OPINION
CHANDLER, Chancellor.
This is an action demanding access to books and records under 8
Del. C.
§ 220. Plaintiffs-stockholders Pershing Square, L.P., Pershing Square II, L.P., and Pershing Square International, Ltd. (collectively “Pershing Square”) seek access to two letters written by senior executives of Ceridi-an Corporation to its board of directors.
Pershing Square’s purported reason for reviewing these letters is to (1) communicate with stockholders regarding an ongoing proxy contest, (2) investigate the suitability of the current board of directors, and (3) investigate mismanagement and wrongdoing by the current board. Pershing Square supposes that these letters allege mismanagement on the part of the former CEO and lack of oversight by the board, complain of accounting problems, and suggest new corporate strategies. Ceridian refuses to comply with Pershing Square’s demand, challenging its compliance with any of the prerequisites of § 220. Additionally, Ceridian contends that the letters involve confidential communications between executive officers and the board, and that they must be protected in order to avoid potential chilling of these relations.
Pershing Square commenced this action on March 7, 2007, seeking an order that would require Ceridian to provide copies of the letters. The parties agreed to expedited proceedings, and this Court held a trial on April 11, 2007. For the reasons explained herein, Pershing Square is not entitled to the relief it seeks.
I. PARTIES
Plaintiffs Pershing Square, L.P. and Pershing Square II, L.P. are both Delaware limited partnerships and record holders of 100 shares of Ceridian common stock. Pershing Square International, Ltd. is a Cayman Island exempted company and the record holder of 100 shares of Ceridian common stock. All three companies collectively operate as an investment management company. Currently, Pershing Square is Ceridian’s largest stockholder, beneficially owning approximately 14.5% of Ceridian’s outstanding common stock.
Defendant Ceridian Corporation is a Delaware corporation with its principal executive offices located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Ceridian is comprised of two primary businesses: HR Solutions, a multinational human resources company headquartered in Minnesota, and Comda-ta, a major payment processor and issuer of credit cards, debit cards, and sort value cards headquartered in Tennessee.
II. BACKGROUND FACTS
Pershing Square first purchased Ceridi-an stock on October 6, 2006. Over the next two months, Pershing Square accumulated 20.5 million shares of Ceridian’s capital stock, valued in excess of $600 million. Owning more than 11.3% of Ceridian stock, Pershing Square became Ceridian’s largest stockholder. Nevertheless, Pershing Square represented itself as a “passive investor” in a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on December 20, 2006.
Around January 10, 2007, William A. Ackman, Pershing Square’s portfolio manager, learned that Gary Krow, the President of Ceridian’s largest operating subsidiary, Comdata, had sold a significant
amount of Ceridian stock. Ackman contacted Krow for more details. During a phone call, Krow allegedly informed Ack-man that he planned to quit his position at Comdata because he disagreed with the new business strategy pursued by Kathryn Marinello, the new CEO of Ceridian.
Krow, like Pershing Square, wanted to see Comdata exist as an independent entity. Marinello, on the other hand, thought other strategic goals would bring greater long-term value to stockholders. Krow also suggested to Ackman that Pershing Square run a slate of directors at the upcoming election and suggested a personal interest in a position on Pershing Square’s slate. Ackman and Krow agreed to meet again the following week in New York.
On Friday, January 12, 2007, numerous stockholders, including Pershing Square, met with Marinello to discuss her business strategy for Ceridian. This meeting, Ack-man testified, confirmed the concerns raised in his conversation with Krow. Specifically, Marinello expressed no great haste to spin-off Comdata and, instead, favored the pursuit of new acquisitions. Based on this meeting with Marinello, Ackman believed that Pershing Square needed to take immediate aggressive action by nominating a slate of directors for Ceridian’s upcoming annual meeting. Ackman then called Krow and moved their scheduled meeting forward to January 14, 2007, at an airport near Nashville, TN.
On Sunday, January 14, 2007, representatives of Pershing Square, including Pershing Square’s counsel, met with Krow and Know's personal counsel. According to Ackman, Krow informed him that Krow would not run on Pershing Square’s slate of directors, but indicated that he would personally support Pershing Square’s nominees. He also identified Ceridian stockholders who desired to have Comdata spun off as an independent company, who were loyal to him, and who would support Pershing Square’s slate. Krow, Ackman contends, then informed Pershing Square of the existence of two letters drafted by Krow and Douglas Neve, Ceridian’s CFO, to Ceridian’s board of directors in February 2006. Ackman admits that this was the first time Pershing Square learned of the letters and their content.
