Coppedge v. United States

369 U.S. 438, 82 S. Ct. 917, 8 L. Ed. 2d 21, 1962 U.S. LEXIS 1356

• Court: Supreme Court of the United States
• Decided: April 30, 1962
• Docket: 157
• Status: Published

Opinions

Mr. Chief Justice Warren

delivered the opinion of the Court.

Tried and convicted in a Federal District Court for an offense against the United States, petitioner applied for leave to appeal his conviction to the Court of Appeals in forma pauperis. His application was denied. The case presents this question: What standard is to be applied by the lower federal courts in passing upon such applications? The articulation of a usable standard has been the source of considerable recent litigation.¹ And, while we recognize that no single word or group of words can provide a precise formula that will dispose of every case, we think it appropriate to indicate in somewhat greater detail than in the past, the approach a Court of Appeals must take toward an indigent’s application for leave to take a direct appeal from his criminal conviction in forma pauperis.

Statutory provision for litigation in forma pauperis in the federal courts is made by 28 U. S. C. § 1915, authorizing “[a]ny court of the United States” to allow indigent persons to prosecute, defend, or appeal suits without prepayment of costs. Before discussing our understanding of the proper manner in which a Court of Appeals is to exercise its authority to allow a criminal appeal in forma pauperis, we believe it would be helpful to indicate briefly the law applicable to criminal appeals generally. The provisions of § 1915 can be understood and applied in such cases only when read together with the other provisions of the Judicial Code and the Federal Rules governing criminal appeals.

Present federal law has made an appeal from a District Court’s judgment of conviction in a criminal case what is, in effect, a matter of right.² That is, a defendant has a right to have his conviction reviewed by a Court of Appeals, and need not petition that court for an exercise of its discretion to allow him to bring the case before the court. The only requirements a defendant must meet for perfecting his appeal are those expressed as time limitations within which various procedural steps must be completed. First, a timely notice of appeal must be filed in the District Court to confer jurisdiction upon the Court of Appeals over the case.³ Subsequently, designations of the transcript, a record on appeal and briefs must be filed in the appropriate forum.⁴

The indigent defendant will generally experience no material difficulty in filing a timely notice of appeal.⁵ But thereafter he is immediately faced with court fees for docketing his appeal in the Court of Appeals and with the cost of preparing the record, including a stenographic transcript of at least portions of the trial proceedings.⁶ If he is unable to meet either or both of these expenses, he can perfect his appeal only by applying for leave to appeal in forma pauperis. The application, to be made to the District Court in which the defendant was convicted,⁷ must conform to the requirements of 28 U. S. C. § 1915 (a) and include, in affidavit form, the defendant’s representations of poverty, a statement of the case, and his belief that he is entitled to redress. The sole statutory language by which the District Court is guided in passing upon the application provides “[a]n appeal may not be taken in forma pauperis if the trial court certifies in writing that it is not taken in good faith.” 28 U. S. C. § 1915 (a).

What meaning should be placed on the “good faith” of which the statute speaks? In the context of a criminal appeal, we do not believe it can be read to require a District Court to determine whether the would-be appellant seeks further review of his case in subjective good faith, i. e., good faith from his subjective point of view.⁸ Such a construction would deprive the legislation of sensible meaning, there probably being no convicted defendant who would not sincerely wish a Court of Appeals to review his conviction. Further, a subjective standard might suggest that only persons who, in good conscience, could insist on their innocence, are to be entitled to a review of their convictions without payment of costs. We believe this interpretation of the statute is not required by reason nor is it consistent with the sound administration of criminal justice in the federal courts. We hold, instead, that “good faith” in this context must be judged by an objective standard. We consider a defendant’s good faith in this type of case demonstrated when he seeks appellate review of any issue not frivolous. In so doing, we note that if in forma pauperis litigation is attempted for reasons that may genuinely be characterized as the litigant’s “bad faith,” express authority exists in 28 U. S. C. § 1915 (d) for dismissal of the cause as frivolous.⁹

