UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK ANGEL RUIZ, Plaintiff, 23-CV-7421 (LTS) -against- ORDER OF DISMISSAL FEDERAL POLICE DEPARTMENT, Defendant. LAURA TAYLOR SWAIN, Chief United States District Judge: Plaintiff, who is proceeding pro se, brings this action under the court’s diversity jurisdiction, alleging that unidentified officers employed at the 40 Foley Square federal courthouse in Manhattan violated his rights by using excessive force against him. By order dated August 31, 2023, the Court granted Plaintiff’s request to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”), that is, without prepayment of fees. For the reasons set forth in this order, the Court dismisses this action, but grants Plaintiff 60 days’ leave to replead his claims in an amended complaint. STANDARD OF REVIEW The Court must dismiss an IFP complaint, or any portion of the complaint, that is frivolous or malicious, fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted, or seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); see Livingston v. Adirondack Beverage Co., 141 F.3d 434, 437 (2d Cir. 1998). The Court must also dismiss a complaint when the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction of the claims raised. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3). While the law mandates dismissal on any of these grounds, the Court is obliged to construe pro se pleadings liberally, Harris v. Mills, 572 F.3d 66, 72 (2d Cir. 2009), and interpret them to raise the “strongest [claims] that they suggest,” Triestman v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 470 F.3d 471, 474 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (emphasis in original). But the “special solicitude” in pro se cases, id. at 475 (citation omitted), has its limits – to state a claim, pro se pleadings still must comply with Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which requires a complaint to make a short and plain statement showing that the
pleader is entitled to relief. Rule 8 requires a complaint to include enough facts to state a claim for relief “that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially plausible if the plaintiff pleads enough factual detail to allow the Court to draw the inference that the defendant is liable for the alleged misconduct. In reviewing the complaint, the Court must accept all well-pleaded factual allegations as true. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009). But it does not have to accept as true “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,” which are essentially just legal conclusions. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. After separating legal conclusions from well-pleaded factual allegations, the Court must determine whether those facts make it plausible – not merely possible – that the pleader is entitled to relief. Id.
BACKGROUND Plaintiff, a resident of Bronx, New York, brings this action against the “Federal Police Department,” for alleged violation of his rights at the 40 Foley Square federal courthouse in Manhattan. He invokes diversity jurisdiction and asserts that Defendant “violated my rights for being disable[d].” (ECF 1, at 2.)1 Plaintiff alleges that in January 2018, he arrived at the federal courthouse for court proceedings, and sat on his walker while waiting to pass through a metal detector. He then had a
1 The Court quotes from the complaint verbatim, and all spelling, grammar, and punctuation are as in the original, unless noted otherwise. seizure and fell on the floor. The seizure “became severe,” and Plaintiff’s partner attempted to help him, but five members of the “Federal Police” pushed his partner away. (Id. at 5.) Plaintiff alleges that the following happened: they was around me and 1 officer. Grab me from my jacket when I was on the floor while I was having my seizure. He lift me up and punched me with his hand and with the other hand he punched me in my chest over my heart area. And I fall back and cracked my left should on the floor. (Id. at 5-6.) Plaintiff asserts that he was on the floor for 30 minutes before an ambulance arrived and took him to the hospital. He claims that although the 5 officers had body cameras and there are hundreds of cameras at the courthouse, the officers did not “report the hate crime to [the] court or the D.O.J.” (Id. at 6.) Plaintiff also claims that he wrote seven letters to the court and the judge “to do an investigation and report to the D.O.J. [a]nd they refuse[d][,] [s]o they cover[ed] [this] hate crime.”2 Plaintiff alleges the following as his injuries: “Permanent injury in my left shoulder. And this create the P.S.D. and affected to my disability. For the rest of my life.” (ECF 1, at 6.) He seeks $10 million in damages.