These letters allegedly detailed mismanagement by Ceridian’s former CEO Ronald Turner, expressed concerns with accounting problems and financial statements that eventually led to SEC investigations, criticized then-current business plans and strategies, and hinted at, if not directly complained of, failure of the board to oversee management.
Krow indicated that these letters led to the CEO’s termination,
but Krow expressed concern that the letters also damaged his working relationship with the current Ceridian board of directors. As a
result, Krow suspected that the board hired Marinello with the intention of firing him.
After these discussions with Krow and Marinello, Pershing Square became an active Ceridian stockholder. On January 18, 2007, Pershing Square, in a Schedule 13D filed with the SEC, officially changed its status to “active investor” and attached a letter from it to the Ceridian board. That January 18, 2007 letter described Pershing Square’s concern with the current board’s strategic and business decisions and announced that it planned to nominate a slate of directors. Pershing Square neglected to mention its meeting with Krow or its knowledge of the letters and their supposed content. Five days later, Pershing Square announced its slate of directors. Additionally, Pershing Square purchased another $150 million of Ceridian stock. More than one month later, Pershing Square made the § 220 demand that led to this litigation.
By letter dated February 28, 2007, Pershing Square made a written request to inspect certain stockholder list materials, a copy of Ceridian’s current bylaws, and other books and records of Ceridian pursuant to § 220. These “other books and records” specifically included a request for “[t]wo letters, the substance of at least one of which was discussed by [Pershing Square] with the Company’s financial advisor on January 29, 2007, from certain ‘named executives’ in the Company’s 2006 proxy statement, to the Board of Directors of the Company in 2006, addressing concerns with the management of the Company, which letters, [Pershing Square] believe[s], included concerns about the Board of Directors’ oversight responsibilities and/or performance of the prior Chief Executive Officer.”
Pershing Square stated that its purpose was “to communicate with their fellow Company stockholders on matters relating to their mutual interests as stockholders, including the solicitation of proxies in connection with the election of the Stockholders’ nominees to the Board of Directors of the Company at the Company’s 2007 annual meeting of stockholders, and to investigate the suitability of the Company’s nominees to serve on the Board of Directors.”
Once again, Pershing Square made no mention of its clandestine meeting with Krow and his counsel.
In response to this demand, Ceridian provided a copy of its current bylaws and made available for inspection its stockholder list materials. Ceridian refused, however, to provide the Krow and Neve letters, “explaining that Pershing’s proffered purpose for inspection — ie., ‘to investigate the suitability of the Company’s nominees to serve on the Board of Directors’ — was not a proper purpose within the meaning of Section 220(b), that the documents in question were and are confidential, and that the documents do not include any statements regarding Ceridian’s Board of Directors’ oversight responsibilities.”
Further, according to Ceridian, “the documents were provided to the Board in eonfidence[,] and [ ] the confidentiality of the documents has been maintained since that time.”
III. CONTENTIONS
Pershing Square argues that it is entitled to the Krow and Neve letters based on its stated purposes. Pershing Square also contends that it seeks to investigate mismanagement, waste, and breaches of fiduciary duties, and that the pleadings,
discovery, Ceridian’s own admissions regarding the content of the letters, and (Pershing Square believes) the letters themselves establish a credible basis to support such suspicions. Further, the letters are necessary and essential to these proper purposes because they bear directly on the board’s oversight in the face of mismanagement. Finally, Pershing Square states that Ceridian made no effort to establish that the documents were actually confidential in nature. To the extent that they were properly marked confidential, however, numerous Ceridian executives compromised that confidentiality by disclosing the content of the letters to outsiders.
