[303]*303ALTIMARI, Circuit Judge:
We granted rehearing in banc to consider whether petitioner-appellant Perry Bellamy suffered a per se denial of his right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment. The parties were also invited to brief the application of Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989) to this habeas corpus proceeding. These issues arise from Bellamy’s appeal from a judgment entered in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, (Reena Raggi, Judge), denying Bellamy’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (1988).
In a well-reasoned opinion, Judge Raggi rejected Bellamy’s claims that he'was denied: (1) effective assistance of counsel, either under a per se rule or under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); (2) due process; and (3) a full and fair opportunity to litigate his attorney’s competence at a state court hearing held in connection with his motion to set aside his conviction pursuant to N.Y.Crim.Proc.L. Art. 440 (McKinney 1983). Bellamy v. Cogdell, No. 90-4245, — F.Supp. -, 1991 WL 377837 (E.D.N.Y. June 28, 1991).
A divided panel of this court reversed the judgment of the district court, concluding that Bellamy suffered a per se denial of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Bellamy v. Cogdell, 952 F.2d 626 (2d Cir.1991). On in banc review, we agree with the district court and hold that our narrowly crafted per se rule does not apply to the facts of this case. We therefore vacate the panel opinion and affirm the judgment of the district court.
BACKGROUND
The facts in this case are largely undisputed. In January 1987, Bellamy went on trial in New York Supreme Court, Queens County, for his charged participation in the murder of State Parole Officer Brian Rooney. Lorenzo “Fat Cat” Nichols, a notorious Queens drug dealer, ordered Rooney’s murder from Nichols’ jail cell. This “hit” was a revenge killing for Rooney’s efforts in placing Nichols behind bars. The state’s evidence at trial showed that, in exchange for $5,000, Bellamy lured Rooney to a park in Queens where associates of Nichols shot Rooney repeatedly as Rooney sat in his car. After almost three weeks of trial, including five days of jury deliberations, a jury convicted Bellamy of second degree murder and second degree criminal possession of a weapon. Bellamy was eventually sentenced to fifteen years to life for the murder conviction and five to fifteen years for the weapon possession conviction, the sentences to run concurrently.
Over one year prior to the start of Bellamy’s trial, Bellamy’s mother contacted Attorney Sidney Guran to represent Bellamy. Although Guran was then retired and living in Florida, he had represented Bellamy numerous times in the past and agreed to represent him again. At that time, Guran was seventy-one years old and had been a duly admitted and successful member of the bar for almost fifty years.
In the months preceding and during Bellamy’s trial, Guran was- the subject of disciplinary proceedings in the Appellate Division, First Department. In October 1986, the Departmental Disciplinary Committee alleged that Guran had converted client funds in 1976 and had negligently handled a real estate transaction in 1977. The Committee scheduled a hearing on these charges for December 11, 1986. On November 10,1986, Guran’s attorney, Richard L. Baltimore, Jr., requested that the hearing be adjourned because more time was needed to compile documents for the hearing and because Guran was then “not mentally capable of preparing for the hearing.” Baltimore based his evaluation of Guran’s capacity on phone conversations with Gu-ran in which he found “a certain amount of disorientation” and on a letter, dated October 29, 1986, from Guran’s physician, Dr. Richard P. Cohen.
According to Dr. Cohen, Guran suffered from a variety of physiological ailments, including a recently diagnosed polyneuro-pathy, a condition “characterized by peripheral motor weakness [and] unsteadiness” on one’s feet. Dr. Cohen had been treating Guran for that condition for the preceding [304]*304six weeks. During that time, as a result of the “physical and emotional stress” associated with Guran’s recently discovered illness and of certain medications, Guran had been “virtually incapacitated.” Dr. Cohen also noted that as a result of that condition, Guran “at times” had “an inability to concentrate.” The prognosis for Guran’s newly discovered condition was uncertain at that time, but Dr. Cohen “anticipated” that evaluation and treatment of the polyneuro-pathy would take three to six months, and that Guran would be “effectively incapacitated during that time.”
