1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 SOROYA MARIA RIGOR, No. 2:24–cv–36–DJC–KJN PS 12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IFP REQUEST AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO 13 v. DISMISS 14 SACRAMENTO LGBT COMMUNITY (ECF No. 2.) CENTER, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, who proceeds without counsel in this action, requests leave to proceed in forma 18 pauperis (“IFP”).1 (ECF No. 2.) See 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (authorizing the commencement of an 19 action “without prepayment of fees or security” by a person who is unable to pay such fees). 20 Plaintiff’s affidavit makes the required financial showing, and so plaintiff’s request is granted. 21 However, the determination that a plaintiff may proceed without payment of fees does not 22 complete the inquiry. Under the IFP statute, the court must screen the complaint and dismiss any 23 claims that are frivolous or malicious, fail to state a claim on which relief may be granted, or seek 24 monetary relief against an immune defendant. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Further, the federal court 25 has an independent duty to ensure it has subject matter jurisdiction in the case. See United 26 Investors Life Ins. Co. v. Waddell & Reed Inc., 360 F.3d 960, 967 (9th Cir. 2004). 27 1 Actions where a party proceeds without counsel are referred to a magistrate judge pursuant to 28 E.D. Cal. L.R. 302(c)(21). See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 72. 1 Legal Standards 2 i. Subject Matter Jurisdiction and Legal Frivolity 3 The court must dismiss a case if, at any time, it determines that it lacks subject matter 4 jurisdiction. Rule 12(h)(3).2 A federal district court generally has original jurisdiction over a 5 civil action when: (1) a federal question is presented in an action “arising under the Constitution, 6 laws, or treaties of the United States” or (2) there is complete diversity of citizenship and the 7 amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1332(a). Under the well- 8 pleaded complaint rule, “federal jurisdiction exists only when a federal question is presented on 9 the face of the plaintiff's properly pleaded complaint.” Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 10 392 (1987). 11 Federal courts lack subject matter jurisdiction to consider claims that are “so insubstantial, 12 implausible, foreclosed by prior decisions of this court, or otherwise completely devoid of merit 13 as not to involve a federal controversy.” Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment, 523 U.S. 14 83, 89 (1998); Hagans v. Lavine, 415 U.S. 528, 537 (1974) (court lacks subject matter jurisdiction 15 over claims that are “essentially fictitious,” “obviously frivolous” or “obviously without merit”); 16 see also Grancare, LLC v. Thrower by & through Mills, 889 F.3d 543, 549-50 (9th Cir. 2018) 17 (noting that the “wholly insubstantial and frivolous” standard for dismissing claims operates 18 under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of federal question jurisdiction). A claim is legally frivolous when it 19 lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact. Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). A 20 court may dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an indisputably meritless legal theory 21 or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Id. at 327; Rule 12(h)(3). 22 ii. Federal Notice Pleading and a Complaint’s Failure to State a Claim 23 Rule 8(a) requires that a pleading be “(1) a short and plain statement of the grounds for the 24 court’s jurisdiction . . . ; (2) a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is 25 entitled to relief; and (3) a demand for the relief sought, which may include relief in the 26 alternative or different types of relief.” Each allegation must be simple, concise, and direct. Rule 27
28 2 Citation to the “Rule(s)” are to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, unless otherwise noted. 1 8(d)(1); see Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 514 (2002) (overruled on other grounds) 2 (“Rule 8(a) is the starting point of a simplified pleading system, which was adopted to focus 3 litigation on the merits of a claim.”). 4 A claim may be dismissed because of the plaintiff’s “failure to state a claim upon which 5 relief can be granted.” Rule 12(b)(6). A complaint fails to state a claim if it either lacks a 6 cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to allege a cognizable legal theory. Mollett v. Netflix, 7 Inc., 795 F.3d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir. 2015). To avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim, a 8 complaint must contain more than “naked assertions,” “labels and conclusions,” or “a formulaic 9 recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 10 555-57 (2007). In other words, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, 11 supported by mere conclusory statements do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 12 (2009). Thus, a complaint “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a 13 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff 14 pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is 15 liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. 16 When considering whether a complaint states a claim upon which relief can be granted, 17 the court must accept the well-pleaded factual allegations as true, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 18 89, 94 (2007), and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, see Papasan 19 v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 283 (1986). The court is not, however, required to accept as true 20 “conclusory [factual] allegations that are contradicted by documents referred to in the complaint,” 21 or “legal conclusions merely because they are cast in the form of factual allegations.” Paulsen v. 22 CNF Inc., 559 F.3d 1061, 1071 (9th Cir. 2009). 