Ceridian directly challenges Pershing Square’s stated purposes. First, Ceridian believes that Pershing Square’s purpose of investigating the suitability of nominees is legally unsupportable and contrary to public policy. To hold otherwise, Ceridian posits, would expose every board-level document to inspection, as all such decisions arguably reflect a director’s suitability. Second, Ceridian contends that a stockholder asserting as his proper purpose a desire “to communicate with stockholders” generally may receive only limited access to stockholder lists materials and may not investigate corporate books and records. Without such a limitation, the argument goes, every corporate record or document would be subject to investigation based solely on a stockholder’s desire to communicate with other stockholders. Finally, Ceridian argues that Pershing Square’s alleged desire to investigate wrongdoing comes too late because this purpose was not expressly stated in the demand letter or complaint, and it is misplaced because the letters contain no allegations of wrongdoing by the board and, thus, provide no credible basis to support such suspicions.
Ceridian further believes that Pershing Square’s decision to run a slate of directors
before
learning of the letters proves that the stated purposes are pre-textual and that the letters are neither necessary nor essential to Pershing’s stated purpose. Finally, Ceridian contends that the documents, which contain personnel matters and strategic planning, were marked and maintained as confidential and should not be released. According to Cer-idian, distribution of management/board communications would have a chilling effect on the candor and openness of communications between executives and the board — a harm Ceridian urges this Court not to facilitate.
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Inspection under § 220 may be had only for a proper purpose.
A plaintiff who states a proper purpose must also prove that it has some credible evidence sufficient to warrant further investigation.
Mere satisfaction of the proper purpose and credible basis for suspicion prongs will not equal automatic entitlement to the materials sought. A plaintiff must also prove that the information it seeks is necessary and essential to satisfy its stated purpose.
Finally, a plaintiff who proves all of these may be limited in its use of any information where the information is confidential and release would harm the company.
Y. ANALYSIS
A. Proper Purpose
According to the Delaware Supreme Court the proper purpose prong is “[t]he paramount factor in determining whether a stockholder is entitled to inspection of corporate books and records.”
The statute defines a proper purpose as any purpose “reasonably related to such person’s interest as a stockholder.”
A stockholder seeking inspection bears the burden of proving that she has a proper purpose.
Delaware courts have upheld § 220 demands for a variety of proper purposes. The mere statement of a proper purpose, however, will not automatically satisfy § 220(b).
A corporate defendant may resist demand where it shows that the stockholder’s stated proper purpose is not the actual purpose for the demand.
This showing is not made where a secondary improper purpose exists.
Instead, in order to succeed, the defendant must prove that the plaintiff pursued its claim under false pretenses,
and its primary purpose is indeed improper.
Such a showing is fact intensive and difficult to establish; however, “our courts have evidenced a somewhat greater willingness to scrutinize the credibility of the stated purpose when the stockholder’s demand is for books and records rather than merely for a stockholder’s fist.”
1.
Pershing Square’s Stated Proper Purposes
Ceridian directly challenges whether Pershing Square’s stated purpose “to investigate the suitability of directors” is indeed a proper purpose. Ceridian correctly notes that this Court has not ruled on the matter, but this fact alone does not determine whether a purpose is proper. Section 220(b) defines a proper purpose as “a purpose reasonably related to such person’s interest as a stockholder.” It is difficult for me to understand how determining an individual’s suitability to serve as a corporate director is not reasonably related to a person’s interest as a stockholder. After all, stockholders elect directors to represent their interests in the corporation and have few other avenues by which they may influence the governance of their com-
pañíes. Once elected, directors alone direct the management of the company, and stockholders may express dissatisfaction only through the electoral check.
Ceridian argues that strong policy considerations weigh heavily against recognizing the “investigation of the suitability of directors” as a proper purpose. Ceridian specifically asserts that every decision made by a director reflects her judgment and is arguably relevant to an investigation of whether that director should be re-elected. Thus, if this Court accepts this purpose as proper, Ceridian posits, it would expose every board-level document to inspection. I disagree.
Inspection under § 220 is not automatic upon a statement of a proper purpose. First, a defendant may defeat demand by proving that while stating a proper purpose, plaintiffs true or primary purpose is improper.
Second, a plaintiff who states a proper purpose must also present some evidence to establish a credible basis from which the Court of Chancery could infer there are legitimate concerns regarding a director’s suitability.
That is, a stockholder must establish a credible basis to infer that a director is unsuitable, thereby warranting further investigation.
Third, a plaintiff must also prove that the information it seeks is necessary and essential to assessing whether a director is unsuitable to stand for reelection.
Finally, access to board documents may be further limited by the need to protect confidential board communications.