Based on these communications, and on the underlying charges, the Disciplinary Committee filed a notice of petition with the First Department on November 21, 1986 seeking to have Guran suspended immediately and indefinitely from the practice of law. The accompanying petition recounted, among other things, the substance of the letters that Guran’s attorney and physician had submitted to the Committee. In response, Guran submitted an affidavit to the First Department dated December 12, 1986, in which he admitted his medical problems, but stated that a suspension, with its attendant stigma, was unnecessary. According to Guran, he had been essentially retired since 1984, having taken on no new work except for Bellamy’s case. Because of his prior representation of Bellamy and because of his familiarity with the case, Guran requested that he be permitted to represent Bellamy, stating:
I, of course, will not attempt to try this case by myself. I will have a competent attorney, but I must be present to assist him. Bellamy relies on, and strictly trusts only me and his mother has paid me. It would be a complete disservice to this defendant and jeopardize his right to a fair trial if I were not permitted to assist in his trial and defense.
Neither the Disciplinary Committee nor the First • Department ever responded to Gu-ran’s affidavit.
On December 11, 1986, Guran also advised the trial judge, John T. Gallagher, in an ex parte submission, about the pending disciplinary charges and his attendant health problems. Among other things, Gu-ran informed Judge Gallagher:
You might remember that I had a Dr. [sic] appointment ... at N.Y. Hospital at which time a tentative diagnosis of [a form of polio commonly known as Lou Gehrig’s Disease] was made. Needing time to prepare [for the disciplinary hearing scheduled for December 11, 1986], feeling miserable, [and] discouraged, I returned home and, through my lawyer, sent a copy of my medical statement to the Committee. Immediately they moved to suspend me pending my recovery. ...
I am feeling better and have secured the services of Marvin D. Skedelsky, Esq. [to assist me with the trial].
Jury selection in Bellamy’s trial began on January 6, 1987. Although Skedelsky told Guran that he would be available to assist Guran at trial, Skedelsky was unexpectedly occupied with another case when Bellamy’s trial commenced. As a result, Guran represented Bellamy alone. At no time was Bellamy informed of Guran’s disciplinary or health problems. On January 24, 1987, after almost three weeks of trial including five days of deliberations, the jury convicted Bellamy of second degree murder and second degree criminal possession of a weapon.
On March 26, 1987, more than two months after Bellamy’s conviction, the First Department — without a hearing — suspended Guran from the further practice of law. The First Department chose to suspend Guran based on his representation made over three months earlier in December 1986 that his then-existing state of health prevented him from preparing for his disciplinary hearing.
Having learned that Guran had been suspended, Bellamy, represented by pro bono counsel, moved in June 1987 pursuant to N.Y.Crim.Proc.L. Art. 440 (McKinney 1983) to vacate his judgment of conviction. Among other things, Bellamy claimed that he was not afforded effective representation due to Guran’s alleged incapacity and his subsequent suspension on that ground. Alternatively, Bellamy requested that a [305]*305hearing be held to determine Guran’s competency. On July 30, 1987, Judge Gallagher denied Bellamy’s Art. 440 motion and his request for a hearing, ruling from the bench that:
He [Guran] did an excellent job in trying that case. I don’t know of any mistakes that he made in trying the case. Further, with respect to the Appellate Division, Mr. Guran came to me before he started this case. He told me that he had a matter pending before the Appellate Division. This was with the First Department. I called the First Department and I told them that Mr. Guran was in my court and he had a matter to try here and I asked if it was appropriate for me to permit him to try this case, and they told me that it was permissible for me to do that and that’s exactly what I did and I did it at Mr. Guran’s request. He knew exactly what I was doing.... [S]o there’s no impropriety with respect to Mr. Guran’s conduct or how he tried the case.... (emphasis added).
Upon Bellamy’s motion for reconsideration, the court ordered a hearing to determine the competency of trial counsel. Neither Guran nor Bellamy testified at the Art. 440 hearing. The principal witness at the hearing was Dr. Cohen. Dr. Cohen first testified about his authorship of the October 29, 1986 letter, written at Guran’s request, that was sent to the First Department in support of Guran’s efforts to secure an adjournment of the disciplinary hearing. With regard to the October letter, Dr. Cohen testified essentially that:
[H]is opinion [in the October letter] that Guran was “virtually incapacitated” related primarily to his patient’s inability to travel frequently between his home in Florida and New York, as he understood would be required to participate in the disciplinary hearing. As the doctor explained, Guran’s ailments gave him a poor sense of balance and made him susceptible to falls. Frequent travel heightened this risk.... He explained that the inability to concentrate noted in his letter related primarily to difficulty he perceived Guran would have focusing on other matters if he were in a situation where it was difficult for him to keep his balance.