If the District Court finds the application is not in good faith, and therefore denies leave to appeal in forma pauperis, the defendant may seek identical relief from the Court of Appeals.¹⁰ In considering such an application addressed to it, the Court of Appeals will have before it what is usually the pro se pleading of a layman and the certificate of a district judge that the applicant lacks “good faith” in seeking appellate review. The District Court’s certificate is not conclusive, although it is, of course, entitled to weight.¹¹ However, we have recognized that the materials before the Court of Appeals at this stage of the proceedings are generally inadequate for passing upon the defendant’s application. Nevertheless, if from the face of the papers he has filed, it is apparent that the applicant will present issues for review not clearly frivolous, the Court of Appeals should then grant leave to appeal in forma pauperis, appoint counsel to represent the appellant and proceed to consideration of the appeal on the merits in the same manner that it considers paid appeals. If, on the other hand, the claims made or the issues sought to be raised by the applicant are such that their substance cannot adequately be ascertained from the face of the defendant’s application, the Court of Appeals must provide the would-be appellant with both the assistance of counsel and a record of sufficient completeness to enable him to attempt to make a showing that the District Court’s certificate of lack of “good faith” is in error and that leave to proceed with the appeal in forma pauperis should be allowed.¹² If, with such aid, the applicant then presents any issue for the court’s consideration not clearly frivolous, leave to proceed in forma pauperis must be allowed.

In so holding we have been impelled by considerations beyond the corners of 28 U. S. C. § 1915, considerations that it is our duty to assure to the greatest degree possible, within the statutory framework for appeals created by Congress, equal treatment for every litigant before the bar.¹³ We have expressed this view in a case comparable to the one before us here by holding that

“[u]nless the issues raised [by the indigent seeking leave to appeal in forma pauperis] are so frivolous that the appeal would be dismissed in the case of a nonindigent litigant, Fed. Rules Crim. Proc. 39 (a), the request of an indigent for leave to appeal in forma pauperis must be allowed.” Ellis v. United States, 356 U. S. 674, 675.

The point of equating the test for allowing a pauper’s appeal to the test for dismissing paid eases, is to assure equality of consideration for all litigants. The equation is intended to place the burdens of proof and persuasion in all cases on the same party — in these cases, on the Government. Since our statutes and rules make an appeal in a criminal case a matter of right, the burden of showing that that right has been abused through the prosecution of frivolous litigation should, at all times, be on the party making the suggestion of frivolity. It is not the burden of the petitioner to show that his appeal has merit, in the sense that he is bound, or even likely, to prevail ultimately. He is to be heard, as is any appellant in a criminal case, if he makes a rational argument on the law or facts. It is the burden of the Government, in opposing an attempted criminal appeal in forma pauperis, to show that the appeal is lacking in merit, indeed, that it is so lacking in merit that the court would dismiss the case on motion of the Government, had the case been docketed and a record been filed by an appellant able to afford the expense of complying with those requirements.¹⁴ If it were the practice of a Court of Appeals to screen the paid appeals on its docket for frivolity, without hearing oral argument, reviewing a record of the trial proceedings or considering full briefs, paupers could, of course, be bound by the same rules. But, if the practice of the Court of Appeals is to defer rulings on motions to dismiss paid appeals until the court has had the benefit of hearing argument and considering briefs and an adequate record, we hold it must no less accord the poor person the same procedural rights.

Two additional factors have relevance to our view of the proper disposition of motions for leave to perfect criminal appeals in forma pauperis. These factors are the foundation for Rule 39 (d) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, specifying that preference shall be given by the Courts of Appeals to criminal cases. This Rule, first, acknowledges the importance to the sovereign, to the accused and to society of a criminal prosecution. When society acts to deprive one of its . members of his life, liberty or property, it takes its most awesome steps. No general respect for, nor adherence to, the law as a whole can well be expected without judicial recognition of the paramount need for prompt, eminently fair and sober criminal law procedures. The methods we employ in the enforcement of our criminal law have aptly been called the measures by which the quality of our civilization may be judged.¹⁵ Second, the preference to be accorded criminal appeals recognizes the need for speedy disposition of such cases. Delay in the final judgment of conviction, including its appellate review, unquestionably erodes the efficacy of law enforcement.

