Mr. Chief Justice Hand
delivered the opinion.of the court:
The statute provides that the city council in cities, and the president and board of trustees in villages, shall have power to lay out, establish, open, alter, widen, extend, grade, pave or otherwise improve streets, avenues, sidewalks, wharves, parks and public grounds, and vacate the same, (Hurd’s Stat. 1905, chap. 24, art. 5, sec. 1, par. 7, p. 299,) provided no city council of any city or board of trustees of any village or town shall have the power to vacate or close any street or alley, or any part thereof, except upon a three-fourths majority vote of all the aldermen of the city or trustees of the village or town authorized by law to be elected, such vote to be taken by ayes and noes and entered on the record of the council or board, and where property is damaged by the vacation or closing of any street or alley, the same shall be ascertained and paid as provided by law. (Hurd’s Stat. 1905, chap. 145, sec. 1, p. 2042.)
Whether it is expedient to vacate a street or alley is a question for legislative decision, and when the authority to discontinue is delegated to local officers and no restrictions are placed upon its exercise, the officers are invested with a very broad discretion, :and unless their discretion has been abused the courts cannot interfere. This is in accordance with the general rule that where officers are invested with discretionary powers, courts will not substitute their judgment for that of the officers invested by law with the right to determine upon the necessity or expediency of doing a designated act. Elliott on Roads and Streets, (2d ed.) sec. 879.
The main contention of the appellants here is, that it appears that the alley in question was vacated by the city council solely for the benefit of Wieboldt, and that the ordinance vacating said alley, for that reason, is void, and reliance -to sustain that position is largely placed upon the authority of Ligare v. City of Chicago, 139 Ill. 46, Smith v. McDowell, 148 id. 51, and Field v. Barling, 149 id. 556., In the Ligare case it was sought to condemn a strip of land for a street and then to dedicate the street to railroad purposes, and it was held that the property was being taken indirectly for a private purpose, which could not be done under the right of eminent domain; and in the Smith case the village of Chatsworth sought to vacate a strip in one of the business streets of said village, five feet wide and eighty-five feet long, adjoining a business block which Smith, the president of the board of trustees, proposed to construct adjoining Fourth street, in said town, and to donate said strip to Smith for an area-way to connect the street with the basement of said proposed building, and it was held that a portion of a public street could not thus be destroyed; and in the Field case Marshall Field & Co. sought to bridge the alley in the rear of their retail store, in the city of Chicago, so as to connect the two buildings upon .either side of the alley, and it was held that to permit such use of the alley was an attempted dedication of the use of a part of said alley to a private purpose, which could not be done. The authorities above cited, however, recognize the fact that a municipal corporation, when the municipal authorities, in the exercise of the discretion reposed in them, determine that a public street or alley is no longer required for public use, have the right to vacate such street or alley; and such must necessarily be the rule in force in this State, or the power conferred upon such municipalities by the statute would be entirely abrogated.
In Village of Hyde Park v. Dunham, 85 Ill. 569, on page 577, the court said: “The corporate authorities of Hyde Park are vested with complete control, as is every other municipal corporation, over its streets. They may contract or widen them whenever, in their opinion, the public good shall so require. Property owners purchase and hold subject to these powers, and they have no vested right to deny the widening, contracting or otherwise improving an)*- street. The damage which they may sustain in consequence of the exercise of such powers, where their property is neither taken nor directly injured thereby, is too remote and contingent to be susceptible of accurate computation, and if for every such damage compensation must be made, public improvements will become so burdensome as to be beyond the capacity of municipal corporations to bear.”