2 Plaintiff filed a separate complaint against the federal courthouse and Judge Valerie Caproni arising from the same January 2018 incident. Ruiz v. U.S. Fed. Courthouse 40 Foley Square #104, ECF 1:23-CV-7416, 1 (S.D.N.Y. filed Aug. 18, 2023). He also recently filed four other pro se complaints. See Ruiz v. Parkchester Pub. Safety Dep’t, ECF 1:23-CV-7423, 1 (S.D.N.Y. filed Aug. 21, 2023); Ruiz v. City of New York Comm’n on Hum. Rts., ECF 1:23-CV- 7422, 1 (S.D.N.Y. filed Aug. 21, 2023); (S.D.N.Y. filed Aug. 18, 2023); Ruiz v. HJ Family Corp., ECF 1:23-CV-7385, 1 (UA) (S.D.N.Y. filed Aug. 18, 2023); Ruiz v. N.Y.C. Police Dep’t, 43rd Pct., ECF 1:23-CV-7386, 1 (S.D.N.Y. filed Aug. 18, 2023) Plaintiff also filed an employment discrimination case in this court that was recently dismissed. See Ruiz v. Keratin Bar, ECF 1:17-CV-2216, 182 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 10, 2023) (dismissing complaint without prejudice for failure to prosecute). DISCUSSION Plaintiff brings this action under the Court’s diversity jurisdiction against the “Federal Police Department,” an entity that does not exist. It appears, however, that Plaintiff is attempting to bring claims against the entity that employs the five officers who he alleges were involved in the January 2018 incident at the 40 Foley Square federal courthouse. The Court can presume that
these individuals were Court Security Officers (“CSOs”) or members of the United States Marshals Service (“USMS”).3 Because Plaintiff is bringing tort and other claims arising out of an incident at a federal courthouse, the Court construes the complaint as bringing federal claims under the Court’s federal question jurisdiction. A. Sovereign Immunity and the Federal Torts Claims Act (“FTCA”) Any claims Plaintiff may be asserting against the United States of America, the USMS, or any other federal entity are barred under the doctrine of sovereign immunity. The doctrine bars federal courts from hearing all suits against the federal government and its agencies, except where sovereign immunity has been waived. United States v. Mitchell, 445 U.S. 535, 538 (1980) (quoting United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584, 586 (1941)); see Robinson v. Overseas
Military Sales Corp., 21 F.3d 502, 510 (2d Cir. 1994) (“Because an action against a federal agency . . . is essentially a suit against the United States, such suits are . . . barred under the doctrine of sovereign immunity, unless such immunity is waived.”).
3 Security at the entrance of federal courthouses is normally provided by CSOs, who are employed by private security companies. See https://www.usmarshals.gov/what-we-do/judicial- security (last visited Sept. 5, 2023) (“Are the security officers who staff the entrance of the federal courthouse deputy U.S. Marshals? No. The entrance station of a federal courthouse is staffed by Court Security Officers (CSOs), highly-trained men and women who are employed by private security companies awarded a security contract by the U.S. Marshals Service.”). The Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”) provides a waiver of sovereign immunity for certain claims arising from the tortious conduct of federal officers or employees acting within the scope of their office or employment. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b)(1), 2680. The proper defendant in an FTCA claim is the United States, not individual federal employees or agencies.” Holliday v.