Bellamy v. Cogdell, 1991 WL 377837, — F.Supp. - (E.D.N.Y.1991). Significantly, based on a follow-up examination conducted on January 6, 1987 — the day Bellamy’s trial commenced and over two months after the October letter was written — Dr. Cohen further testified that he placed no restrictions on Guran’s practice of law and, more importantly, stated unequivocally that Guran’s physical problems had no effect on his mental capacities, i.e., there was nothing wrong mentally with Guran at the time of Bellamy’s trial. After the eviden-tiary hearing, the trial court again denied Bellamy’s motion to vacate his conviction, finding that at the time of trial, Guran “was mentally and physically capable to try the defendant’s case and did so in a competent manner.” People v. Bellamy, Ind. No. 5382-85 (Queens Co.Sup.Ct. Jan. 31, 1989).
The Appellate Division denied Bellamy’s petition for leave to appeal from the trial court’s denial of his Art. 440 motion. People v. Bellamy, Ind. No. 5382-85 (2d Dep’t May 9, 1989). Thereafter, the Appellate Division affirmed Bellamy’s conviction on the merits and, in the course of the opinion, rejected his argument that he was entitled to an appeal as of right from the denial of his § 440 motion. People v. Bellamy, 160 A.D.2d 886, 554 N.Y.S.2d 320, 321 (2d Dep’t 1990). The Court of Appeals summarily denied Bellamy’s petition for leave to appeal the affirmance of his conviction. People v. Bellamy, 76 N.Y.2d 784, 559 N.Y.S.2d 989, 559 N.E.2d 683 (1990).
After exhausting state court remedies, Bellamy filed a petition for a writ of habe-as corpus in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York reiterating the arguments raised in his Art. 440 motion, including the claim that he was denied effective assistance of counsel under a per se rule or under the actual prejudice standard of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Bellamy also claimed that he was denied a full and fair opportu[306]*306nity at the state court hearing to litigate the issue of Guran’s competence, or, consequently, the issue of actual prejudice, because the court declined his request to compel Guran’s attendance at the hearing.
After submission of legal memoranda, the district court rejected these claims and denied and dismissed Bellamy’s habeas corpus petition without an evidentiary hearing. In a well-reasoned opinion, the court held that the per se rule did not apply under the facts of this case and that Gu-ran’s representation was not deficient under the Strickland standard. The district court further concluded that although Gu-ran did not testify, the testimony of Gu-ran’s treating physician concerning Guran’s mental competence and the favorable observations of the trial judge regarding Gu-ran’s overall mental acuity and physical vigor during almost three weeks of trial were adequate to determine Guran’s competency. The court therefore determined that another hearing on the issue of Gu-ran’s competence, or on whether Bellamy was prejudiced by Guran’s representation, was unnecessary, particularly in light of Bellamy’s “fail[ure] to set forth with any particularity what further evidence would have been adduced had Guran testified that would have undermined the factual findings of competency.” After thoroughly reviewing the record, the district court, agreeing with the trial court, found that there was “no evidence ... of any mental infirmity” of Guran at the time of trial that impeded his ability to present a defense, and that Guran in fact conducted a vigorous defense.
Bellamy, again represented by pro bono counsel, appealed to this court, reiterating the claims made to the district court. A divided panel reversed the district court, holding that on the facts of this case, Bellamy suffered a per se denial of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. 952 F.2d 626 (2d Cir.1991). A majority of the active judges of the court then voted to grant the State’s petition to rehear the case in banc.
DISCUSSION
The principal issue on appeal is whether under the facts of this case Bellamy suffered a per se denial of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. In the ordinary case, a defendant raising a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel bears the heavy burden of establishing that his “counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness” and that “but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2064, 2068. However, in certain Sixth Amendment contexts involving the “[ajctual or constructive denial of the assistance of counsel,” prejudice is presumed. Id. at 692, 104 S.Ct. at 2067.
This court has found such per se violations in two limited circumstances: where, unknown to the defendant, his or her counsel was, at the time of trial (1) not duly licensed to practice law because of a failure ever to meet the substantive requirements for the practice of law, see United States v. Novak, 903 F.2d 883, 890 (2d Cir.1990) (counsel fraudulently procured license by misrepresenting that he was entitled to a special dispensation from the bar examination); Solina v. United States, 709 F.2d 160, 167 (2d Cir.1983) (counsel repeatedly failed the bar exam and was not a member of any bar) or (2) implicated in the defendant’s crimes, see United States v. Cancil-la, 725 F.2d 867, 870 (2d Cir.1984). Even on these occasions, we have applied the per se rule “without enthusiasm.” United States v. Aiello, 900 F.2d 528, 532 (2d Cir.1990).