In Meyer v. Village of Teutopolis, 131 Ill. 552, which was approved in the Smith case, supra, it was expressly held that the legislature, in the absence of special constitutional restrictions, by virtue of its plenary power, may vacate or discontinue streets or highways or authorize municipal corporations to do so, and that under the authority of paragraph 7, article 5, of the general law relating to cities and villages, the village board or city council may, without any judicial determination, constitutionally order a vacation of a street, and that this power, When exercised with due regard to the rights of individuals, will not be restrained at the suit of the property owner claiming that he is interested in keeping open the streets. On page 555 of the opinion the court, speaking by Mr. Justice Bailey, said: “The village of Teutopolis is a municipal corporation organized under the general law in relation to cities and villages, and by paragraph 7, article 5, of that act the president and board of trustees of said village are given authority to vacate streets within the village. The plenary .power of the legislature over streets and highways is such that it may, in the absence of special constitutional restrictions, vacate or discontinue them or invest municipal corporations with this authority. Without a judicial determination, a municipal corporation, under the authority conferred by its charter to ‘locate and establish streets and alleys, and to vacate the same,’ may constitutionally order a vacation of a street; and this power, when exercised with due regard to individual rights, will not be restrained at the instance of a property owner claiming that he is interested in keeping open the streets dedicated to the public.—2 Dillon on Mun. .Corp. sec. 666, and authorities cited in note.”
In Parker v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago, 146 Ill. 158, the city council of the city of Chicago, by ordinance, vacated an alley which, was situated, with reference to the property of the bishop, similarly to the alley in this case to the property of Wieboldt, and the vacation was sustained by the court The court, on page 165, said: “The municipality holds the streets and alleys of the city in trust for the general public, and by the statute is given power to vacate the same whenever the public interest or convenience, in the exercise of a reasonable discretion, shall seem to such authority to require it.—Rev. Stat. par. 7, sec, 1, art. 5, chap. 24.”
The relators- in this case were not deprived of the use of the 'alley in the rear of their property or of access to and from- the public streets of the city, and this court cannot say, as a matter of law, that the inconvenience to which they are put by the change made by the ordinance is such a clear abuse of the discretion vested in the city council as to justify this court in holding the ordinance void. Neither is the vacation of the alley affected by the fact that the portion of the alley vacated may, as a result of the action of the city council, have become the private property of Wieboldt.
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Mr. Chief Justice Hand
delivered the opinion.of the court:
The statute provides that the city council in cities, and the president and board of trustees in villages, shall have power to lay out, establish, open, alter, widen, extend, grade, pave or otherwise improve streets, avenues, sidewalks, wharves, parks and public grounds, and vacate the same, (Hurd’s Stat. 1905, chap. 24, art. 5, sec. 1, par. 7, p. 299,) provided no city council of any city or board of trustees of any village or town shall have the power to vacate or close any street or alley, or any part thereof, except upon a three-fourths majority vote of all the aldermen of the city or trustees of the village or town authorized by law to be elected, such vote to be taken by ayes and noes and entered on the record of the council or board, and where property is damaged by the vacation or closing of any street or alley, the same shall be ascertained and paid as provided by law. (Hurd’s Stat. 1905, chap. 145, sec. 1, p. 2042.)
Whether it is expedient to vacate a street or alley is a question for legislative decision, and when the authority to discontinue is delegated to local officers and no restrictions are placed upon its exercise, the officers are invested with a very broad discretion, :and unless their discretion has been abused the courts cannot interfere. This is in accordance with the general rule that where officers are invested with discretionary powers, courts will not substitute their judgment for that of the officers invested by law with the right to determine upon the necessity or expediency of doing a designated act. Elliott on Roads and Streets, (2d ed.) sec. 879.
The main contention of the appellants here is, that it appears that the alley in question was vacated by the city council solely for the benefit of Wieboldt, and that the ordinance vacating said alley, for that reason, is void, and reliance -to sustain that position is largely placed upon the authority of Ligare v. City of Chicago, 139 Ill. 46, Smith v. McDowell, 148 id. 51, and Field v. Barling, 149 id. 556., In the Ligare case it was sought to condemn a strip of land for a street and then to dedicate the street to railroad purposes, and it was held that the property was being taken indirectly for a private purpose, which could not be done under the right of eminent domain; and in the Smith case the village of Chatsworth sought to vacate a strip in one of the business streets of said village, five feet wide and eighty-five feet long, adjoining a business block which Smith, the president of the board of trustees, proposed to construct adjoining Fourth street, in said town, and to donate said strip to Smith for an area-way to connect the street with the basement of said proposed building, and it was held that a portion of a public street could not thus be destroyed; and in the Field case Marshall Field & Co. sought to bridge the alley in the rear of their retail store, in the city of Chicago, so as to connect the two buildings upon .either side of the alley, and it was held that to permit such use of the alley was an attempted dedication of the use of a part of said alley to a private purpose, which could not be done. The authorities above cited, however, recognize the fact that a municipal corporation, when the municipal authorities, in the exercise of the discretion reposed in them, determine that a public street or alley is no longer required for public use, have the right to vacate such street or alley; and such must necessarily be the rule in force in this State, or the power conferred upon such municipalities by the statute would be entirely abrogated.
