UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
) LEVI RUFFIN, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 14-cv-761 (TSC) ) UNITED STATES, ) ) Defendant. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Pending before the court is Defendant’s motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, motion to
transfer. Upon consideration of the motion, the response and reply thereto, and for the following
reasons, the court denies Defendant’s motion.
I. BACKGROUND
The following facts taken from the Complaint are assumed to be true on a motion to
dismiss. Plaintiff Levi Ruffin was formerly an inmate at the United States Prison in Canaan,
Pennsylvania (“USP Canaan”). (Compl. ¶ 10). During an appointment with a dental hygienist in
May 2012, his dental treatment plan was updated to include a plan for extraction of a partially
erupted wisdom tooth, tooth #32. In September 2012, he saw the Chief Dental Officer for USP
Canaan, Dr. Rosalind Hartland, and complained of severe pain in his wisdom tooth on his right
side. Dr. Hartland observed that tooth #32 had caries below the bone and that the tooth was
impacted. She diagnosed Ruffin with “dental caries extending into pulp” and recommended
removal of the tooth. (Id. ¶ 14). Dr. Hartland prescribed two medications for Ruffin to take in
the interim, but Ruffin alleges it was not enough to adequately relieve his pain. (Id. ¶¶ 16-18).
1 Not having received the requested extraction, Ruffin complained repeatedly to USP
Canaan Health Services about his dental pain, but received no additional treatment. (Id. ¶¶ 19-
20). In November 2012, two months after Dr. Hartland requested an oral surgeon perform the
extraction, Ruffin’s name was approved to be put on a list for treatment by an outside specialist
in oral surgery. (Id. ¶ 21). In the ensuing month, Ruffin filed two administrative grievances to
attempt to get treatment. (Id. ¶¶ 22-24). The warden at USP Canaan responded to the second
grievance by advising Ruffin that he was on a list for treatment by an outside specialist and was
scheduled for an evaluation. Around the same time, Ruffin complained to a health administrator
“that the hole in his mouth is stinking, bleeding daily, and could be infected.” (Id. ¶ 26).
On December 13, 2012, Ruffin had another appointment with Dr. Hartland to receive
unrelated fillings. He complained of pain in his tooth again, and Dr. Hartland diagnosed him
with the same condition in tooth #32. (Id. ¶¶ 27-30). Dr. Hartland did not attempt to treat his
pain or have the tooth removed, but offered Ruffin a 30-day pureed diet. (Id. ¶ 31). Ruffin
declined, and a nurse allegedly hit the back of his hands with a clipboard. That same day, Ruffin
filed an administrative appeal of his prior grievances.
Around this same time, Ruffin was transferred to a different facility in Philadelphia.
Ruffin saw a dentist at that facility, who diagnosed Ruffin’s tooth #32 as “bucally inclinded [sic]
with curved root,” noted that Ruffin was “in severe pain,” and that he “was seen in another
institution but was not able to get treatment.” (Id. ¶¶ 39-40). That dentist referred Ruffin for
further treatment. Shortly after this appointment, in late January 2013 Ruffin filed another
administrative appeal complaining that it had been two months since he was approved to see a
specialist but he had not been treated and was still in pain.
2 Ruffin was later transferred back to USP Canaan, where on May 21, 2013 he was called
to the dental clinic to have tooth #32 extracted. Ruffin, however, declined the extraction. He
claims that because he was less than a month away from being released, he preferred to wait until
his release so he could have the tooth extracted by a provider of his own choosing. (Id. ¶ 48).
After he was released, he sought dental treatment, and had tooth #32 extracted at Water Brook
Dental in Washington, D.C., on July 17, 2013. (Id. ¶ 52).