Thus, accepting that a desire to investigate the “suitability of a director” is a proper purpose does not necessarily expose corporations to greater risk of abuse.
Ceridian also challenges Pershing Square’s right to access the letters based on its stated purpose “to communicate with fellow stockholders.” To prevent all company documents from potential exposure under such a broad purpose, Ceridian argues that stockholders seeking to communicate with fellow stockholders may only access stockholder lists materials. To support this contention, Ceridian relies on § 220 cases where this Court granted access to stockholder list materials in order to allow a stockholder to communicate with fellow stockholders.
Nevertheless, Ceri-
dian fails to cite, and I am unable to find, any case that holds that a stockholder who seeks to communicate with fellow stockholders automatically receives limited access under § 220 simply because it states this purpose. As previously discussed, a stockholder’s right to inspection is necessarily limited by its ability to satisfy all requirements of § 220. Where a stockholder satisfies these requirements, investigation will not be limited for the reasons Ceridian now suggests. Although “[t]he Court may in its discretion, prescribe any limitations, or conditions with reference to the inspection ... as the Court may deem just and proper,”
no such additional limitation is necessary in the circumstances here.
Finally, Ceridian contends that Pershing Square’s failure to explicitly state “investigation of mismanagement and wrongdoing” as a proper purpose in the demand letter or complaint precludes it from relying on that purpose now. Pershing Square’s demand letter indeed fails to list “investigation of mismanagement and wrongdoing” as a stated purpose. Further, Pershing Square’s later-filed proxy statements, which outline its purposes for challenging the board, also fail to mention such behavior. The complaint, however, does contain an air of concern regarding the letters’ supposed allegations of mismanagement and lack of oversight by the board, though Pershing Square again fails to specifically state mismanagement, lack of oversight, or wrongdoing as its purpose. In limited circumstances, this Court has allowed considerations of surrounding circumstances and trial testimony to cure defects in the wording of a demand.
In this case, however, an ultimate decision regarding the precise boundaries of plaintiffs’ purpose has no determinative effect on the Court’s ultimate judgment.
2.
Pershing Square’s Stated Proper Purpose Versus Its Actual Purpose
Although Pershing Square states proper purposes, the evidence overwhelmingly establishes, and I find as a fact, that despite the stated proper purposes, one improper purpose drives Pershing Square’s demand and this litigation: to find a legal vehicle by which Pershing Square can publicly broadcast improperly obtained confidential information.
Pershing Square openly admits the source of its knowledge — Krow. While Krow was a Ceridian fiduciary, but contemplating resignation, he formed an alliance with his employer’s largest stockholder to achieve one common goal — the replacement of the current board with a board that would spin-off Comdata and retain Krow as CEO. To further this goal, Krow participated in two secret meetings with Pershing Square. In the first, he discussed Ceridian’s strategic plans, aligned himself with Pershing Square, and schemed to unseat Ceridian’s current management and board. In the second meeting, held on one day’s notice in an airport, Krow reassured Pershing Square that he was adverse to the current board and at least allied with, if not loyal to, Pershing Square. Krow advised Pershing Square of Ceridian stockholders who were loyal to Krow and would likely support Pershing Square’s opposition slate. He also advised Pershing Square on the suitability of at least one of its nominees. Further, he
disclosed confidential information written not only by himself, but also by another Ceridian executive officer.
Notably, Pershing Square and Krow were both represented by counsel, who informed them that Krow might face legal issues if he joined Pershing Square’s slate. Yet, neither party seemed concerned that Ceridian, the company that employed Krow, was not represented at this meeting. Both participants ignored all duties that Krow owed to Ceridian, including Krow’s duty to report to management elected by and responsible to
all
stockholders. It appears that self-interest, not the best interest of the corporation or its stockholders, drove Krow’s actions, and Pershing Square stood to benefit from Krow’s self-interested actions.
Based on the evidence adduced at trial, I conclude that Pershing Square seeks, via this § 220 action, to enlist this Court as an aider and abettor in the covert alliance with Krow, using this Court and § 220 to legitimize, or provide legal cover for, an improper disclosure made in furtherance of Krow’s improper and self-interested goals. This is Pershing Square’s true purpose, and it is not, in my opinion, a proper one.