In Village of Hyde Park v. Dunham, 85 Ill. 569, on page 577, the court said: “The corporate authorities of Hyde Park are vested with complete control, as is every other municipal corporation, over its streets. They may contract or widen them whenever, in their opinion, the public good shall so require. Property owners purchase and hold subject to these powers, and they have no vested right to deny the widening, contracting or otherwise improving an)*- street. The damage which they may sustain in consequence of the exercise of such powers, where their property is neither taken nor directly injured thereby, is too remote and contingent to be susceptible of accurate computation, and if for every such damage compensation must be made, public improvements will become so burdensome as to be beyond the capacity of municipal corporations to bear.”
In Meyer v. Village of Teutopolis, 131 Ill. 552, which was approved in the Smith case, supra, it was expressly held that the legislature, in the absence of special constitutional restrictions, by virtue of its plenary power, may vacate or discontinue streets or highways or authorize municipal corporations to do so, and that under the authority of paragraph 7, article 5, of the general law relating to cities and villages, the village board or city council may, without any judicial determination, constitutionally order a vacation of a street, and that this power, When exercised with due regard to the rights of individuals, will not be restrained at the suit of the property owner claiming that he is interested in keeping open the streets. On page 555 of the opinion the court, speaking by Mr. Justice Bailey, said: “The village of Teutopolis is a municipal corporation organized under the general law in relation to cities and villages, and by paragraph 7, article 5, of that act the president and board of trustees of said village are given authority to vacate streets within the village. The plenary .power of the legislature over streets and highways is such that it may, in the absence of special constitutional restrictions, vacate or discontinue them or invest municipal corporations with this authority. Without a judicial determination, a municipal corporation, under the authority conferred by its charter to ‘locate and establish streets and alleys, and to vacate the same,’ may constitutionally order a vacation of a street; and this power, when exercised with due regard to individual rights, will not be restrained at the instance of a property owner claiming that he is interested in keeping open the streets dedicated to the public.—2 Dillon on Mun. .Corp. sec. 666, and authorities cited in note.”
In Parker v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago, 146 Ill. 158, the city council of the city of Chicago, by ordinance, vacated an alley which, was situated, with reference to the property of the bishop, similarly to the alley in this case to the property of Wieboldt, and the vacation was sustained by the court The court, on page 165, said: “The municipality holds the streets and alleys of the city in trust for the general public, and by the statute is given power to vacate the same whenever the public interest or convenience, in the exercise of a reasonable discretion, shall seem to such authority to require it.—Rev. Stat. par. 7, sec, 1, art. 5, chap. 24.”