Both of these considerations are particularly pertinent to criminal appeals in forma pauperis. Statistics compiled in the court below illustrate the undeniable fact that as many meritorious criminal cases come before that court through applications for leave to proceed in forma pau-peris as on the paid docket, and that no a priori justification can be found for considering them, as a class, to be more frivolous than those in which costs have been paid.¹⁶ Even-handed administration of the criminal law demands that these cases be given no less consideration than others on the courts’ dockets. Particularly since litigants in forma pauperis may, in the trial court, have suffered disadvantages in the defense of their cases inherent in their impecunious condition, is appellate review of their cases any less searching than that accorded paid appeals inappropriate. Indigents’ appeals from criminal convictions cannot be used as a convenient valve for reducing the pressures of work on the courts. If there are those who insist on pursuing frivolous litigation, the courts are not powerless to dismiss or otherwise discourage it. But if frivolous litigation exists, we are not persuaded that it is concentrated in this narrow, yet vital, area of judicial duty.

Similarly, statistics demonstrate the inevitable delay that surrounds a procedure in which the courts give piecemeal attention to the series of motions that indigents must make before a final adjudication of the merits of their cases is reached. Delays described in years between trial and final decision in criminal cases are the unhappy result of separate considerations of motions for the appointment of counsel, for the preparation of a transcript of the trial proceedings and, ultimately, for the leave to appeal in forma pauperis. The case before us illustrates the point. Petitioner was indicted on June 16, 1958, for offenses alleged to have been committed in early December 1957. He was first tried and convicted in December 1958. Leave to appeal in forma pauperis was granted by the District Court, and on June 23, 1959, the Court of Appeals reversed the conviction and remanded the case for a new trial. 106 U. S. App. D. C. 275, 272 F. 2d 504. In October 1959, new counsel was appointed by the District Court to represent petitioner at his second trial. Pre-trial motions were argued in the District Court in December 1959 and January 1960, and petitioner’s trial took place in the first week of March 1960. Petitioner was convicted and then sentenced on March 11, 1960. On March 22, 1960, the District Court denied an application for leave to appeal in forma 'pauperis. An application for leave to appeal in forma pauperis was then directed to the Court of Appeals, and was filed in that court on April 15, 1960. On April 20, that court appointed counsel to represent petitioner, and on June 15, 1960, counsel filed a 30-page memorandum in support of the petition for leave to appeal. The following day, the Government answered with a memorandum stating that it believed it appropriate for the court to order the preparation of a transcript at government expense before ruling on the petition for leave to appeal. Petitioner objected to this procedure on the grounds that his memorandum sufficiently indicated that non-frivolous issues were present in his case and that further delay in allowing the appeal was, therefore, unwarranted. On July 1, 1960, the Court of Appeals ordered the preparation of a transcript at the expense of the United States. The transcript became available August 15, 1960, and the Government’s opposition to petitioner’s application for leave to appeal in forma pauperis was filed, pursuant to an extension of time granted by the court, on September 2, 1960. The Government, misconceiving the issue as we understand it, claimed the points sought to be raised were “not sufficiently substantial” to warrant an appeal in forma pauperis; it did not suggest the appeal sought was “frivolous.” Petitioner filed a reply memorandum on September 8. On November 5,1960, the court, one judge dissenting, denied the petition for leave to appeal in forma pauperis. The petition for certiorari was filed in this Court on November 16,1960, and was granted on June 19, 1961. 366 U. S. 959. We heard oral argument in December 1961, and our present disposition of the case, remanding it for reconsideration by the Court of Appeals on an intermediary step, still far from the end of petitioner’s course through the courts on his original conviction, is now ordered more than four years after the commission of the offenses for which petitioner was tried and more than two years from the date of the trial and judgment petitioner seeks to have reviewed.¹⁷

