold HMC and Jackson accountable for their actions might encourage even more carelessness in the future. The trial court’s grant of summary judgment to Jackson and HMC is therefore reversed.
2. We next address the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Smart Corporation. The Slettos filed their original action against defendants HMC and Jackson in December 1994. They amended the complaint several times, without ever adding Smart Corporation as a defendant, before they voluntarily dismissed the [207]*207complaint in February 1996. The Slettos then filed this renewed action May 8, 1996, naming Smart Corporation as a defendant.
Although OCGA § 9-2-61 permits dismissal and renewal of complaints, that Code section “may not be used to suspend the running of the statute of limitation as to defendants different from those originally sued.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Reedy v. Fischer, 193 Ga. App. 684, 685 (388 SE2d 759) (1989). While the record does not reveal an exact date on which the records were copied and released, Stellie Sletto testified that she learned of the release sometime in April 1994 and that she told her husband of this fact in July or August of the same year. It follows that the records were released sometime before April 1994. The parties do not appear to dispute that the two-year statute of limitation applicable to actions alleging injuries to the person applies to Leonard Sletto’s claim. They do dispute, however, the date on which the statute began to run. We agree with Smart Corporation that the statute began to run on the date that Leonard Sletto’s records were released, rather than on the date that Leonard Sletto discovered the breach occasioned by the release of the records. The Slettos’ “ignorance of the facts constituting a cause of action does not prevent the running of the statute of limitation. [Cits.]” Metlife v. Wright, 220 Ga. App. 827-828 (1) (470 SE2d 717) (1996). The Slettos’“reliance upon the discovery rule . . . is misplaced since that rule has been confined to cases of bodily injury which develop only over an extended period of time. [Cit.]” Id. See also Corp. of Mercer Univ. v. Nat. Gypsum Co., 258 Ga. 365, 366 (1) (368 SE2d 732) (1988).
The unauthorized release of Leonard Sletto’s psychiatric records occurred sometime before April 1994. The statute of limitation on his claim therefore would have run sometime before April 1996. He never amended his original complaint to include Smart Corporation as a party defendant before the limitation period expired. Instead, he named Smart Corporation as a defendant only in his renewed complaint, which was filed in May 1996, after the expiration of the two-year statute of limitation. This was not permissible under Reedy, supra. See also Patterson v. Rosser Fabrap Intl., 190 Ga. App. 657, 658-659 (379 SE2d 787) (1989). We therefore affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to Smart Corporation with respect to Leonard Sletto’s claims.
Stellie Sletto’s loss of consortium claim is not time barred, however, notwithstanding the derivative nature of such a claim, because the statute of limitation on a loss of consortium claim is four years. OCGA § 9-3-33. See also Mears v. Gulfstream Aerospace Corp., 225 Ga. App. 636, 639 (2) (484 SE2d 659) (1997); Jones v. Lamon, 206 Ga. App. 842, 846-847 (2) (426 SE2d 657) (1992) (physical precedent only). We therefore reverse the grant of summary judgment to Smart [208]*208Corporation with respect to Stellie Sletto’s claim for loss of consortium.
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Pope, P. J., and Eldridge, J., concur specially.