1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9 10 GINA CARUSO, CASE NO. 1:15-CV-0780 AWI EPG
11 Plaintiff ORDER ON PLAINTIFF’S MOTION 12 v. FOR RECONSIDERATION
13 OFFICER G. SOLORIO, et al., (Doc. No. 328) 14 Defendants
15 16 Currently pending before the Court is inter alia a motion for reconsideration by Plaintiff 17 Gina Caruso. Specifically, Caruso seeks reconsideration of the Court’s order on summary 18 judgment in which summary judgment was granted on an asserted Eighth Amendment sexual 19 assault claim. Caruso’s motion for reconsideration is based on Rule 60(b)(1) and Rule 60(b)(2). 20 Defendants have filed an opposition. For the reasons that follow, the motion for reconsideration 21 will be denied. 22 Plaintiff’s Arguments 23 Caruso argues that reconsideration is warranted for two reasons: excusable neglect and 24 newly discovered evidence. 25 With respect to newly discovered evidence, Caruso’s treating psychologist Dr. Celosse was 26 only recently deposed and treatment records were only recently received. Dr. Celosse testified 27 that Caruso was subjected to a forced cavity search by Defendants, the search was incredibly 28 traumatic, and that the search fit the definition of rape because a body cavity was entered in a 1 traumatic manner. Dr. Celosse testified that the cavity search was not consensual and, knowing 2 Caruso’s previous sexual traumas, the search was “most assuredly rape.” This evidence was not 3 available to Caruso’s counsel prior to the March 2020 opposition to summary judgment. The 4 evidence is sufficient to show that Defendant Solorio touched Caruso in a sexual manner and for 5 the purpose of humiliating, degrading, or demeaning Caruso, and that Solorio acted without 6 penological justification. Because Dr. Celosse’s testimony shows that Caruso was touched in a 7 sexual manner and without penological justification, the Court’s summary judgment analysis is 8 undermined. 9 With respect to excusable neglect, the Court was not presented with deposition testimony 10 from Caruso that Solorio touched Caruso’s anus when Solorio forcibly retrieved the drug bindle. 11 It was not until November 2021 during the preparation of Caruso’s response to Defendants’ trial 12 brief that counsel realized that the deposition testimony was not specifically cited to the Court. At 13 the very least, the deposition testimony creates a disputed issue of material fact about whether 14 Solorio conducted a cavity search of Caruso. Construing the facts in the light most favorable to 15 Caruso, summary judgment on the sex assault claim is improper. 16 Defendants’ Opposition 17 Defendants argue that reconsideration should be denied. Defendants contend that Caruso’s 18 motion for reconsideration is untimely and does not change the analysis of the Court’s prior order. 19 The Court previously held on summary judgment that any sexual assault claim had been dismissed 20 in the screening process and that the evidence submitted did not sufficiently indicate an Eighth 21 Amendment sexual assault had occurred. The evidence submitted by Caruso does not change the 22 Court’s analysis. 23 Summary Judgment Ruling 24 The Court granted summary judgment on Caruso’s asserted Eighth Amendment sexual 25 assault claim based primarily on procedural considerations. The Court evaluated the screening 26 process of the various Complaints filed by Caruso. The Court concluded that the Magistrate 27 Judge’s screening orders and this Court’s adoption of a Findings and Recommendation that gave 28 effect to the screening orders meant that the only plausible claims alleged were a Fourth 1 Amendment search claim and an Eighth Amendment excessive force claim based on Defendants’ 2 conduct while handcuffing Caruso. Because no other claims were found to be plausible, it was 3 improper for Caruso to raise or pursue an Eighth Amendment sexual assault claim in opposition to 4 summary judgment. In relevant part, the Court explained: 5 Therefore, to the extent that Caruso attempted to allege a sexual assault claim in the [Second Amended Complaint], that claim is not part of this case because the Court 6 [adopted] the [Findings & Recommendation] and dismissed all claims except the Fourth Amendment unreasonable search claim and the Eighth Amendment 7 excessive force claim based on handcuffing.