Ruffin filed the instant Complaint in April 2014 against the United States for negligence
in violation of the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”), and against Dr. Hartland for violating the
Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss, or in the
alternative to transfer the case to the Middle District of Pennsylvania. After Defendants filed
their motion, Ruffin voluntarily dismissed Dr. Hartland from the case, leaving the FTCA claim
against the United States as the sole remaining claim. The United States argues that the case
should be transferred to the Middle District of Pennsylvania because the acts which gave rise to
Ruffin’s claim occurred there, or, if the court retains the case in this district, that it should
dismiss Ruffin’s claim for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
a. Transfer
A case may be transferred to another venue “[f]or the convenience of parties and
witnesses, in the interest of justice . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). “Section 1404(a) is intended to
place discretion in the district court to adjudicate motions for transfer according to an
‘individualized, case-by-case consideration of convenience and fairness.’” Stewart Org., Inc. v.
Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 29 (1988) (quoting Van Dusen v. Barrack, 376 U.S. 612, 622 (1964)).
3 The moving party bears the burden of establishing that transfer of the action is proper.
Devaughn v. Inphonic, Inc., 403 F. Supp. 2d 68, 71 (D.D.C. 2005).
In deciding a motion to transfer venue under § 1404(a), a court must first determine
whether the transferee district is one where the action “might have been brought,” 28 U.S.C. §
1404(a), and then must balance the private and public interests involved in the proposed transfer
to determine “whether the defendant has demonstrated that considerations of convenience and
the interest of justice support a transfer.” Barham v. UBS Fin. Servs., 496 F. Supp. 2d 174, 178
(D.D.C. 2007).
b. Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6)
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “The plausibility standard
is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a
defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (internal citation omitted). Although a plaintiff may
survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion even where “recovery is very remote and unlikely[,]” the facts
alleged in the complaint “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level[.]”
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-56 (2007) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). Moreover, a pleading must offer more than “labels and conclusions” or a “formulaic
recitation of the elements of a cause of action[.]” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550
U.S. at 555). If the facts as alleged, which must be taken as true, fail to establish that a plaintiff
has stated a claim upon which relief can be granted, the Rule 12(b)(6) motion must be
granted. See, e.g., Am. Chemistry Council, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 922 F.
Supp. 2d 56, 61 (D.D.C. 2013).
4 III. ANALYSIS
Before the court may transfer an action to another venue, the moving party must show
that the plaintiff could have brought the action in the proposed transferee district. 28 U.S.C. §
1404(a); Devaughn, 403 F. Supp. 2d at 71 (citing Van Dusen, 376 U.S. at 622). Here, Ruffin
does not contest that he could have brought his claim in the Middle District of Pennsylvania,
because the “the act or omission complained of occurred” in that district. 28 U.S.C. § 1402(b);
28 U.S.C. § 1331. Defendant therefore satisfies the threshold inquiry.
i. The Balance of Public and Private Interests
The second step in considering whether to transfer a case requires the court to determine
whether considerations of convenience and the interest of justice support transfer. In doing so,
the court weighs a number of private interest and public interest factors. See Devaughn, 403 F.
Supp. 2d at 72.
1. Private Interest Factors
The court considers six private interest factors when deciding whether to transfer a case:
(1) the plaintiff’s choice of forum; (2) the defendant’s choice of forum; (3) whether the claim arose elsewhere; (4) the convenience of the parties; (5) the convenience of the witnesses, particularly if important witnesses may actually be unavailable to give live trial testimony in one of the districts; and (6) the ease of access to sources of proof.”
Sheffer v. Novartis Pharm. Corp., 873 F. Supp. 2d 371, 375 (D.D.C. 2012) (internal citations
omitted).
Courts ordinarily give substantial deference to the plaintiff’s choice of forum.
Montgomery v. STG Int’l, Inc., 532 F. Supp. 2d 29, 33 (D.D.C. 2008). However, “where there is
an insubstantial factual nexus between the case and the plaintiff’s chosen forum, deference to the
plaintiff’s choice of forum is . . . weakened.” Fed. Hous. Fin. Agency v. First Tenn. Bank Nat’l
5 Ass’n, 856 F. Supp. 2d 186, 192 (D.D.C. 2012) (internal citations omitted). The United States
argues that because all the acts which give rise to Ruffin’s claim occurred in Pennsylvania,
Ruffin’s choice of forum should be given significantly less weight than is customary. While it is
true that the purported negligence occurred in Pennsylvania, the court is cognizant of the
difficulties that would be created for prisoners convicted in the District of Columbia if this
analysis was rigidly applied. The District no longer has an operating prison, meaning all its
prisoners are housed in institutions outside of the District of Columbia. If courts were never to
give the District’s returning citizens’ choice of forum any weight in cases related to their
incarceration, they would likely be routinely forced to litigate their claims in an unfamiliar and
potentially distant forum. While it is true that Ruffin’s claim arose outside of this district, and
the court will therefore not ascribe the usual deference to Ruffin’s choice of forum, it does
believe Ruffin’s choice is entitled to at least some weight.