We have advanced two rationales for applying the per se rule. The first is “jurisdictional” and applies in cases where the attorney is not duly licensed at the time of trial. It stems from the Supreme Court’s decision in Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 468, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1024, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938), that the failure to provide a criminal defendant with counsel created “a jurisdictional bar to a valid conviction.” See Soli-na, 709 F.2d at 168-69 (discerning no meaningful distinction between total absence of representation and representation by unlicensed counsel). The second ratio[307]*307nale is based on notions of conflict of interest, and applies in cases both where the lawyer is not duly licensed, see Novak, 903 F.2d at 890; Solina, 709 F.2d at 164, and where the lawyer is implicated in the crimes of his or her client, see Cancilla, 725 F.2d at 870. In these circumstances, the defense is necessarily compromised because the advocate ordinarily “cannot be wholly free from fear of what might happen if a vigorous defense should lead the prosecutor or the trial judge to inquire into his [or her] background and discover his [or her] lack of credentials[,]” Solina, 709 F.2d at 164, or own wrongdoing. Regardless of the facts presented, application of the per se rule must be justified under one or both of these rationales. See Aiello, 900 F.2d at 532.
Against this backdrop, we turn to the merits of Bellamy’s claim. Relying primarily on Novak, Bellamy contends that this case falls within the narrow confines of our per se rule. In Novak, we found a per se violation of defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel where counsel had secured admission to the bar by fraudulently misrepresenting to the state that he was eligible for a special dispensation from taking the bar exam. We reasoned that this fraud resulted in a substantive defect in licensure because “there has been no foundation for an assumption that defense counsel had the legal skills necessary to permit him to become a ‘duly admitted’ member of the bar.” 903 F.2d at 890. Moreover, because of the attorney’s deliberate fraud in obtaining admission, “[t]here remained the underlying risk that a vigorous defense could have led to a deeper probe and a discovery that [the' attorney] had not been ‘duly’ admitted.” Id.
Analogizing this case to Novak, Bellamy argues that Guran did not secure, but retained his license to practice law by misrepresenting that he would not try Bellamy’s case alone. According to Bellamy, Guran almost certainly would have been suspended before trial but for this misrepresentation. Bellamy further argues that Guran was prevented from defending Bellamy vigorously for fear that his unfulfilled promise to the Appellate Division to secure co-counsel would have been discovered. Bellamy’s arguments are unpersuasive.
Unlike the attorney in Novak, who was never duly admitted to the bar and certainly, not hypothetically, would not have been admitted without his fraudulent misrepresentation, Guran was fully, not conditionally, admitted to practice for almost fifty years at the time of Bellamy’s trial and there is no basis to recast reality and treat him as if he were not. Moreover, it is unclear what effect, if any, Guran’s representation had on the timing of his suspension by the Appellate Division. Not only did the Appellate Division never respond to Guran’s affidavit, but Guran was not suspended until over two months after Bellamy’s trial, and his suspension was prospective.
In addition, Guran’s unfulfilled representation to the First Department regarding co-counsel does not approach the type of intentionally fraudulent behavior present in Novak. The record indicates that Guran spoke to Attorney Skedelsky on more than one occasion regarding possible collaboration at Bellamy’s trial and that Skedelsky promised Guran that he would be available. Unfortunately, when Guran called for his assistance, Skedelsky was unexpectedly occupied as a result of a last minute scheduling conflict and Guran tried the case alone. Thus, there is no record evidence that Gu-ran intentionally misrepresented that he would secure co-counsel.
Furthermore, although the record is not clear regarding whether Guran informed the trial judge of his promise to the Appellate Division to secure co-counsel, the record plainly reveals that Guran informed the court of his pending disciplinary hearing, of his possible immediate suspension for health reasons, and of his intended collaboration with Attorney Skedelsky. Indeed, at Guran’s request, the trial judge contacted the Appellate Division shortly before trial to inquire whether Guran could represent Bellamy at trial and was told that he could. The judge also obviously knew that Guran represented Bellamy [308]*308alone. Under these circumstances, it cannot be said that Guran’s conduct approached the egregious deceptive behavior of counsel in Novak, Solina, or Cancilla, who in no way apprised the court that they were, respectively, unlicensed or implicated in their client’s wrongdoing. See Aiello, 900 F.2d at 531 (refusing to extend per se rule “ ‘beyond the sort of egregious conduct present in Solina and Cancilla.’ ”) (citation omitted).