The relators- in this case were not deprived of the use of the 'alley in the rear of their property or of access to and from- the public streets of the city, and this court cannot say, as a matter of law, that the inconvenience to which they are put by the change made by the ordinance is such a clear abuse of the discretion vested in the city council as to justify this court in holding the ordinance void. Neither is the vacation of the alley affected by the fact that the portion of the alley vacated may, as a result of the action of the city council, have become the private property of Wieboldt. In the Meyer case, on page 556, it was said: “Nor can it be said that the validity of the proceedings by which a street is vacated is at all affected by the fact that the land embraced within the street thereby becomes private property. Nor is it material whether private ownership results from the rule that, upon the discontinuance of an easement in a public highway, the freehold or soil reverts to the owner of the adjoining land or that such ownership is acquired by subsequent conveyance from the municipality. Nor does it seem material that the vacation is made with the view or intention of-vesting the adjoining proprietors with the ownership of the land embraced within the street. That merely goes to the motive by which the act of vacation is' performed, and in that, as in all legislative acts, the motives by which the legislative body is actuated are immaterial and cannot be inquired into.—Cooley’s Const. Lim. (5th ed.) 222; Dillon on Mun. Corp. sec. 313.” And in Parker v. Catholic Bishop, supra, on page 165 : “It can make no difference, as to the power of the municipality, whether the fee remains in the city, reverts to the original dedicator or passes by operation of law to the adjoining ownersnor will the fact that the use of the alley or street passes to a private individual or corporation necessarily render it an exercise of power for a private and not for a public purpose.”
We think, therefore, the court was correct in holding the power vested in the city council to vacate the portion of the alley now occupied by the building, in part, of Wieboldt was not so far abused as to malee such vacation void. If, however, we were in doubt as to the power of the city council to vacate the portion of said alley vacated, we think the city council, by the passage of said ordinance and the granting of the permit to Wieboldt to erect thereon a building connecting the two buildings formerly owned by him, and by said action inducing Wieboldt to dedicate to the city a portion of lots 5 and 10 and to otherwise comply with the terms of said ordinance, has estopped itself to now evict Wieboldt from the possession of the portion of said alley vacated by the city council and now in the occupancy of Wieboldt by his building; (City of Peoria v. Johnston, 56 Ill. 45; St. Louis, Alton and Terre Haute Railroad Co. v. City of Belleville, 122 id. 376; Village of Auburn v. Goodwin, 128 id. 57; City of Carlinville v. Castle, 177 id. 105; People v. City of Rock Island, 215 id. 488;) and if the city is estopped, such estoppel is binding upon the relators. People v. Blocki, 203 Ill. 363.
In the Rock Island case, on page 495, it was said: “It has frequently been decided that the doctrine of estoppel in pais is applicable to municipal corporations. * * * Where a party, acting in good faith under affirmative acts of a city, has made such expensive and permanent improvements that it would be highly inequitable and unjust to destroy the rights acquired, the doctrine of equitable estoppel will be applied. The hardships that would result from a contrary holding, and the necessity of raising an estoppel in particular cases to prevent fraud and injustice, have induced the establishment of the rule, and it has been several times said that there is neither danger to the public nor injustice in the application of the doctrine. In the exercise of proper diligence the public authorities may prevent encroachments upon public right, and if they do not, any citizen may take the necessary steps to do so, and if there is not only a failure to act by either, but affirmative action by the public authorities' with the apparent approval of every one interested, under which the situation is changed and permanent improvements are made, the principles of equity require that the public should be estopped. The doctrine has been applied in Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Co. v. City of Joliet, 79 Ill. 25, Chicago and Northwestern Railway Co. v. People ex rel. 91 id. 251, County of Piatt v. Goodell, 97 id. 84, Martel v. City of East St. Louis, 94 id. 67, and City of Chicago v. Union Stock Yards and Transit Co. 164 id. 224.” .
The right to the writ of mandamus is not an absolute one, and it should be issued or denied in a case like this, as the court may deem proper, in the exercise of a sound judicial discretion. The ordinance was an affirmative act by the city council of the city of Chicago vacating the portion of the alley now occupied by the building of Wieboldt, under which ordinance the situation of the respondent Wieboldt and the conditions of the locus in quo have been materially changed. Permanent improvements have been made at a large expenditure of money, and money has been paid to the city and expended in paving a public street of the city, and property has been dedicated to the city by Wieboldt, relying upon the action of the city council, and to now deprive him of the rights secured by said ordinance would be a fraud upon him and would result in no particular benefit to the relators.
In view of all the facts disclosed by this record we are of the opinion the judgment of the Appellate Court affirming the judgment of the circuit court was right and that the judgment of the Appellate Court should be affirmed. The judgment of the Appellate Court will therefore be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.