8 Relatedly, the screening orders and the [Findings & Recommendation] concluded that no other claims were plausibly alleged. When a claim is not properly alleged 9 in a complaint, raising that claim in opposition to summary judgment is improper and does not place the claim at issue. See Navajo Nation v. United States Forest 10 Serv., 535 F.3d 1058, 1079-80 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc); Pickern v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.), Inc., 457 F.3d 963, 968 (9th Cir. 2006); Coleman v. Quaker Oats Co., 232 11 F.3d 1271, 1292-93 (9th Cir. 2000); see also Hurlbert v. St. Mary’s Health Care Sys., Inc., 439 F.3d 1286, 1296-97 (11th Cir. 2006). Therefore, Caruso raising a 12 sexual assault claim in opposition to summary judgment is improper. See id. 13 Doc. No. 234 at 24:3-14. Additionally, the Court held that even if it viewed the opposition as a 14 request to amend the active Complaint, amendment would be improper based on undue delay, the 15 closure of discovery, and futility. See id. at 24:15-21. With respect to futility, the Court explained 16 in relevant part: 17 [T]he facts presented by Caruso do not indicate that a sexual assault occurred. Bearchild held that “a prisoner presents a viable Eighth Amendment claim where 18 he or she proves that a prison staff member, acting under color of law and without legitimate penological justification, touched the prisoner in a sexual manner or 19 otherwise engaged in sexual conduct for the staff member’s own sexual gratification, or for the purpose of humiliating, degrading, or demeaning the 20 prisoner.” Bearchild, 947 F.3d at 1144. Under Caruso’s facts, Lopez saw Caruso put a drug bindle down the back of her underwear. See PUMF 39. After Caruso 21 was handcuffed and had fallen in Cell 3, Lopez conducted a pat-down search and felt something around Caruso’s pelvic area. See Caruso Depo. at 36:15-37:15. 22 Lopez then reached down Caruso’s pants and underwear and retrieved the cell phone from around Caruso’s pelvic/vaginal area. See id. Also, Solorio twice 23 placed her fingers between Caruso’s buttocks near Caruso’s anus. See PUMF 66. Solorio did this twice because the first time she was unable to retrieve the bindle; 24 Solorio retrieved the bindle the second time and then stopped searching. See Caruso Depo. 21:23-22:8, 22:21-22. There is no evidence that Caruso or Lopez 25 actually touched Caruso’s vagina or anus, or lingered unnecessarily around those areas, or massaged or touched around those areas in a sexual manner. Rather, the 26 evidence indicates that Solorio and Lopez did not linger any longer than necessary to retrieve the contraband and had to touch near Caruso’s vagina and anus because 27 that is where Caruso had secreted the contraband. Therefore, the evidence shows a penological non-sexual basis for the search (retrieval of contraband) and does not 28 show that Lopez or Solorio touched Caruso in a sexual manner or engaged in 1 intimate parts of her body. Because the facts do not demonstrate a sexual assault under Bearchild, amending the complaint to include such a claim would be futile. 2 Id. at 24:20-25:16. 3 Legal Standard 4 In relevant part, Rule 60(b) provides: “On motion and just terms, the court may relieve a 5 party . . .
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9 10 GINA CARUSO, CASE NO. 1:15-CV-0780 AWI EPG
11 Plaintiff ORDER ON PLAINTIFF’S MOTION 12 v. FOR RECONSIDERATION
13 OFFICER G. SOLORIO, et al., (Doc. No. 328) 14 Defendants
15 16 Currently pending before the Court is inter alia a motion for reconsideration by Plaintiff 17 Gina Caruso. Specifically, Caruso seeks reconsideration of the Court’s order on summary 18 judgment in which summary judgment was granted on an asserted Eighth Amendment sexual 19 assault claim. Caruso’s motion for reconsideration is based on Rule 60(b)(1) and Rule 60(b)(2). 20 Defendants have filed an opposition. For the reasons that follow, the motion for reconsideration 21 will be denied. 22 Plaintiff’s Arguments 23 Caruso argues that reconsideration is warranted for two reasons: excusable neglect and 24 newly discovered evidence. 