In the light of this delay, it is not surprising that petitioner asks us to reach the merits of his case immediately. However, delay alone, unfortunate though it is, is not sufficient cause to bypass the orderly processes of judicial review. Contrary to the Government’s assertion here that petitioner has already received what amounts to plenary review of the conviction following his second trial, we hold petitioner has not yet received the benefits of presenting either oral argument or full briefs on the merits of his claims to the court first charged with the supervision of the trial court.¹⁸ The memoranda prepared by counsel in support of petitioner’s application for leave to appeal in forma pauperis were not intended to be, nor are they rightly considered as, full appellate briefs. But they do serve to demonstrate that petitioner sought consideration of issues that it would be difficult for an appellate court to consider so patently frivolous as to require a dismissal of petitioner’s case without full briefing or argument. In so saying, we need not, and do not, express any opinion on whether petitioner’s conviction should ultimately be affirmed or reversed. We only hold that taken as a whole, petitioner’s various claims cannot justify the summary disposition of his case ordered below.

The first of numerous claims asserted by the petitioner is that the indictment against him was procured through the use of perjured testimony before the grand jury. This Court has not yet decided whether such a charge, if proven, would require the reversal of a criminal conviction based upon an indictment returned by a grand jury hearing the perjury. But we have granted certiorari and given full consideration to related issues in other cases. See, e. g., Costello v. United States, 350 U. S. 359 (hearsay evidence considered by grand jury); Lawn v. United States, 355 U. S. 339 (illegally seized evidence considered by grand jury); Beck v. Washington, post, p. 541 (alleged inflammatory publicity surrounding state grand jury deliberations).

Petitioner also claims that he has been unable to prove his charge that perjured testimony was presented to the grand jury because of the refusal of the courts below to permit him to examine the transcript of the grand jury’s proceedings. Again, although in the particular context of this case access to the normally secret minutes of the grand jury may ultimately be held to have been properly denied, recent volumes of the United States Reports and the Federal Reporter include a number of opinions in which the extent of the secrecy normally attached to grand jury minutes has been explored.¹⁹

A number of other arguable claims were also made by petitioner to support his application for leave to appeal. But we believe those mentioned would alone have warranted the allowance of an appeal in forma pauperis. They meet the test of being sufficiently reasonable to withstand a claim that their frivolity is so manifest that they merit no further argument or consideration, and that dismissal of petitioner’s case is, therefore, in order. The judgment of the Court of Appeals is vacated, and the case is remanded to that court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

It is so ordered.

Mr. Justice Frankfurter took no part in the decision of this case. Mr. Justice White took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

1 During the past five Terms of the Court, we have found it necessary to vacate and remand for reconsideration 14 cases in which a Court of Appeals has applied an erroneous standard in passing on an indigent’s application for leave to appeal. Johnson v. United States, 352 U. S. 565; Farley v. United States, 354 U. S. 521; Delbridge v. United States, 354 U. S. 906; Edwards v. United States, 355 U. S. 36; Ellis v. United States, 356 U. S. 674; Hill v. United States, 356 U. S. 704; Cash v. United States, 357 U. S. 219; Hansford v. United States, 357 U. S. 578; Kitchens v. United States, 358 U. S. 42; Smith v. United States, 358 U. S. 281; Smith v. United States, 361 U. S. 13; Smith v. United States, 361 U. S. 38; McAbee v. United States, 361 U. S. 537; Lurk v. United States, 366 U. S. 712. See also Page v. United States, 359 U. S. 116; Willis v. United States, 362 U. S. 216. Cf. Simcox v. Madigan, 366 U. S. 765; Ragan v. Cox, 369 U. S. 437.