Augustine, No. 3:14-CV-0855, 2015 WL 136545, at *1 (D. Conn. Jan. 9, 2015). The Court therefore construes Plaintiff’s claims as brought against the United States of America. A plaintiff must comply with the FTCA’s procedural requirements before a federal court can entertain his claims. See Johnson v. Smithsonian Inst., 189 F.3d 180, 189 (2d Cir. 1999), abrogated on other grounds, United States v. Kwai Fun Wong, 575 U.S. 402 (2015). Specifically, before bringing a damages claim in a federal district court under the FTCA, a claimant must first exhaust his administrative remedies by filing a claim for damages with the appropriate federal government entity and must receive a final written determination. See 28 U.S.C. § 2675(a). Such an administrative claim must be in writing, specify the amount of damages sought, and be filed within two years of the claim’s accrual. 28 U.S.C. §§ 2401(b), 2675(a). A claimant may
thereafter challenge the Government’s final denial in a federal district court by filing an action within six months after the date of the mailing of the notice of final denial by the federal entity. See § 2401(b). If no written final determination is made by the appropriate federal entity within six months of the date of the claimant’s filing of the administrative claim, the claimant may then bring an FTCA action in a federal district court. See § 2675(a). Inasmuch as Plaintiff’s allegations can be construed as damage claims under the FTCA against the United States, he has not alleged facts demonstrating that he filed an administrative claim under the FTCA with a federal governmental entity for damages and received a final written determination before bringing this action; nor has he alleged facts showing that it has been more than six months since he has filed such an administrative claim. Although Plaintiff alleges that he submitted seven letters to the court and the judge seeking an investigation of the incident, there is no indication that these alleged letters were administrative claims that specified the amount of damages sought as required by the FTCA. As Plaintiff does not allege or show that
he exhausted his claims prior to bringing this action, the FTCA does not provide a waiver of sovereign immunity in this case. Therefore, Plaintiff’s claims, which are construed as brought against the United States, are barred under the doctrine of sovereign immunity. Because Plaintiff may be able to allege facts showing that he exhausted a claim under the FTCA by filing an administrative claim with the appropriate agency, the Court grants Plaintiff 60 days’ leave to file an amended complaint to state facts in support of any FTCA claim against the United States he wishes to pursue. B. Constitutional Tort Claims Plaintiff’s complaint could also be read as an attempt to assert constitutional tort claims under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971).4 A plaintiff may bring Bivens claims against a federal official to seek redress for a
violation of his or her constitutional rights.5 See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 675 (2009)
4 To state a claim for relief under Bivens, a plaintiff must allege facts that plausibly show that: (1) the challenged action was attributable to an officer acting under color of federal law, and (2) such conduct deprived him of a right, privilege, or immunity secured by the Constitution. See Thomas v. Ashcroft, 470 F.3d 491, 496 (2d Cir. 2006) (citing Bivens, 403 U.S. at 389). 5The United States Supreme Court has recognized implied causes of action under Bivens in three contexts: (1) unreasonable search and seizure under the Fourth Amendment, Bivens, 403 U.S. 388 (1971); (2) employment discrimination under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228 (1979); and (3) inadequate medical treatment of a convicted prisoner under the Eighth Amendment, Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14 (1980). After deciding these three cases, the Supreme Court “made [it] clear that expanding the Bivens remedy is now a ‘disfavored’ judicial activity,” Ziglar v. Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. 1843, 1857 (2017), and that a Bivens remedy is not available, “where there are ‘special factors counselling hesitation in the absence of affirmative action by Congress,’” Hernandez v. Mesa, 137 S. Ct. 2003, 2006 (2017) (“[Bivens] is the federal analog to suits brought against state officials under [42 U.S.C. § 1983].”). However, Bivens relief is available only against federal officials who are personally liable for the alleged constitutional violations; it does not overcome the sovereign immunity that bars suits for money damages against the United States, its agencies or federal officials sued in