25 With respect to newly discovered evidence, Caruso’s treating psychologist Dr. Celosse was 26 only recently deposed and treatment records were only recently received. Dr. Celosse testified 27 that Caruso was subjected to a forced cavity search by Defendants, the search was incredibly 28 traumatic, and that the search fit the definition of rape because a body cavity was entered in a 1 traumatic manner. Dr. Celosse testified that the cavity search was not consensual and, knowing 2 Caruso’s previous sexual traumas, the search was “most assuredly rape.” This evidence was not 3 available to Caruso’s counsel prior to the March 2020 opposition to summary judgment. The 4 evidence is sufficient to show that Defendant Solorio touched Caruso in a sexual manner and for 5 the purpose of humiliating, degrading, or demeaning Caruso, and that Solorio acted without 6 penological justification. Because Dr. Celosse’s testimony shows that Caruso was touched in a 7 sexual manner and without penological justification, the Court’s summary judgment analysis is 8 undermined. 9 With respect to excusable neglect, the Court was not presented with deposition testimony 10 from Caruso that Solorio touched Caruso’s anus when Solorio forcibly retrieved the drug bindle. 11 It was not until November 2021 during the preparation of Caruso’s response to Defendants’ trial 12 brief that counsel realized that the deposition testimony was not specifically cited to the Court. At 13 the very least, the deposition testimony creates a disputed issue of material fact about whether 14 Solorio conducted a cavity search of Caruso. Construing the facts in the light most favorable to 15 Caruso, summary judgment on the sex assault claim is improper. 16 Defendants’ Opposition 17 Defendants argue that reconsideration should be denied. Defendants contend that Caruso’s 18 motion for reconsideration is untimely and does not change the analysis of the Court’s prior order. 19 The Court previously held on summary judgment that any sexual assault claim had been dismissed 20 in the screening process and that the evidence submitted did not sufficiently indicate an Eighth 21 Amendment sexual assault had occurred. The evidence submitted by Caruso does not change the 22 Court’s analysis. 23 Summary Judgment Ruling 24 The Court granted summary judgment on Caruso’s asserted Eighth Amendment sexual 25 assault claim based primarily on procedural considerations. The Court evaluated the screening 26 process of the various Complaints filed by Caruso. The Court concluded that the Magistrate 27 Judge’s screening orders and this Court’s adoption of a Findings and Recommendation that gave 28 effect to the screening orders meant that the only plausible claims alleged were a Fourth 1 Amendment search claim and an Eighth Amendment excessive force claim based on Defendants’ 2 conduct while handcuffing Caruso. Because no other claims were found to be plausible, it was 3 improper for Caruso to raise or pursue an Eighth Amendment sexual assault claim in opposition to 4 summary judgment. In relevant part, the Court explained: 5 Therefore, to the extent that Caruso attempted to allege a sexual assault claim in the [Second Amended Complaint], that claim is not part of this case because the Court 6 [adopted] the [Findings & Recommendation] and dismissed all claims except the Fourth Amendment unreasonable search claim and the Eighth Amendment 7 excessive force claim based on handcuffing.
8 Relatedly, the screening orders and the [Findings & Recommendation] concluded that no other claims were plausibly alleged. When a claim is not properly alleged 9 in a complaint, raising that claim in opposition to summary judgment is improper and does not place the claim at issue. See Navajo Nation v. United States Forest 10 Serv., 535 F.3d 1058, 1079-80 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc); Pickern v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.), Inc., 457 F.3d 963, 968 (9th Cir. 2006); Coleman v. Quaker Oats Co., 232 11 F.3d 1271, 1292-93 (9th Cir. 2000); see also Hurlbert v. St. Mary’s Health Care Sys., Inc., 439 F.3d 1286, 1296-97 (11th Cir. 2006). Therefore, Caruso raising a 12 sexual assault claim in opposition to summary judgment is improper. See id. 13 Doc. No. 234 at 24:3-14. Additionally, the Court held that even if it viewed the opposition as a 14 request to amend the active Complaint, amendment would be improper based on undue delay, the 15 closure of discovery, and futility. See id. at 24:15-21. With respect to futility, the Court explained 16 in relevant part: 17 [T]he facts presented by Caruso do not indicate that a sexual assault occurred. Bearchild held that “a prisoner presents a viable Eighth Amendment claim where 18 he or she proves that a prison staff member, acting under color of law and without legitimate penological justification, touched the prisoner in a sexual manner or 19 otherwise engaged in sexual conduct for the staff member’s own sexual gratification, or for the purpose of humiliating, degrading, or demeaning the 20 prisoner.” Bearchild, 947 F.3d at 1144. Under Caruso’s facts, Lopez saw Caruso put a drug bindle down the back of her underwear. See PUMF 39. After Caruso 21 was handcuffed and had fallen in Cell 3, Lopez conducted a pat-down search and felt something around Caruso’s pelvic area. See Caruso Depo. at 36:15-37:15. 