Second, the court considers Defendant’s choice of forum. Defendant seeks to transfer the
case to the Middle District of Pennsylvania, where the claims arose, and this factor favors
transfer. It is worth noting, however, that the Middle District is not the only place where relevant
events occurred. Ruffin was transferred to a facility in Philadelphia (in the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania), and received dental treatment there.
The third factor, where the claims arose, also favors transfer, for the reasons noted above,
with the caveat, also noted above, that certain of the relevant events occurred outside of the
Middle District. The fourth factor, the convenience of the parties, weighs slightly in favor of
retaining the case in this district. It would be far more convenient for Ruffin to keep his case
here. While Defendant claims that it would be inconvenient for it to litigate this “Pennsylvania
case” in this district, the court is persuaded that the Department of Justice, which is
6 headquartered in the District of Columbia, and which is currently represented in this matter by
counsel located in this district, is not unduly inconvenienced by having to litigate this matter in
the District, as compared to a plaintiff who is currently incarcerated in D.C. jail pending trial
having to litigate in the Middle District of Pennsylvania.
The fifth factor, the convenience of the witnesses, is neutral. In considering this factor,
the court considers “the availability of compulsory process to command the attendance of
unwilling witnesses, and the cost of obtaining the attendance of willing witnesses.” Reiffin v.
Microsoft Corp., 104 F. Supp. 2d 48, 53 (D.D.C. 2000). Neither party has alleged that any of its
witnesses would be unwilling to testify in this district. See FC Inv. Grp. LC v. Lichtenstein, 441
F. Supp. 2d 3, 14 (D.D.C. 2006). As both parties make clear, there are some witnesses in the
Middle District (those involved in Ruffin’s treatment) and some witnesses in this district
(Ruffin’s family members and his dentist at Water Brook Dental). The court notes that there are
also potential witnesses in a third district, the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, where Ruffin was
also treated while incarcerated.
The last private interest factor—the ease of access to sources of proof—is neutral, given
the portable nature of modern discovery. Thayer/Patricof Educ. Funding, L.L.C. v. Pryor Res.,
Inc., 196 F. Supp. 2d 21, 36 (D.D.C. 2002) (“the location of documents, given modern
technology, is less important in determining the convenience of the parties”). Ruffin claims that
he already possesses all the relevant documents in this district, which Defendant disputes. Even
if Defendant is correct that Ruffin’s claim to have all the relevant documents is incorrect, and
evidence remains to be gathered in the Middle District, it would not be particularly difficult for
that evidence to be brought to this district.
7 2. Public Interest Factors
The court now considers the public interest factors: “(1) the transferee forum’s familiarity
with the governing laws and the pendency of related actions in that forum; (2) the relative
congestion of the calendars of the potential transferee and transferor courts; and (3) the local
interest in deciding local controversies at home.” Foote v. Chu, 858 F. Supp. 2d 116, 123
(D.D.C. 2012) (citing Ravulapalli v. Napolitano, 773 F. Supp. 2d 41, 56 (D.D.C. 2011)).
Under the FTCA, claims are analyzed “in accordance with the law of the place where
the act or omission occurred.” 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1). The Supreme Court has “consistently
held that § 1346(b)’s reference to the ‘law of the place’ means law of the State—the source of
substantive liability under the FTCA.” FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 478 (1994). The parties
agree that the acts or omissions occurred in Pennsylvania, and that Pennsylvania law applies, but
they differ on the impact of Pennsylvania law in this case. Defendant argues that since
Pennsylvania negligence law applies, and the Middle District has greater familiarity with the
governing laws, this factor favors transfer. Ruffin argues that the court has to apply the “whole”
law of the state, including choice of law rules. Therefore, “in exercising jurisdiction over
Defendant United States under the FTCA, this Court must apply the choice of law provision
belonging to ‘the place where the act of omission occurred.’” Raflo v. United States, 157 F.