their official capacities. See Ziglar v. Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. 1843, 1860 (2017); Turkmen v. Hasty, 789 F3d 218, 233 (2d Cir. 2015); Wright v. Condit, No. 13-CV-2849, 2015 WL 708607, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 18, 2015) (citation omitted); see also Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 484-86 (1994) (holding that Bivens provides no cause of action against the United States or its agencies); Hightower v. United States, 205 F. Supp. 2d 146, 155 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (the United States has not consented to be sued under Bivens). Because Plaintiff does not name individual defendants subject to Bivens liability,6 the Court need not reach the issue of whether he has an
(quoting Carlson, 446 U.S. at 18). Under Ziglar, unless a Bivens claim bears some resemblance to one of the three types of Bivens claims previously recognized by the Supreme Court, a court must hold that the claim constitutes a new Bivens context. 137 S. Ct. 1843, 1860 (2017). More recently, the Supreme Court held that, even if a court finds that a case presents “parallel circumstances” with the three prior cases recognizing a Bivens remedy, a court may not find a Bivens remedy unless it also decides that there is no rational reason to think that Congress is better equipped to create such a remedy. See Egbert v. Boule, 142 S. Ct. 1793, 1805 (2022) (holding in the context of a Fourth Amendment claim under Bivens that “superficial similarities are not enough to support the judicial creation of a cause of action”). “Courts have consistently found that excessive force cases arising under either the Fifth or Eighth Amendment to present new Bivens contexts.” Edwards v. Gizzi, No. 20-CV-7371, 2022 WL 309393, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 2, 2022) (holding that plaintiff’s excessive force claim against Deputy U.S. Marshals for breaking his arm in the courtroom amidst sentencing hearing presented a new Bivens context “whether it arises under the Fifth or Eighth Amendment”); see also Rivera v. Samilo, 370 F. Supp. 3d 362, 369 (E.D.N.Y. 2019) (holding that an excessive force claim stemming from lawful arrest is sufficiently different from Fourth Amendment claim arising from a home search); Ramirez v. Tatum, No. 17-CV-7801, 2018 WL 6655600, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 19, 2018) (declining to find Bivens remedy where the plaintiff, a pretrial detainee, alleged that correctional officers used excessive force when transporting him from the hospital to the jail). 6 Bivens does not authorize suit against a private corporation or its employees ‒ even corporations that perform traditionally governmental functions. See Corr. Servs. Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 72 (2001) (declining to infer a Bivens remedy “for damages against implied cause of action under Bivens.7 Moreover, even if Plaintiff had asserted claims against individual defendants, it appears that any potential Biven claims that he could assert arising from the February 2018 incident would be time-barred. Claims brought under Bivens borrow the statute of limitations for claims
under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Gonzalez v. Hasty, 802 F.3d 212, 220 (2d Cir. 2015). The limitation period for Section 1983 claims is found in the “general or residual [state] statute [of limitations] for personal injury actions.” Pearl v. City of Long Beach, 296 F.3d 76, 79 (2d Cir. 2002) (quoting Owens v. Okure, 488 U.S. 235, 249-50 (1989)). In New York, that period is three years. See N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 214(5). Under federal law, claims generally accrue when a plaintiff knows or has reason to know of the injury that is the basis of the claim. Hogan v. Fischer, 738 F.3d 509, 518 (2d Cir. 2013). Plaintiff filed this complaint on August 18, 2023. Therefore, he is precluded from pursuing any claims under for claims that accrued before August 18, 2020. Plaintiff brings this action asserting claims arising out of conduct that occurred in February 2018. It therefore