22 Lopez then reached down Caruso’s pants and underwear and retrieved the cell phone from around Caruso’s pelvic/vaginal area. See id. Also, Solorio twice 23 placed her fingers between Caruso’s buttocks near Caruso’s anus. See PUMF 66. Solorio did this twice because the first time she was unable to retrieve the bindle; 24 Solorio retrieved the bindle the second time and then stopped searching. See Caruso Depo. 21:23-22:8, 22:21-22. There is no evidence that Caruso or Lopez 25 actually touched Caruso’s vagina or anus, or lingered unnecessarily around those areas, or massaged or touched around those areas in a sexual manner. Rather, the 26 evidence indicates that Solorio and Lopez did not linger any longer than necessary to retrieve the contraband and had to touch near Caruso’s vagina and anus because 27 that is where Caruso had secreted the contraband. Therefore, the evidence shows a penological non-sexual basis for the search (retrieval of contraband) and does not 28 show that Lopez or Solorio touched Caruso in a sexual manner or engaged in 1 intimate parts of her body. Because the facts do not demonstrate a sexual assault under Bearchild, amending the complaint to include such a claim would be futile. 2 Id. at 24:20-25:16. 3 Legal Standard 4 In relevant part, Rule 60(b) provides: “On motion and just terms, the court may relieve a 5 party . . . form a final judgment, order, or proceeding for the following reasons: (1) mistake, 6 inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect; (2) newly discovered evidence that, with reasonable 7 diligence, could not have been discovered in time to move for a new trial under Rule 59(b) . . . .” 8 Under Rule 60(b)(1), the term “excusable neglect” is a “somewhat elastic concept and is 9 not limited strictly to omissions caused by circumstances beyond the control of the movant.” 10 Pioneer Inv. Serv. v. Brunswick Assocs., 507 U.S. 380, 395 (1993). “The ordinary meaning of 11 ‘neglect’ is ‘to give little attention or respect’ to a matter, or . . . ‘to leave undone or unattended to 12 especially through carelessness.’” Id. at 389; Jennings v. Rivers, 394 F.3d 850, 856 (10th Cir. 13 2005). The determination of whether neglect is “excusable” is an equitable consideration that 14 requires a court to consider at least: (1) the danger of prejudice to the opposing party; (2) the 15 length of the delay and its potential impact on the proceedings; (3) the reason for the delay; and (4) 16 whether the movant acted in good faith. See Irvine Unified Sch. Dist. v. K.G., 853 F.3d 1087, 17 1091 (9th Cir. 2017); Bateman v. United States Postal Serv., 231 F.3d 1220, 1223-24 (9th Cir. 18 2000). The concept of excusable neglect encompasses negligence by an attorney. See Bateman, 19 231 F.3d at 1224. However, “parties should be bound by and accountable for the deliberate 20 actions of themselves and their chosen counsel.” Latshaw v. Trainer Wortham & Co., 452 F.3d 21 1097, 1101 (9th Cir. 2006). 22 If a party relies on “newly discovered evidence” under Rule 60(b)(2), the movant must 23 show the evidence (1) constitutes “newly discovered evidence,” (2) could not have been 24 discovered through due diligence, and (3) is of such magnitude that production of it earlier would 25 have been likely to change the disposition of the case. Feature Realty, Inc. v. City of Spokane, 26 331 F.3d 1082, 1093 F.2d 875, 878 (9th Cir. 1990); Coastal Transfer Co. v. Toyota Motor Sales, 27 833 F.2d 208, 211-12 (9th Cir. 1987). Evidence is not newly discovered if it was already in the 28 1 party’s possession or could have been discovered with reasonable diligence. See Feature Realty, 2 331 F.3d at 1093; Coastal Transfer Co., 833 F.2d at 212; see also Wallis v. J.R. Simplot Co., 26 3 F.3d 885, 892 n.6 (9th Cir. 1994); School Dist. No. 1J v. AC&S, Inc., 5 F.3d 1255, 1263 (9th Cir. 4 1993). 5 “A motion under Rule 60(b) must be made within a reasonable time – and for reasons (1), 6 (2), and (3) no more than a year after the entry of judgment or order or the date of the proceeding.” 7 Fed. R. 60(c)(1); see Butz v. Mendoza-Powers, 474 F.3d 1193, 1195 (9th Cir. 2007); Nevitt v. 8 United States, 886 F.2d 1187, 1188 (9th Cir. 1989). 9 Discussion 10 After consideration, the Court concludes that reconsideration is not appropriate. 