2 28 U. S. C. §§ 1291, 1294; Fed. Rules Crim. Proc. 37 (a). Cf. Carroll v. United States, 354 U. S. 394, 400-401.

3 Fed. Rules Crim. Proc. 37 (a); United States v. Robinson, 361 U. S. 220.

4 Fed. Rules Crim. Proc. 39 (c) (record on appeal to be docketed in Court of Appeals within 40 days of filing of notice of appeal) ; Rules of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit 33 (b) (application for copies of stenographic transcript of trial proceedings to be made within 3 days of filing of notice of appeal, or within 10 days if appellant is incarcerated), 33 (c) (appellant’s designation of record on appeal to be filed within 20 days of filing notice of appeal), 18 (a) (appellant’s briefs due within 20 days of filing record on appeal).

5 Although the timely filing of a notice of appeal is a jurisdictional prerequisite for perfecting an appeal, United States v. Robinson, 361 U. S. 220, a liberal view of papers filed by indigent and incarcerated defendants, as equivalents of notices of appeal, has been used to preserve the jurisdiction of the Courts of Appeals. See, e. g., Lemke v. United States, 346 U. S. 325 (notice of appeal filed prior to judgment); O’Neal v. United States, 272 F. 2d 412 (C. A. 5th Cir.) (appeal bond filed in District Court); Tillman v. United States, 268 F. 2d 422 (C. A. 5th Cir.) (application for leave to appeal in forma pauperis filed in District Court); Belton v. United States, 104 U. S. App. D. C. 81, 259 F. 2d 811 (letter written to District Court); Williams v. United States, 88 U. S. App. D. C. 212, 188 F. 2d 41 (notice of appeal delivered to prison officials for forwarding to District Court). See also Jordan v. United States District Court, 98 U. S. App. D. C. 160, 233 F. 2d 362, vacated on other grounds sub nom. Jordan v. United States, 352 U. S. 904 (mandamus petition filed in Court of Appeals held equivalent of notice of appeal from judgment in proceeding pursuant to 28 U. S. C. § 2255); West v. United States, 94 U. S. App. D. C. 46, 222 F. 2d 774 (petition for leave to appeal in forma pauperis filed in Court of Appeals held equivalent in § 2255 ease).

Further, Fed. Rules Crim. Proc. 37 (a)(2) expressly provides:

“When a court after trial imposes sentence upon a defendant not represented by counsel, the defendant shall be advised of his right to appeal and if he so requests, the clerk shall prepare and file forthwith a notice of appeal on behalf of the defendant.”

The salutary purpose of this provision may, however, not be achieved when the defendant appears at sentencing with counsel. If neither counsel, whether retained or court appointed, nor the district judge imposing sentence, notifies the defendant of the requirement for filing a prompt notice of appeal, the right of appeal may irrevocably be lost. Cf. Hodges v. United States, 108 U. S. App. D. C. 375, 282 F. 2d 858, cert. granted, 365 U. S. 810, cert. dismissed as improvidently granted, 368 U. S. 139, 140-141 (dissent); Lewis and Simms v. United States, 107 U. S. App. D. C. 353, 278 F. 2d 33, 111 U. S. App. D. C. 13, 294 F. 2d 209.

6 The fee for docketing an appeal in the Court of Appeals is $25. Stenographic transcripts in the federal courts cost $0.65 per page for the first copy, and $0.30 per page for additional copies. Transcripts in excess of 100 pages are not uncommon. The cost of printing briefs, records, and appendices, as illustrated by the present charge for printing records in this Court, may be $3.80 per page or more. The printing requirements are generally waived in appeals proceeding in forma pauperis. Cf. Fed. Rules Civ. Proc. 75 (m). But if, in such cases, printing is required by the Court of Appeals, the expense is borne by the United States. 28 U. S. C. § 1915 (b).