private entities acting under color of federal law”); Minneci v. Pollard, 565 U.S. 118, 120 (2012) (courts cannot “imply the existence of an Eighth Amendment-based damages action (a Bivens action) against employees of a privately operated federal prison.”). If Plaintiff seeks to bring claims against CSOs or their employer, a private entity hired as a federal contractor by the USMS, his claims likely cannot proceed under Bivens. See Komatsu v. United States, No. 21-CV-1838, 2023 WL 317326, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 19, 2023) (claims asserted against privately employed CSOs and their employer cannot proceed under Bivens). Alternatively, if Plaintiff seeks to bring state law tort claims such as assault and battery against CSOs and their employer and has another viable federal claim, the Court could exercise supplemental jurisdiction of such claims under 28 U.S.C.§ 1367. 7 Though, typically, “the Bivens question . . . is ‘antecedent’ to the other questions presented,” Hernandez v. Mesa, 137 S. Ct. 2003, 2006 (2017) (citing Wood v. Moss, 134 S. Ct. 2056, 2066 (2014)), the Supreme Court has endorsed “disposing of a Bivens claim by resolving the constitutional question, while assuming the existence of a Bivens remedy,” id. at 2007. appears that the statute of limitations period for Plaintiff’s claims expired well before he filed this action and that any claims he seeks to assert under Bivens are time barred.8 It is clear that Plaintiff filed his claims well beyond the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations. Normally, the Court would grant him leave to plead any facts showing that equitable tolling applies9 but, as discussed above, Plaintiff has not stated a claim for damages
under Bivens against any individual defendant. Any claim for damages that Plaintiff is attempting to assert under Bivens must therefore be dismissed for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). C. Claim of Disability Discrimination Plaintiff refers to his disability and asserts that his rights were violated because he is disabled. To the extent Plaintiff’s assertion could be considered as a claim under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. §§ 701-796, it must be dismissed. The Rehabilitation Act provides that “[n]o otherwise qualified individual with a disability . . . shall, solely by reason of
8 Because the failure to file an action within the limitations period is an affirmative defense, a plaintiff is generally not required to plead that the case is timely filed. See Abbas v. Dixon, 480 F.3d 636, 640 (2d Cir. 2007). Dismissal is appropriate, however, where the existence of an affirmative defense, such as the statute of limitations, is plain from the face of the pleading. See Walters v. Indus. and Com. Bank of China, Ltd., 651 F.3d 280, 293 (2d Cir. 2011); see also Pino v. Ryan, 49 F.3d 51, 53 (2d Cir. 1995) (affirming sua sponte dismissal under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d) on statute of limitations grounds). A district court should generally grant notice and opportunity to be heard, however, before dismissing a complaint sua sponte on statute of limitations grounds. Abbas, 480 F.3d at 640. 9 The doctrine of equitable tolling permits a court, “under compelling circumstances, [to] make narrow exceptions to the statute of limitations in order ‘to prevent inequity.’” In re U.S. Lines, Inc., 318 F.3d 432, 436 (2d Cir. 2003) (quoting Chao v. Russell P. Le Frois Builder, Inc., 291 F.3d 219, 233 (2d Cir. 2000)). The statute of limitations may be equitably tolled when a defendant fraudulently conceals from a plaintiff the fact that the plaintiff has a cause of action, or when the plaintiff is induced by the defendant to forego a lawsuit until the statute of limitations has expired. See Pearl, 296 F.3d at 82-83. New York also provides by statute for other circumstances in which a limitations period may be tolled. See, e.g., N.Y. C.P.L.R. §§ 204, 204(a), 207(3), 208. her or his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving [f]ederal financial assistance or under any program or activity conducted by any [e]xecutive agency.” 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). To assert a claim under the Rehabilitation Act, a plaintiff must show “(1) that he is a qualified
individual with a disability; (2) that the defendants are subject to [the Rehabilitation Act]; and (3) that he was denied the opportunity to participate in or benefit from defendants’ services, programs, or activities, or was otherwise discriminated against by defendants, by reason of his disability.” Harris v. Mills, 572 F.3d 66, 73–74 (2d Cir. 2009). Here, assuming Plaintiff was disabled within the meaning of the Rehabilitation Act, he does not plead any facts that give rise to an inference that the officers at the 40 Foley Square courthouse engaged in any behavior by reason of his disability. Plaintiff does not allege that the actions of which he complains were based on a facially neutral policy that has a discriminatory effect on those with disabilities, that there was a failure to accommodate his disability, or that he was otherwise discriminated against because of his disability. Plaintiff thus fails to state a claim