23 A complaint must not contain lengthy introductions, argument, speeches, explanations, 24 stories, griping, evidence, summaries, charts, notes, e-mails, and the like. See McHenry v. 25 Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1176-78 (9th Cir. 1996). This is because a complaint documentary 26 evidence may be presented at a later point in the case. See Id. 27 Pro se pleadings are to be liberally construed. Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 & n.7 28 (9th Cir.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 SOROYA MARIA RIGOR, No. 2:24–cv–36–DJC–KJN PS 12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IFP REQUEST AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO 13 v. DISMISS 14 SACRAMENTO LGBT COMMUNITY (ECF No. 2.) CENTER, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, who proceeds without counsel in this action, requests leave to proceed in forma 18 pauperis (“IFP”).1 (ECF No. 2.) See 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (authorizing the commencement of an 19 action “without prepayment of fees or security” by a person who is unable to pay such fees). 20 Plaintiff’s affidavit makes the required financial showing, and so plaintiff’s request is granted. 21 However, the determination that a plaintiff may proceed without payment of fees does not 22 complete the inquiry. Under the IFP statute, the court must screen the complaint and dismiss any 23 claims that are frivolous or malicious, fail to state a claim on which relief may be granted, or seek 24 monetary relief against an immune defendant. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Further, the federal court 25 has an independent duty to ensure it has subject matter jurisdiction in the case. See United 26 Investors Life Ins. Co. v. Waddell & Reed Inc., 360 F.3d 960, 967 (9th Cir. 2004). 27 1 Actions where a party proceeds without counsel are referred to a magistrate judge pursuant to 28 E.D. Cal. L.R. 302(c)(21). See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 72. 1 Legal Standards 2 i. Subject Matter Jurisdiction and Legal Frivolity 3 The court must dismiss a case if, at any time, it determines that it lacks subject matter 4 jurisdiction. Rule 12(h)(3).2 A federal district court generally has original jurisdiction over a 5 civil action when: (1) a federal question is presented in an action “arising under the Constitution, 6 laws, or treaties of the United States” or (2) there is complete diversity of citizenship and the 7 amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1332(a). Under the well- 8 pleaded complaint rule, “federal jurisdiction exists only when a federal question is presented on 9 the face of the plaintiff's properly pleaded complaint.” Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 10 392 (1987). 11 Federal courts lack subject matter jurisdiction to consider claims that are “so insubstantial, 12 implausible, foreclosed by prior decisions of this court, or otherwise completely devoid of merit 13 as not to involve a federal controversy.” Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment, 523 U.S. 14 83, 89 (1998); Hagans v. Lavine, 415 U.S. 528, 537 (1974) (court lacks subject matter jurisdiction 15 over claims that are “essentially fictitious,” “obviously frivolous” or “obviously without merit”); 16 see also Grancare, LLC v. Thrower by & through Mills, 889 F.3d 543, 549-50 (9th Cir. 2018) 17 (noting that the “wholly insubstantial and frivolous” standard for dismissing claims operates 18 under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of federal question jurisdiction). A claim is legally frivolous when it 19 lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact. Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). A 20 court may dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an indisputably meritless legal theory 21 or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Id. at 327; Rule 12(h)(3). 22 ii. Federal Notice Pleading and a Complaint’s Failure to State a Claim 23 Rule 8(a) requires that a pleading be “(1) a short and plain statement of the grounds for the 24 court’s jurisdiction . . . ; (2) a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is 25 entitled to relief; and (3) a demand for the relief sought, which may include relief in the 26 alternative or different types of relief.” Each allegation must be simple, concise, and direct. Rule 27
28 2 Citation to the “Rule(s)” are to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, unless otherwise noted. 1 8(d)(1); see Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 514 (2002) (overruled on other grounds) 2 (“Rule 8(a) is the starting point of a simplified pleading system, which was adopted to focus 3 litigation on the merits of a claim.”). 4 A claim may be dismissed because of the plaintiff’s “failure to state a claim upon which 5 relief can be granted.” Rule 12(b)(6). A complaint fails to state a claim if it either lacks a 6 cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to allege a cognizable legal theory. Mollett v. Netflix, 7 Inc., 795 F.3d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir. 2015). To avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim, a 8 complaint must contain more than “naked assertions,” “labels and conclusions,” or “a formulaic 9 recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 10 555-57 (2007). In other words, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, 11 supported by mere conclusory statements do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 12 (2009). Thus, a complaint “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a 13 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff 14 pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is 15 liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. 