7 The statute appears to contemplate an initial application to the District Court by providing “An appeal may not be taken in forma pauperis if the trial court certifies in writing that it is not taken in good faith.” 28 U. S. C. § 1915 (a). And this is the manner in which the statute has been interpreted. See, e. g., West v. United States, 94 U. S. App. D. C. 46, 222 F. 2d 774; Waterman v. McMillan, 77 U. S. App. D. C. 310, 135 F. 2d 807; Murrey v. United States, 134 F. 2d 956 (C. A. 8th Cir.); Bayless v. Johnston, 127 F. 2d 531 (C. A. 9th Cir.). And see Rules of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit 41 (a). But cf. Jordan v. United States District Court, 98 U. S. App. D. C. 160, 163, 233 F. 2d 362, 365 note 3, vacated on other grounds sub nom. Jordan v. United States, 352 U. S. 904.

8 In discussing the “good faith” requirement of what is now 28 U. S. C. § 1915 (a), Senator Bacon of the Senate Judiciary Committee said:

“When a judge has heard a case and it is about to be carried to an appellate court, he ... is in a position to judge whether it is a case proceeding captiously, or viciously, or with prejudice, or from any other improper motive, or whether the litigant is proceeding in good faith.” 45 Cong. Rec. 1533 (1910).

However, he was discussing primarily civil suits. And see Jaffe v. United States, 246 F. 2d 760 (C. A. 2d Cir.) (civil case). But in criminal cases cf. Cash v. United States, 104 U. S. App. D. C. 265, 269, 261 F. 2d 731, 735, vacated, 357 U. S. 219; Parsell v. United States, 218 F. 2d 232 (C. A. 5th Cir.). See also United States v. Visconti, 261 F. 2d 215 (C. A. 2d Cir.) (proceeding under 28 U. S. C. § 2255).

9 And see Fed. Rules Grim. Proc. 39 (a); Fed. Rules Civ. Proc. 12 (f).

10 28 U. S. C. § 1915 expressly authorizes “[a]ny court of the United States” to permit a litigant to proceed in forma pauperis. Thus it is not necessary to consider the application to the Court of Appeals a separate “appeal” from the order of the District Court denying relief, to which the time requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure would be applicable as they are to appeals in other ancillary post-conviction proceedings. Cf. Roberts v. United States District Court, 339 U. S. 844, 845. The court below has, by its own Rule 41 (b), required all persons seeking leave to appeal a judgment of the District Court in forma pauperis, to apply for such leave from the Court of Appeals within 30 days of the date on which their applications for such relief from the District Court have been denied. The instant petitioner has complied with this Rule.

11 Johnson v. United States, 352 U. S. 565, 566.

12 Johnson v. United States, 352 U. S. 565, 566. See also Farley v. United States, 354 U. S. 521; Ellis v. United States, 356 U. S. 674; Whitt v. United States, 104 U. S. App. D. C. 1, 259 F. 2d 158.

13 Cf. Griffin v. Illinois, 351 U. S. 12, in which we were presented with a state law requiring defendants in all criminal cases in that State to furnish a bill of exceptions to the appellate court in which they sought review of their convictions. The bill of exceptions was difficult, if not impossible, to prepare without a stenographic transcript of the trial proceedings. Persons sentenced to death received transcripts at the expense of the State; all others were required to purchase a transcript. We found the failure of the State to provide for appellate review for indigents in non-capital cases, when such review was available for all defendants able to purchase transcripts, an “invidious discrimination” inconsistent with the guarantees of due process and equal protection of the laws of the Fourteenth Amendment. See also Eskridge v. Washington State Board, 357 U. S. 214; Ross v. Schneckloth, 357 U. S. 575; Burns v. Ohio, 360 U. S. 252; Douglas v. Green, 363 U. S. 192; McCrary v. Indiana, 364 U. S. 277; Smith v. Bennett, 365 U. S. 708, in which comparable state rules and practices, effectively limiting the poor person’s access to courts ostensibly open to all, similarly have been found vulnerable.