under the Rehabilitation Act. The Court therefore dismisses Plaintiff’s disability based claim for failure to state a claim on which relief may be granted. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). Furthermore, any claims Plaintiff may have under the Rehabilitation Act appears to be barred by the applicable statute of limitations. Because the Rehabilitation Act does not contain a statute of limitations, courts look to analogous state law to determine the applicable limitations period. See Graham Cnty. Soil & Water Conservation Dist. v. United States ex rel. Wilson, 545 U.S. 409, 414 (2005) (“To determine the applicable statute of limitations for a cause of action created by a federal statute, we first ask whether the statute expressly supplies a limitations period. If it does not, we generally ‘borrow’ the most closely analogous state limitations period.”). Similar to Section 1983 and Bivens claims, New York’s three-year personal injury statute of limitations also applies to claims brought under the Rehabilitation Act. See N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 214(5); see also Stropkay v. Garden City Union Free Sch. Dist., 593 F. App’x 37, 41 (2d Cir. 2014) (applying New York’s three-year statute of limitations to claims under the
Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) and Rehabilitation Act); Harris v. City of New York, 186 F.3d 243, 248 (2d Cir. 1999) (applying New York’s three-year statute of limitations to claims under the Rehabilitation Act); Best v. Bell, No. 13-CV-0163 (JPO), 2014 WL 1316773 at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 28, 2014) (applying New York’s three-year statute of limitations to claims under Title II of the ADA and Rehabilitation Act). Claims under the Rehabilitation Act also accrue when the plaintiff knew or had reasons to know of the injury giving rise to his claims. See Hogan, 738 F.3d at 518; see also Stropkay, 593 F. App’x at 41; Harris, 186 F.3d at 247; Best, 2014 WL 1316773, at *5. The Court, however, grants Plaintiff leave to assert in an amended complaint any facts suggesting that he was subject to discrimination because of his disability. If Plaintiff chooses to
plead a disability based claim under the Rehabilitation Act, he must allege facts satisfying the pleading standards discussed above, including identifying his alleged disability, and showing that equitable tolling should apply. Plaintiff should also note that the appropriate defendant for his Rehabilitation Act claim would be the government entity that he alleges violated his rights.10 D. Leave to Amend Plaintiff proceeds in this matter without the benefit of an attorney. District courts generally should grant a self-represented plaintiff an opportunity to amend a complaint to cure its
10 Courts have held that the Rehabilitation Act does not provide for liability of individuals in their individual capacities. See, e.g., Goe v. Zucker, 43 F.4th 19, 35 (2d Cir. 2022); Garcia v. S.U.N.Y. Health Scis. Ctr. of Brooklyn, 280 F.3d 98, 107 (2d Cir. 2001). defects unless amendment would be futile. See Hill v. Curcione, 657 F.3d 116, 123-24 (2d Cir. 2011); Salahuddin v. Cuomo, 861 F.2d 40, 42 (2d Cir. 1988). Indeed, the Second Circuit has cautioned that district courts “should not dismiss [a pro se complaint] without granting leave to amend at least once when a liberal reading of the complaint gives any indication that a valid
claim might be stated.” Cuoco v. Moritsugu, 222 F.3d 99, 112 (2d Cir. 2000) (quoting Gomez v. USAA Fed. Sav. Bank, 171 F.3d 794, 795 (2d Cir. 1999)). Because Plaintiff may be able to allege additional facts suggesting viable claims, the Court grants Plaintiff 60 days’ leave to replead his claims in an amended complaint. Specifically, Plaintiff is granted leave to submit an amended complaint in which he allege facts: (1) showing that he exhausted a claim under the FTCA against the United States by filing an administrative claim with the appropriate agency; (2) in support of a Rehabilitation Act claim arising from the officers’ alleged failure to accommodate his disability or otherwise discriminatory conduct during the incident at the 40 Foley Square courthouse; (3) in support of state law claims against CSOs or their private employer; and (4) suggesting that his untimely claims should be equitably tolled.