16 When considering whether a complaint states a claim upon which relief can be granted, 17 the court must accept the well-pleaded factual allegations as true, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 18 89, 94 (2007), and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, see Papasan 19 v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 283 (1986). The court is not, however, required to accept as true 20 “conclusory [factual] allegations that are contradicted by documents referred to in the complaint,” 21 or “legal conclusions merely because they are cast in the form of factual allegations.” Paulsen v. 22 CNF Inc., 559 F.3d 1061, 1071 (9th Cir. 2009). 23 A complaint must not contain lengthy introductions, argument, speeches, explanations, 24 stories, griping, evidence, summaries, charts, notes, e-mails, and the like. See McHenry v. 25 Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1176-78 (9th Cir. 1996). This is because a complaint documentary 26 evidence may be presented at a later point in the case. See Id. 27 Pro se pleadings are to be liberally construed. Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 & n.7 28 (9th Cir. 2010) (liberal construction appropriate even post–Iqbal). Prior to dismissal, the court is 1 to tell the plaintiff of deficiencies in the complaint and provide an opportunity to cure––if it 2 appears at all possible the defects can be corrected. See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130-31 3 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). However, if amendment would be futile, no leave to amend need be 4 given. Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 339 (9th Cir. 1996). 5 Analysis 6 Here, plaintiff’s complaint names as defendants the Sacramento LGBT Community 7 Center, a nonprofit organization, Claire Buckley, employee of Placer County Commissioner’s 8 Office, and David Heitstuman, Managing Director/CEO (of an unnamed company). Plaintiff 9 cites as a basis for jurisdiction the following sources of law: 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a); 18 U.S.C. 10 §§ 1001, 1621, and 1623; 22 U.S.C. § 1644(d); Gov. Code § 911.4; “IRS Codes 525 law and Rule 11 643; and “Injunctive Relief for Revised Uniform Fiduciary Assets-Digital Assets Act.” The 12 complaint seeks $10 million in damages, as well as “equitable ownership rights and for original 13 authorship for accepting proposal ‘contribution’ that was not properly disclosed to the public nor 14 were royalties afforded after violating agreement and nonprofit bylaws+IRS Code.” Plaintiff’s 15 statement of claim reads: 16 Legal and equitable ownership rights and royalties for plaintiff’s original authorship of digital assets and trade secrets targeting high- 17 end donors. Communications strategies propelled the nonprofit acceptance, and higher-levels of donations to they own property as 18 a direct result of misusing my proposal without disclosure of material facts revealing original authorship of contribution to the 19 Sacramento LGBT Community Center. 20 (See ECF No. 1 at 1-6.) Plaintiff attaches 116 pages to the complaint, including an “opening 21 brief” and copies of exhibits. These pages indicate the dispute concerns the design of a website 22 for the 2018 Pride Parade. The pages also read like a response to allegations from defendants that 23 plaintiff is a vexatious litigant,3 her time as a university student, her time being homeless, and her 24 interactions with other parties who are not named in this lawsuit but who were named in 25 numerous other—now dismissed—suits. (See id. at 7-122.) 26 3 Defendants have yet to appear in this case. A search of the Sacramento Superior Court docket 27 indicates plaintiff maintains a suit against Sacramento LGBT, Buckley, and Heitstuman. See 34- 2022-00328604-CU-MC-GDS. Presently pending before that court is a motion by defendants to 28 deem plaintiff a vexatious litigant, in which plaintiff’s multiple frivolous suits are noted. 1 Plaintiff’s complaint, to the extent it is intelligible, fails to state a claim on which relief 2 may be granted. First, to the extent plaintiff attempts to state a claim under the Lanham Act, 15 3 U.S.C. § 1125(a), it is unclear what the scope of her claim is. The Lanham Act protects against 4 trademark infringement, but a claim must state that the plaintiff (1) has a valid, protectable 5 trademark, and (2) defendant's use of the mark is likely to cause confusion. See Applied Info. 6 Scis. Corp. v. eBAY, Inc., 511 F.3d 966, 969 (9th Cir. 2007). Here, it is not clear plaintiff has a 7 protectable mark—even assuming this is the core of her claim. See Transgo, Inc. v. Ajac 8 Transmission Parts Corp., 768 F.2d 1001, 1014 (9th Cir. 1985) (“The threshold issue in any 9 action for trademark infringement is whether the words used by a manufacturer in connection 10 with his product are entitled to protection.”); see also Brookfield Commc'ns, Inc. v. W. Coast Ent. 11 Corp., 174 F.3d 1036, 1047 (9th Cir. 1999) (noting that a plaintiff's “registration of [a] mark on 12 the Principal Register in the Patent and Trademark Office constitutes prima facie evidence of the 13 validity of the registered mark and of [their] exclusive right to use the mark on the goods and 14 services specified in the registration.”). The complaint contains none of these allegations, instead 15 reading similar to complaints filed in other cases that appear to assert copyright infringement— 16 claims that have been dismissed. See Rigor v Buckley, 2:23-cv-02352 DAD CKD (dismissed for 17 failure to state a federal question); Rigor v CSUS, 2:20-cv-00394 JAM AC (dismissing claims of 18 intellectual property theft after providing plaintiff with the elements for a copyright claim under 19 17 U.S.C. § 411(a), and noting the multiple other claims of plaintiff’s that have been dismissed in 20 this court under these same standards). Plaintiff’s conclusory allegations here fail to state a claim 21 for relief. Paulsen, 559 F.3d at 1071. 