14 See Brown v. United States, 110 U. S. App. D. C. 310, 293 F. 2d 149; United States v. Nudelman, 207 F. 2d 109 (C. A. 3d Cir.). Cf. United States v. Johnson, 327 U. S. 106; Smith v. United States, 105 U. S. App. D. C. 414, 267 F. 2d 691; Young v. United States, 105 U. S. App. D. C. 415, 267 F. 2d 692; United States v. Peltz, 246 F. 2d 537 (C. A. 2d Cir.).

15 Justice Schaefer of the Supreme Court of Illinois, in the 1956 Oliver Wendell Holmes Lecture at the Harvard Law School, reprinted as Federalism and State Criminal Procedure, 70 Harv. L. Rev. 1, 26 (1956).

16 Jones v. United States, 105 U. S. App. D. C. 326, 328, 266 F. 2d 924, 926. There, Judge Bazelon pointed out that of 86 criminal appeals considered by the Court of Appeals within a period of approximately 15 months, 18 were prepaid, while 68 were considered after either the District Court or the Court of Appeals had granted leave to appeal in forma pauperis. Of this total, 14 of the prepaid appeals resulted in a judgment affirming the conviction; a similar majority of the paupers’ appeals resulted in affirmance. However, during a comparable span between September 1, 1957, and February 28, 1959, 24 criminal appeals were decided by the Court of Appeals in which the District Court had initially denied leave to appeal in forma pauperis. In 11 of those 24 cases, reversals were ordered, and in 6 more, one of the three judges of the court’s panel dissented from the judgment affirming the conviction. During those same 18 months, the court granted 31 of 47 petitions for leave to take a direct appeal in forma pauperis from a conviction, and this Court subsequently reversed the denials of leave to appeal ordered in the cases of 6 of the 16 unsuccessful applicants in the court below.

17 The instant case is not unique in this regard. See, e. g., Johnson: Indicted (March 1956), tried (May 1956), appeal in forma pauperis denied, 238 F. 2d 565 (C. A. 2d Cir. 1956), vacated, 352 U. S. 565 (1957), conviction affirmed on the merits, 254 F. 2d 175, petition for certiorari dismissed per stipulation of parties, 357 U. S. 933 (June 1958); Farley: Indicted (December 1955), tried (May 1956), application for leave to appeal in forma pauperis remanded to District Court, 238 F. 2d 575 (C. A. 2d Cir. 1956), appeal in forma pauperis denied, 242 F. 2d 338, vacated, 354 U. S. 521 (1957), remanded to District Court for settling transcript (December 1960), appeal in forma pauperis granted by District Court (May 1961), conviction affirmed on the merits, 292 F. 2d 789 (1961), cert. denied, 369 U. S. 857 (April 1962); Ellis: Indicted (April 1956), tried (September 1956), appeal in forma pauperis denied, 101 U. S. App. D. C. 386, 249 F. 2d 478 (1957), vacated, 356 U. S. 674 (1958), conviction affirmed on the merits, 105 U. S. App. D. C. 86, 264 F. 2d 372, cert. denied, 359 U. S. 998 (May 1959), motion for leave to file petition for rehearing denied, 361 U. S. 945 (January 1960).

18 This argument was also presented by the Government, and then rejected by us, in Lurk v. United States, 366 U. S. 712.

19 See, e. g., Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. v. United States, 360 U. S. 395, 399-400; De Binder v. United States, 110 U. S. App. D. C. 244, 246, 292 F. 2d 737, 739; United States v. Rose, 215 F. 2d 617, 628-630 (C. A. 3d Cir.); Parr v. United States, 265 F. 2d 894, 901-904 (C. A. 5th Cir.), reversed on other grounds, 363 U. S. 370. Cf. United States v. Procter & Gamble Co., 356 U. S. 677, 682-684. See Louisell, Criminal Discovery: Dilemma Real or Apparent? 49 Calif. L. Rev. 56, 68-71 (1961); Note, Inspection of Grand Jury Minutes by Criminal Defendants, 1961 Wash. U. L. Q. 382.