11 First, Defendants are correct that under Rule 60(b) Caruso’s motion is untimely. Summary 12 judgment was granted in March 2020. Caruso’s motion for reconsideration was not filed until 13 December 2021, although Caruso did raise the issue as part of a trial brief in November 2021. 14 Even if the Court relied on Caruso’s November 2021 trial brief as the appropriate date, Caruso is 15 well beyond the one-year limit set by Rule 60(c)(1). 16 Second, the Court does not find that the testimony of Dr. Celosse meets the relevant 17 criteria for newly discovered evidence. The evidence of Dr. Celosse appears to be based on 18 unknown statements made to her by Caruso. See Celosse Depo. 16:6-17:1, 19:19-20:10, 21:4-16, 19 126:5-10. The statements were made by Caruso to Dr. Celosse during a four to six month period 20 of treatment between late October/early November 2018 and 2019. See Celosse Depo. 16:1-4, 21 127:18-128:4; Huang Dec. ¶ 9. This also means that Dr. Celosse’s opinions were formed during 22 that four to six month period in late 2018 to early 2019. Caruso’s knowledge has always been in 23 her possession, and Caruso’s statements (or the substance of those statements) could have been 24 relayed through her deposition or to the Court through a declaration. Moreover, because it appears 25 that Dr. Celosse’s treatment of Caruso ended around April 2019, it is unclear why Dr. Celosse’s 26 records could not have been obtained or her deposition taken before March 2020. Therefore, the 27 Court cannot conclude that the statements to Dr. Celosse, the records of Dr. Celosse, or the 28 opinions of Dr. Celosse are evidence that were not in Caruso’s possession or could not have been 1 obtained through reasonable diligence prior to March 2020. Since the evidence associated with 2 Dr. Celosse does not fit under Rule 60(b)(2), relief under that section is inappropriate.1 3 Third, the concept of futility still applies. Dr. Celosse formed the opinion that the search 4 constituted a rape because: (1) it was traumatic; (2) non-consensual; (3) Caruso had a history of 5 previous sexual trauma, (4) it was perceived as a violent act; (5) her physical integrity was not 6 maintained in that one of her body cavities was entered; and (6) there was a power differential. 7 See Celosse Depo. 21:14-22:23. The deposition excerpt cited by Caruso states: “Q: But did 8 anybody penetrate a bodily orifice? A: When Officer Solorio went to retrieve the drugs from 9 between, she grazed – she – grazed my butt, my anus hole. Did she actually, physically go in 10 there to penetrate with – no. But, I mean, just the (indicating).” Caruso Depo. 62:4-8. This 11 evidence, combined with evidence discussed in the summary judgment motion, does not change 12 the conclusion that permitting an Eighth Amendment sexual assault claim based on this evidence 13 would be futile. The fact remains that there was clearly a penological purpose for the search – to 14 retrieve a drug bindle that Caruso herself had secreted between her buttocks and near (but not in) 15 her anus, and that Officer Lopez saw Caruso secret it. Caruso’s own testimony states that Solorio 16 only grazed Caruso’s anus and did not penetrate it, which, given how the bindle was secreted, 17 suggests the graze was unintentional since Solorio was described by Caruso as twice attempting to 18 get the bindle from between Caruso’s buttocks. Again, the testimony does not indicate that 19 Solorio lingered around Caruso’s anus or “grazed” it in a sexual manner or touched Caruso to 20 degrade or humiliate her. Solorio was attempting to obtain secreted drugs. Dr. Celosse’s opinions 21 do not alter these considerations. Therefore, even considering the opinions of Dr. Celosse and the 22 relevant excerpt from Caruso, the Court concludes that there remains no viable Eighth 23 Amendment sexual assault claim. See Bearchild, 947 F.3d at 1144. 24 In sum, the Court finds that Caruso has not demonstrated a sufficient basis for the Court to 25 reconsider any rulings or conclusions in the March 2020 summary judgment order. 26
27 1 Of course, Caruso’s deposition was in existence prior to March 2020 and does not constitute newly discovered evidence. See School Dist. No. 1J, 5 F.3d at 1293. Moreover, while the entirety of Caruso’s deposition was 28 submitted to the Court, the Court was under no obligation to scour the entirety of that deposition to find facts that aid 1 ORDER 2 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration (Doc. 3 | No. 328) is DENIED. 4 5 ITIS SO ORDERED. □□ 6 | Dated: _ December 30, 2021 : : _-SENIOR DISTRICT JUDGE 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28