Supp. 2d 1, 8 (D.D.C. 2001) (citing Richards v. United States, 369 U.S. 1, 6-7 (1962)). Ruffin
argues that under Pennsylvania’s choice of law provisions, D.C. negligence law would apply
because D.C. has a greater interest than Pennsylvania in Ruffin’s claims.
While the parties dispute which state has a greater interest in Ruffin’s case, they omit the
first step in Pennsylvania’s (and many other jurisdictions) choice of law analysis—whether there
is a conflict between the competing laws at all. “[T]he first step in a choice of law analysis under
8 Pennsylvania law is to determine whether [an actual] conflict exists between the laws of the
competing states. If no [actual] conflict exists, further analysis is unnecessary. . . An actual
conflict exists if there are relevant differences between the laws.” McDonald v. Whitewater
Challengers, Inc., 2015 PA Super 104, at *5 (Pa. Super. Ct. Apr. 29, 2015) (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted).
Neither party cites the standard for negligence in Pennsylvania or compares that standard
to D.C. law to determine whether a conflict exists. It appears there does not. Compare Toogood
v. Owen J. Rogal, D.D.S., P.C., 824 A.2d 1140, 1145 (Pa. 2003) (“to prevail in a medical
malpractice action, a plaintiff must ‘establish a duty owed by the physician to the patient, a
breach of that duty by the physician, that the breach was the proximate cause of the harm
suffered, and the damages suffered were a direct result of the harm.’”) (internal citation omitted)
with D.C. v. Wilson, 721 A.2d 591, 597 (D.C. 1998) (explaining in a medical malpractice case
that “‘[i]n an action for negligence, the plaintiff has the burden of proving [, by a preponderance
of the evidence,] the applicable standard of care, a deviation from that standard by the defendant,
and a causal relationship between the deviation and the plaintiff’s injury.’”) (internal citation
omitted). Both jurisdictions also require expert testimony in medical malpractice cases. See
Toogood, 824 A.2d at 1145; Wilson, 721 A.2d at 597.
Because there appears to be no conflict, the parties’ analyses of the competing states’
interests in this case is unnecessary. This means the first public interest factor is neutral because
familiarity with the governing laws is the same where those laws appear to be identical.1
1 The court further notes that federal courts frequently apply the law of states outside their jurisdiction, meaning this factor would not weigh heavily in favor of transfer even were this court to apply Pennsylvania law. See Essroc Cement Corp. v. CTI/D.C., Inc., 740 F. Supp. 2d 131, 142 (D.D.C. 2010) (applying Pennsylvania law); Bortell v. Eli Lilly & Co., 406 F. Supp. 2d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 2005) (same).
9 The second factor, the relative congestion of the calendars of the transferee and transferor
courts, is neutral. Ruffin notes that the Middle District has more cases per judge, but Defendant
points out that the median time from filing to disposition is similar in both districts. Neither
party has made a compelling showing that the congestion in one or the other court warrants
tipping the scales in either direction.
The parties dispute the third public interest factor, the importance of deciding local
controversies at home. Defendant is correct that for purposes of this factor, cases “should be
resolved in the forum where the people ‘whose rights and interests are in fact most vitally
affected by the suit’” are located. Trout Unlimited v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 944 F. Supp. 13, 20
(D.D.C. 1996) (citing Adams v. Bell, 711 F.2d 161, 167 n.34 (D.C. Cir. 1983)). But Defendant
overstates the Middle District of Pennsylvania’s interest in this case. Unlike in Trout, which
involved quintessentially local issues of water rights, environmental regulation, and local
wildlife, Pennsylvania has a less distinct (although not insubstantial) interest in the adequacy of
dental care in its federal prisons—especially for inmates, like Ruffin, whose crimes occurred not
in Pennsylvania, but in the District of Columbia, and who are in Pennsylvania only to serve their
sentences. While Defendant discounts any interest this district may have in Ruffin’s suit, Ruffin
is correct that the District has at least some interest in providing a local forum for its returning
citizens to litigate claims regarding mistreatment during incarceration. To find otherwise would
be to discount any interest the District may have over the treatment of its own citizens who,
while in prison, are always located in jurisdictions outside of the District. Both forums have
some local ties to Ruffin’s case, and this factor does not weigh in favor of either side.