Plaintiff is granted leave to amend his complaint to assert viable claims. In the “Statement of Claim” section of the section amended complaint form, Plaintiff must provide a short and plain statement of the relevant facts supporting each claim against each defendant. If Plaintiff has an address for any named defendant, Plaintiff must provide it. Plaintiff should include all of the information in the amended complaint that Plaintiff wants the Court to consider in deciding whether the amended complaint states a claim for relief and is timely filed. That information should include: a) the names and titles of all relevant people; b) a description of all relevant events, including what each defendant did or failed to do, the approximate date and time of each event, and the general location where each event occurred; c) a description of the injuries Plaintiff suffered; and d) the relief Plaintiff seeks, such as money damages, injunctive relief, or declaratory relief. Essentially, Plaintiff’s amended complaint should tell the Court: who violated his federally protected rights and how; when and where such violations occurred; and why Plaintiff is entitled to relief. Because Plaintiff’s amended complaint will completely replace, not supplement, the amended complaint, any facts or claims that Plaintiff wants to include from the complaint must be repeated in the amended complaint. Plaintiff may consider contacting the New York Legal Assistance Group’s (“NYLAG”) Clinic for Pro Se Litigants in the Southern District of New York, which is a free legal clinic
staffed by attorneys and paralegals to assist those who are representing themselves in civil lawsuits in this court. The clinic is run by a private organization; it is not part of, or run by, the court. It cannot accept filings on behalf of the court, which must still be made by any pro se party through the Pro Se Intake Unit. A copy of the flyer with details of the clinic is attached to this order. CONCLUSION The Court construes Plaintiff’s claims as brought against the United States, and directs the Clerk of Court to replace Defendant Federal Police Department with the United States of America under Fed. R. Civ. P. 21. The Court dismisses the complaint for failure to state a claim and as barred under the
doctrine of sovereign immunity. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii), (iii). The Court grants Plaintiff 60 days’ leave to file an amended complaint that complies with the standards set forth above. Plaintiff must submit the amended complaint to this Court’s Pro Se Intake Unit within 60 days of the date of this order, caption the document as a “Amended Complaint,” and label the document with docket number 23-CV-7421 (LTS). An Amended Civil Rights Complaint form is attached to this order. No summons will issue at this time. If Plaintiff fails to comply within the time allowed, and he cannot show good cause to excuse such failure,
the Court will direct the Clerk of Court to enter judgment consistent with this order. The Court certifies under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3) that any appeal from this order would not be taken in good faith, and therefore IFP status is denied for the purpose of an appeal. See Coppedge v. United States, 369 U.S. 438, 444-45 (1962). SO ORDERED. Dated: October 10, 2023 New York, New York
/s/ Laura Taylor Swain LAURA TAYLOR SWAIN Chief United States District Judge UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
CVE TT a (clu ber if has b Write the full name of each plaintiff. evened) me eNews
against AMENDED
□ COMPLAINT ee Do you want a jury trial? LlYes ULINo
Write the full name of each defendant. If you need more space, please write “see attached” in the space above and attach an additional sheet of paper with the full list of names. The names listed above must be identical to those contained in Section Il.
NOTICE The public can access electronic court files. For privacy and security reasons, papers filed with the court should therefore not contain: an individual’s full social security number or full birth date; the full name of a person known to be a minor; or a complete financial account number. A filing may include only: the last four digits of a social security number; the year of an individual’s birth; a minor’s initials; and the last four digits of a financial account number. See Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5.2.
Rev. 2/10/17
I. BASIS FOR JURISDICTION Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction (limited power). Generally, only two types of cases can be heard in federal court: cases involving a federal question and cases involving diversity of citizenship of the parties. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, a case arising under the United States Constitution or federal laws or treaties is a federal question case. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, a case in which a citizen of one State sues a citizen of another State or nation, and the amount in controversy is more than $75,000, is a diversity case. In a diversity case, no defendant may be a citizen of the same State as any plaintiff. What is the basis for federal-court jurisdiction in your case? [] Federal Question L] Diversity of Citizenship A. If you checked Federal Question Which of your federal constitutional or federal statutory rights have been violated?
B. If you checked Diversity of Citizenship 1. Citizenship of the parties Of what State is each party a citizen? The plaintiff , ,is a citizen of the State of (Plaintiff's name)
(State in which the person resides and intends to remain.) or, if not lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States, a citizen or subject of the foreign state of
If more than one plaintiff is named in the complaint, attach additional pages providing information for each additional plaintiff.