As such, I need not reach the question whether Pershing Square has provided a credible basis for the stated purposes or whether the letters are necessary and essential for Pershing Square to effectuate the stated purposes. Assuming, however, that Pershing Square asserted an actual proper purpose, provided a credible basis for any allegations of wrongdoing, and proved that the letters were necessary and essential for the stated purpose, it would remain unable to use the documents in the manner it seeks because the documents are confidential and should be protected in order to avoid harmful chilling of candid communications between executives and a board of directors.
B. Confidentiality
In determining stockholder inspection rights under § 220, this Court may “in its discretion, prescribe any limitations or conditions”
that it deems necessary to “protect the corporation’s legitimate interests and prevent possible abuse.”
One such condition has become common. “[I]t is customary for any final order [in a § 220 action] to be conditioned upon a [reasonable] confidentiality [agreement].”
The facts here, however, present a slightly different situation than often exists in § 220 confidentiality battles. Generally, parties negotiate a confidentiality agreement and exchange information pursuant to that agreement. Thereafter,
plaintiffs seek to disclose the information stating that it is not actually confidential,
or that although the information is confidential the benefit of disclosing the information to the stockholders outweighs any harm to the company.
No such confidentiality agreement exists here. Pershing Square instead seeks to publish parts or all of the letters in the context of an ongoing proxy contest.
Nonetheless, I find
Disney v. The Walt Disney Co.
instructive.
In that case, the plaintiff agreed to a confidentiality order that gave the company unfettered power to designate documents as “confidential;” the plaintiff, however, possessed the right to challenge that designation in this Court. A similar situation exists here. Ceridian, pursuant to numerous company policies and the instructions of the authors of the letters, designated this information as confidential. Pershing Square challenges whether the information is actually confidential. To the extent that it is, Pershing Square argues that Ceridian breached the confidentiality, and that disclosure will provide a greater benefit to stockholders than harm to the company. Thus, this Court will “make specific findings as to whether the documents are confidential.”
If they are, this Court will address: (1) whether the company breached such confidentiality; and (2) “the potential benefits and potential harms from disclosing the documents for [the] stated purposes.”
1.
The Letters Are Confidential
Pershing Square seeks letters written by Ceridian executives Krow and Neve to Ceridian’s board of directors in early 2006 that primarily express disapproval of then-CEO, Ron Turner. To explain this dissatisfaction, the documents contain discussions, opinions, and assessments by those senior executives concerning both public and nonpublic business and strategies regarding Ceridian, Comdata, and other Ceridian subsidiaries.
After reviewing these documents
in camera,
I conclude that they are of a confidential nature and should remain confidential. The letters focus on non-public business and personnel matters. They do not challenge any board action or inaction. Instead, they contain candid communications from senior executives to the board, and in some instances, call to the board’s attention sensitive matters regarding suspected mismanagement on the part of a fellow executive, Ron Turner (who announced his departure from the company only two months after the letters were submitted). Furthermore, those who participated in the communications marked them “confidential” and, presumably, expected that the information was and would remain confidential.
2.
The Confidentiality Has Not Been Compromised
Pershing Square argues that to the extent this information is confidential, Krow disclosed the content and breached any expectation of confidentiality.
Ceri-
dian’s Code of Conduct states that “only executive officers or lawyers may determine which proprietary information, if any, may be released.” Based on this phrase, Pershing Square argues that Krow unilaterally could determine that the information was no longer proprietary. I disagree. Such a reading of this phrase would make the entire section inapplicable to all executive officers and lawyers. Further, to the extent this phrase was meant to carry the weight Pershing Square suggests, large portions of Krow’s employment contract and the Code of Conduct would amount to nothing more than pure verbiage.
Krow’s employment contract specifically states that “[e]xecutives will not ... publish, disclose, or utilize in any manner any Confidential Information obtained while employed by Ceridian.”
Further, “[i]f [executive leaves the employ of Ceridian,
Executive will not, without Ceridian’s pri- or written consent,
retain or take away any drawing, writing or other record in any form containing any Confidential Information.”
The contract defines confidential information as “information or material which is not generally available to or used by others ... including ... information or material relating to Ceridian which when received is marked ‘proprietary,’ ‘private,’ or ‘confidential.’ ” This language undermines plaintiffs’ assertions. If Krow could unilaterally determine what constitutes confidentiality, there would be no need to include in his employment contract this language, which expressly restricts Krow’s ability to use and distribute confidential information.