22 Second, as to the attempt to assert claims under Title 18, plaintiff, as a private citizen, has 23 no authority to bring such claims. See Allen v. Gold Country Casino, 464 F.3d 1044, 1048 (9th 24 Cir. 2006) (no private right of action for violation of criminal statutes), see also, e.g., Dowdell v. 25 Sacramento Hous. & Redevelopment Agency, 2011 WL 837046, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 8, 2011) 26 (no private right of action under 18 U.S.C. § 1001); Sareen v. Sareen, 2008 WL 11450612, at *4 27 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 28, 2008) (same, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1621 and 1623). 28 /// 1 Third, the court finds the remaining citations in the complaint (22 U.S.C. § 1644(d) 2 (regarding claims against the German Democratic Republic); Cal. Gov. Code § 911.4 (motion 3 seeking leave to file late claim); “IRS Codes 525 law and Rule 643; and “Injunctive Relief for 4 Revised Uniform Fiduciary Assets-Digital Assets Act) to be dismissible as legally frivolous. 5 Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 325. 6 As to the remainder of the complaint, it does not comply with Rule 8 requiring a short and 7 plain statement. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8. Plaintiff’s complaint, including the attached exhibits, is 8 over 100 pages long and is primarily argumentative, prolix, replete with redundancy, and largely 9 irrelevant with legal authority and personal questions. McHenry, 84 F.3d at 1176-78. To the 10 extent there exists state law claims in these pages (including claims for breach of contract, 11 defamation, negligence, and the like), the court should decline supplemental jurisdiction over any 12 such claims. 28 U.S.C. § 1367. This would leave these state law claims for the California 13 Superior Court—a fact which plaintiff is aware, given her attempts to sue these same defendants 14 in state court at this time. See 34-2022-00328604-CU-MC-GDS, filed in Sacramento Superior 15 Court on October 18, 2022. 16 Ordinarily, the court liberally grants a pro se plaintiff leave to amend. However, because 17 the record here shows that plaintiff would be unable to cure the above-mentioned deficiencies 18 through further amendment of the complaint, the court concludes that granting leave to amend 19 would be futile. Cahill, 80 F.3d at 339. 20 VEXATIOUS LITIGANT WARNING 21 This complaint is similar to other cases filed by pro se plaintiff in this court in the last 22 year, in which she files disjointed allegations that state no claims and fails to amend after being 23 provided standards for amendment. See, e.g., Rigor v. Fernandez, 2:18-cv-00442; Rigor v. 24 California State University Sacramento, 2:19-cv-00633; Rigor v. CSUS, 2:20-cv-00394; Rigor v. 25 Carlsen, 2:21-cv-01388; Rigor v. Santa Clara County Public Defenders Office, 2:21-cv-02131; 26 Rigor v. Carlsen, 2:23-cv-00774; Rigor v. Santa Clara County, 2:23-cv-01679; Rigor v. Mercy 27 Pedlers, 2:23-cv-02048; Rigor v. Santa Clara County Public Defenders Office, 2:23-cv-02146; 28 Rigor v. Buckley, 2:23-cv-02352. Further, the court has previously provided plaintiff with 1 | general standards for how to state a claim. See Rigor v Santa Clara County Public Defender’s 2 || Office, et al., 2:23-cv—-2146-DAD-KJN PS, at ECF No. 3 (citing McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 3 | 1172, 1177 (Gth Cir. 1996). Plaintiff is warned that continued failure to heed the court’s guidance 4 | on amendment, and continued abuse of the court’s process, may result in a vexatious litigant 5 || order being entered against her that could restrict her ability to file new cases in this court. De 6 || Long v. Hennessey, 912 F.2d 1144, 1146 (9th Cir. 1990) (discussing requirements, pursuant to 7 || the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a), for issuing an order requiring a litigant to seek permission 8 | from the court prior to filing any future suits). 9 ORDER AND RECOMMENDATIONS 10 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that plaintiff's IFP application is GRANTED. 11 | Further, it is RECOMMENDED that: 12 1. The action be DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE; and 13 2. The Clerk of Court be directed to CLOSE this case. 14 | These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge assigned to 15 || the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within fourteen (14) days after 16 || being served with these findings and recommendations, plaintiff may file written objections with 17 || the court. Such a document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and 18 || Recommendations.” Plaintiff advised that failure to file objections within the specified time 19 || may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 20 | (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez v. YIst, 951 F.2d 1153, 1156-57 (9th Cir. 1991). 21 | Dated: February 28, 2024 / ae / a ly. ae 22 CAROLYNK. DELANEY 23 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 24 | rigo.36 25 26 27 28