Page 2
If the defendant is an individual:
The defendant, , is a citizen of the State of (Defendant’s name)
or, if not lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States, a citizen or subject of the foreign state of . If the defendant is a corporation: The defendant, , is incorporated under the laws of the State of and has its principal place of business in the State of or is incorporated under the laws of (foreign state) and has its principal place of business in . If more than one defendant is named in the complaint, attach additional pages providing information for each additional defendant.
II. PARTIES A. Plaintiff Information Provide the following information for each plaintiff named in the complaint. Attach additional pages if needed.
First Name Middle Initial Last Name
Street Address
County, City State Zip Code
Telephone Number Email Address (if available) B. Defendant Information To the best of your ability, provide addresses where each defendant may be served. If the correct information is not provided, it could delay or prevent service of the complaint on the defendant. Make sure that the defendants listed below are the same as those listed in the caption. Attach additional pages if needed. Defendant 1: First Name Last Name
Current Job Title (or other identifying information)
Current Work Address (or other address where defendant may be served)
County, City State Zip Code Defendant 2: First Name Last Name
Current Work Address (or other address where defendant may be served)
County, City State Zip Code Defendant 3: First Name Last Name
Current Work Address (or other address where defendant may be served)
County, City State Zip Code Defendant 4: First Name Last Name
Current Work Address (or other address where defendant may be served)
County, City State Zip Code III. STATEMENT OF CLAIM Place(s) of occurrence:
Date(s) of occurrence: FACTS: State here briefly the FACTS that support your case. Describe what happened, how you were harmed, and what each defendant personally did or failed to do that harmed you. Attach additional pages if needed. INJURIES: If you were injured as a result of these actions, describe your injuries and what medical treatment, if any, you required and received.
IV. RELIEF State briefly what money damages or other relief you want the court to order. V. PLAINTIFF’S CERTIFICATION AND WARNINGS By signing below, I certify to the best of my knowledge, information, and belief that: (1) the complaint is not being presented for an improper purpose (such as to harass, cause unnecessary delay, or needlessly increase the cost of litigation); (2) the claims are supported by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument to change existing law; (3) the factual contentions have evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, will likely have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery; and (4) the complaint otherwise complies with the requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11. agree to notify the Clerk's Office in writing of any changes to my mailing address. I understand that my failure to keep a current address on file with the Clerk's Office may result in the dismissal of my case.
Each Plaintiff must sign and date the complaint. Attach additional pages if necessary. If seeking to proceed without prepayment of fees, each plaintiff must also submit an IFP application.
Dated Plaintiff's Signature
Telephone Number Email Address (if available)
I have read the Pro Se (Nonprisoner) Consent to Receive Documents Electronically: OYes [LINo If you do consent to receive documents electronically, submit the completed form with your complaint. If you do not consent, please do not attach the form.
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SD lee Pe ew Since 1990, NYLAG has provided free civil legal services New York ME Legal Assistance Group to New Yorkers who cannot afford private attorneys.
Free Legal Assistance for Self-Represented Civil Litigants in District Court for the Southern District Of New Yor|
NYLAG Legal Clinic for Pro Se Litigants in the Southern District of New York is a fre clinic staffed by attorneys, law students and paralegals to assist those who are themselves or planning to represent themselves in civil lawsuits in the outhern District of New York. The clinic does not provide full representation. The clinic, is not part of or run by the court, assists litigants with federal civil cases including involving civil rights, employment discrimination, labor law, social security benefit: and tax.
Contact the Clinic: (212) 659-6190 or complete our online intake form (found here: A staff member will contact you within a few days.
looking for assistance can also contact the clinic at the kiosk located across the hall the pro se clinic office in the courthouse.
this time, the clinic offers remote consultations only. Requests for in- appointments will be reviewed on a case-to-case basis. and Hours: Marshall United States Courthouse
Room LL22 40 Foley Square New York, NY 10007 (212) 659 6190 Open weekdays 10 a.m. — 4 p.m. Closed on federal and court holidays
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