The Code of Conduct also requires employees to protect Ceridian’s proprietary information, defined as “information that is not generally known outside of Ceridi-an.”
Examples include “[b]usiness plans or statistics, including information about business units’ earnings, gross or operating margins, expenses, order and backlog levels, customer information, and financial forecasts,” a number of which are included in the letters. The Code specifically states that employees may not release confidential information to pursue conflicts of interest.
The Code further notes that except where specified, its provisions apply to all employees. No exceptions are listed under the sections addressing proprietary information or conflicts of interests. Thus, it strains reason to suggest that based on the one phrase cited above, Krow could unilaterally change the status of documents and use proprietary information for his personal advancement when the remainder of the Code and his employment contract suggest otherwise.
Additionally, Krow’s subsequent behavior suggests that the information remains confidential. Although Ackman contends that Krow informed him of the letters, Krow now denies these allegations. Further, Krow failed to provide Pershing Square with a copy of the letters, although he undoubtedly possesses access to them as an author.
Finally, Pershing Square has been unable to obtain a copy of the letters from
any source, although Ackman testified that at least three other people confirmed knowledge of the letters. This lack of availability of the materials from any of the alleged sources suggests that the letters were meant to be and have remained confidential.
3.
The Potential Harm Outweighs the Benefit of Disclosure
The potential benefit of the release of these letters is very similar to that in
Disney
and can be stated as such. “Stockholders have a legitimate interest in monitoring how the boards of directors of Delaware corporations perform their managerial duties.”
This includes an interest in monitoring and investigating possible breaches of fiduciary duties owed to stockholders. Although Pershing Square’s right to monitor the board
may
be served by releasing the letters, it seems unlikely because, as previously stated, the letters do not challenge board action or inaction. Further, Ackman’s testimony suggests that Pershing Square has no significant interest in investigating wrongdoing but instead is primarily, if not solely, driven by a desire to publish the letters. I am unable to release the letters under these circumstances because the resulting harm is much greater than the purported benefit.
The potential harm to, and chilling effect on, the candid communications between high ranking executives and the board is significant. “If any stockholder can make public the preliminary discussions, opinions, and assessments of board members and other high-ranking employees, it will surely have a chilling effect on board deliberations”
and on important relations and communications between directors and executives. Directors, while they set the strategic vision of the company and monitor the managers in carrying out that vision, usually are not involved in the daily inner workings of the company. Executives, on the other hand, are exposed in this manner. Thus, executives may provide an invaluable source of information regarding highly relevant topics such as employee morale, employee efficiency, employee mismanagement, and a plethora of other topics. In order to keep directors well-informed in this regard, it is important as a policy matter that we protect the confidentiality of communications. I do not suggest that any document between an executive and a board member that the company marks as confidential is automatically excluded from inspection under § 220. There are circumstances where these confidential designations are over-broad,
or where the benefit of disclosure outweighs the risks of harm. But, where a document indeed involves confidential business and personnel matters and where the potential benefit of disclosing the information does not outweigh the potential harm,
this Court should exercise caution
in requiring disclosure absent special circumstances.
VI. CONCLUSION
This Court is required under 8
Del. C.
§ 220 to ensure that a stockholder’s primary purpose in demanding access to corporate books or records is proper and to prevent abusive use of such demands. Where those elements are in doubt, the Court will use its statutory powers to deny relief. The facts and circumstances in this case “describe a remarkable confluence of events that amount to an abuse of the Section 220 process, designed for some purpose[ ] other than to exercise [Pershing Square’s] legitimate rights as a stockholder ].”
Pershing Square initiated this § 220 action with a single objective in mind: to And a legal mechanism by which it can publicly broadcast otherwise improperly obtained and confidential information. This does not state a proper purpose. But even if Pershing Square does state a proper purpose, it is prohibited from accessing and publishing the confidential letters. The letters are confidential, have been consistently maintained as such, and release would chill valuable communications between executives and board members — a harm that I find outweighs the benefits of disclosure in these unusual circumstances. Accordingly, I deny Pershing Square’s demand to inspect and to publish the disputed letters.
IT IS SO ORDERED.