After weighing the various factors applicable to a transfer motion, the court finds that the
public and private interests are basically even. Both parties have an interest in litigating in their
10 chosen forums, witnesses are located in both forums, and both forums have some interest in the
case. Because traditionally the plaintiff’s choice of forum is given deciding weight (and in this
case Ruffin has a compelling interest in litigating in this district), and because a “tie” means
Defendant as the moving party has failed to carry its burden, the court, in its discretion will deny
the motion to transfer.
b. Motion to Dismiss
Defendant argues that Ruffin has failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted,
arguing that “[a]llegations alone do not present a genuine issue of material fact,” “[c]onclusory
statements unsupported by any specific facts are insufficient to raise a genuine issue of fact,” and
“Plaintiff failed to set forth any evidence, aside from his own conclusory allegations, that the
Defendant failed to conform her conduct to the requisite standard or was negligent. Plaintiff
failed to establish any causal link between the alleged behavior and any injury.” (Def. Mot. 23).
Defendant also claims that each element of Ruffin’s negligence claim must be proven by expert
testimony, and failure to do so requires judgment for the United States.
As Ruffin correctly points out, whether or not there is a genuine issue of material fact is a
question for summary judgment, not a motion to dismiss. At this stage, Ruffin’s Complaint need
only “contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible
on its face.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendant’s
allegation that Ruffin has failed to set forth sufficient evidence to prove his claim is irrelevant at
this stage, for “as a general principle of civil procedure, factual proof of a claim is not demanded
at the pleading stage and is instead only sought once the litigation progresses to the discovery
stage of litigation.” Wilson v. Gov’t of D.C., 269 F.R.D. 8, 14 (D.D.C. 2010). Perhaps
11 recognizing these distinctions, Defendant fails to even reference its motion to dismiss in its reply,
and instead focuses exclusively on its motion to transfer.
Ruffin has set forth factual allegations which, if assumed to be true, are sufficient to
survive a motion to dismiss. Under either Pennsylvania or D.C. law, Ruffin’s negligence claim
requires him to show duty, breach, and causation. Whether or not Ruffin’s treating physicians
owed him a duty is a legal question.2 See In re Sealed Case, 67 F.3d 965, 968 (D.C. Cir. 1995).
Ruffin sets forth allegations that Dr. Hartland and/or other prison officials or treating physicians
breached their alleged duty by repeatedly refusing to extract his tooth and not providing proper
treatment while his condition remained ongoing. Ruffin alleges that he repeatedly filed
administrative grievances and appeals to address the situation, to no avail. Finally, Ruffin
alleges that as a result of Defendant’s breach, Ruffin suffered severe pain and mental anguish for
almost a year. This is a short and plain statement that puts Defendant on notice of Ruffin’s
claims, which is all that is required at this stage of the proceedings.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the court denies the United States’ motion to dismiss, or in the
alternative to transfer. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Date: July 31, 2015
Tanya S. Chutkan TANYA S. CHUTKAN United States District Judge
2 Other courts have held (and Defendant does not dispute) that “physicians owe the same standard of care to prisoners as physicians owe to private patients generally,” District of Columbia v. Mitchell, 533 A.2d 629, 648 (D.C. 1987), and “federal courts have construed [18 U.S.C. § 4042] to include the duty to provide adequate medical care to all federal inmates.” Hill v. Lamanna, No. 03-323, 2007 WL 777007, at *12 (W.D. Pa. Mar. 12, 2007); see also Jones v. United States, 91 F.3d 623, 625 (3d Cir. 1996).