For similar reasons, it cannot be said that Guran was prevented from mounting a robust defense because he had something to hide. The petition to suspend Guran pending in the First Department at the time of Bellamy’s trial was based on Gu-ran’s alleged ill health, not on any promise to secure co-counsel. As discussed above, Guran informed the court of his situation. Compared to counsel in Novak, Solina, and Cancilla, Guran had no skeletons in his closet giving rise to a conflict of interest that would have inhibited him from defending Bellamy vigorously. Indeed, the record indisputably reflects that Guran provided vigorous, competent advocacy on Bellamy’s behalf.
-Bellamy further contends that statements of mental incapacity made by Guran to the First Department in connection with his efforts to postpone his disciplinary hearing provide an alternative basis upon which to apply the per se rule. This contention is unavailing as a matter Of policy and on the facts of this case.
As the Supreme Court has recently observed, “[p]er se rules should not be applied ... in situations where the- generalization is incorrect as an empirical matter; the justification for a conclusive presumption disappears when application of the presumption will not reach the correct result most of the time.” Coleman v. Thompson, - U.S. -, -, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 2558, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991). Unlike the situation presented by the “phony” attorneys in Novak and Solina, or by the attorney involved in his client’s crimes in Can-cilla, there is simply nothing inherent in an attorney’s illness that necessarily will impede a spirited defense “most of the time” to justify finding the attorney’s representation per se ineffective. Rather, given the varying effects health problems can have on an individual’s ability to function, claims of ineffective assistance based on attorney illness are best suited to the fact-specific prejudice inquiry mandated by Strickland.
Furthermore, in the instant case, an Art. 440 hearing was held specifically to probe the issue of Guran’s competence to represent Bellamy in order to resolve Bellamy’s claim that he was denied effective assistance of counsel because of Guran’s ill health. The evidence adduced at the hearing through the testimony of Guran’s physician — based on an examination of Guran the day Bellamy’s trial commenced — clearly demonstrated that Guran had no mental incapacity at the time of trial. This medical evidence was consistent with the trial judge’s own favorable observations of Gu-ran’s mental and physical condition during the almost three week trial. Although Gu-ran did not testify at the Art. 440 hearing, the testimony of Guran’s physician, which was subject to extensive cross-examination, together with the testimony of lay witnesses Skedelsky, Victor Knapp (another attorney whom Guran approached on one occasion regarding possible collaboration) and Bellamy’s mother, afforded Bellamy a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue of Guran’s competence. Given the evidence, Guran’s testimony would have been of little value.
After the hearing, the state court found that at the time of trial, Guran “was mentally and physically capable to try the defendant's case and did so in a competent manner.” Following a careful review of the record, the district court concluded that the state court’s finding was amply supported by the evidence.
Because Bellamy had a full, fair, and adequate Art. 440 hearing, and because the district court concluded that the state court’s factual determination regarding Gu-ran’s competence was supported by the record, the district court properly deferred to the state court’s factual finding, see 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); Sumner v. Mata, 455 U.S. 591, 598, 102 S.Ct. 1303, 1307, 71 [309]*309L.Ed.2d 480 (1982) (per curiam) (§ 2254(d) “requires the federal courts to show a high measure of deference to the factfindings made by the state courts.”); Ventura v. Meachum, 957 F.2d 1048, 1054 (2d Cir.1992), and was well within its discretion not, to hold an evidentiary hearing on this same issue. See, e.g., Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293, 318, 83 S.Ct. 745, 759, 9 L.Ed.2d 770 (1963), overruled on other grounds, Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes, — U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 1715, 118 L.Ed.2d 318 (1992); Tate v. Wood, 963 F.2d 20, 24 (2d Cir.1992). Under these circumstances, Bellamy’s reliance on Guran’s alleged incapacity as a ground for applying the per se rule is, as a factual matter, unwarranted.
Having concluded that this case does not fall within the ambit of our Sixth Amendment per se jurisprudence, we need not address any issues that would be presented by a contrary ruling on the merits. We note that a contrary ruling would arguably constitute a “new rule” within the meaning of Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989), and its progeny-
CONCLUSION
We have considered the remaining claims advanced by Bellamy in support of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus and find them to be without merit. Based on the foregoing, the opinion of the panel is vacated and the judgment of the district court denying and dismissing Bellamy’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus is affirmed.