(PC) Caruso v. Johnson
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Opinion
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6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8
9 GINA CARUSO, CASE NO. 1:15-CV-780 AWI EPG (PC) 10 Plaintiff ORDER ON THE PARTIES’ MOTIONS 11 v. IN LIMINE 12 OFFICER G. SOLORIO, OFFICER C. LOPEZ, SGT. G. INGRAM, and (Doc. Nos. 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 253, 13 OFFICER D. MARTINEZ, 259) 14 Defendants 15
17 This case arises out of an encounter between incarcerated Plaintiff Gina Caruso (“Caruso”) 18 and Defendant prison guards G. Solorio (“Solorio”), C. Lopez (“Lopez”), D. Martinez
19 (“Martinez”), and Sgt. G. Ingram (“Ingram”) (collectively “Defendants”).1 The operative
20 complaint is the Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”). The SAC contains two viable claims
21 under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, an Eighth Amendment claim for excessive force and a Fourth
22 Amendment claim for an unreasonable search. Currently before the Court are Caruso’s six
23 motions in limine and Defendants’ thirteen motions in limine. This order resolves the parties’
24 respective motions.2
26 1 The parties are familiar with the facts of this case. A thorough description of the facts can be found in the Court’s 27 order on Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. See Caruso v. Solorio, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 51994 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 25, 2020). 28 2 Because some of the motions in limine are related, the Court will resolve some of the motions out of order. Case 1:15-cv-00780-AWI-EPG Document 287 Filed 01/04/21 Page 2 of 46
1 I. Defendants’ Motion in Limine No. 1 – Limit Caruso’s Fourth Amendment Claim 2 Defendants’ Argument 3 Defendants argue that Magistrate Judge Grosjean screened the complaint and found that 4 allegations surrounding the handcuffing stated a claim. However, the analysis was limited to
5 Defendants disregarding a medical chrono by cuffing Caruso behind her back and jerking her arms
6 back knowing they were causing severe pain. That is, the screening order found that the relevant
7 conduct occurred immediately outside of Caruso’s cell or inside Caruso’s cell. There is no
8 discussion of Caruso’s escort from her cell, through the dayroom and courtyard, and to the ISU
9 Building. Thus, the escort from the cell is not a basis for an Eighth Amendment claim. The Court
10 ratified the screening order. Caruso did not object to the Court’s screening order, nor did Plaintiff
11 seek leave to amend to expand on the scope of the excessive force claim. Defendants have also
12 been precluded from taking discovery on this expanded claim because discovery closed on May
13 25, 2018. Therefore, the Court should limit the scope of the Eighth Amendment claim to exclude
14 conduct during and after the escort out of Caruso’s cell.
15 Plaintiff’s Opposition 16 Caruso argues that from the outset of the case, she has complained about the duration and 17 manner of handcuffing. There is nothing in the screening order of the First Amended Complaint
18 (“FAC”) to suggest that the Magistrate Judge dismissed any aspect of the Eighth Amendment
19 handcuffing claim, and the analysis of the handcuffing claim was adopted/reiterated as part of the
20 screening order of the SAC. The SAC alleged that Defendants ignored Caruso’s requests to be
21 cuffed in front, kept her handcuffed behind her back while in the cell and pulled her arms up
22 causing her pain, kept her handcuffed behind her back while in the wheelchair, maliciously jerked
23 her arms above the wheelchair, she was handcuffed behind her back in the ISU office, and was
24 kept handcuffed behind her back for a total of six hours until she was in Administrative
25 Segregation (“Ad Seg”). There is no authority that screening orders should be applied in such a
26 way as to limit the factual basis for cognizable claims. Caruso argues that the fact the Defendants 27 handcuffed her behind her back for six hours throughout the time she was in ISU, in the holding
28 cell, and until she was placed in an Ad Seg shower, are relevant to her handcuffing claim and
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1 within the scope of discovery that Defendants were entitled to take. The duration of a deprivation
2 must be considered in evaluating an Eighth Amendment claim. A key issue is how long it was
3 appropriate for “ISU staff” to disregard Caruso’s cuffing restrictions. Any exclusion of evidence
4 that the handcuffing continued beyond the search conducted at her cell would severely limit her
5 ability to show that Defendants’ manner of handcuffing was malicious and sadistic. Caruso also
6 argues that the six hours of handcuffing is necessary to dispute Defendants’ justification for
7 handcuffing her behind her back. Defendants have justified handcuffing Caruso behind her
8 because she continued to resist and disobey direct orders while harboring contraband. However,
9 by Defendants’ own testimony, Caruso was cooperative after the drugs were retrieved. Thus,
10 there was no justification for keeping her improperly handcuffed in violation of her chrono and the
11 Eighth Amendment. Finally, Caruso argues that the abusive six hour duration of her handcuffing
12 is relevant to the amount of pain and suffering that she endured, i.e. damages.
13 Reply 14 Defendants reply that Caruso is improperly attempting to expand the scope of her 15 excessive-force claim. The screening order found that the cognizable Eighth Amendment claim
16 was based on behind the back cuffing and jerking Caruso’s arms while she was in her cell. Caruso
17 is not attempting to introduce evidence of how long she was handcuffed, rather she is attempting
18 to introduce evidence of a separate and distinct handcuffing incident. After Defendants escorted
19 Caruso from her cell, conducted a clothed body search, wheeled her to another location, removed
20 her handcuffs, and conducted a visual body search, Caruso now alleges that she was again placed
21 in handcuffs and remained in handcuffs in Ad Seg for some period of time. This is a distinct
22 incident that goes far beyond the Court’s screening orders. Moreover, there is no evidence that the
23 Defendants were responsible for Caruso being handcuffed a second time, the manner in which she
24 was handcuffed, or how long she remained in handcuffs. Defendants Martinez and Ingram
25 remained in the cell to conduct a search while Lopez and Solorio took Caruso for another search in
26 the ISU office. The Court explicitly found that Caruso’s other extraneous allegations concerning 27 handcuffing, beyond the initial handcuffing, did not form the basis of an Eighth Amendment claim
28 (citing Doc. No. 18 at pp. 7-8). Defendants should be entitled to rely on the screening orders.
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1 Discussion 2 Initially, reliance on allegations made in the Original Complaint and FAC is improper. 3 The SAC supersedes all prior complaints; once an amended complaint is filed, the prior
4 complaints are no longer operative and are treated as non-existent. Ramirez v. County of San
5 Bernardino, 806 F.3d 1002, 1008 (9th Cir. 2015): Loux v. Rhay, 375 F.3d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 1967).
6 With respect to the SAC, in relevant part, Caruso alleged that: she was instructed by Lopez 7 to put her hands behind her back; Caruso said she had a cuff in front chrono due to a spinal
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Case 1:15-cv-00780-AWI-EPG Document 287 Filed 01/04/21 Page 1 of 46
6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8
9 GINA CARUSO, CASE NO. 1:15-CV-780 AWI EPG (PC) 10 Plaintiff ORDER ON THE PARTIES’ MOTIONS 11 v. IN LIMINE 12 OFFICER G. SOLORIO, OFFICER C. LOPEZ, SGT. G. INGRAM, and (Doc. Nos. 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 253, 13 OFFICER D. MARTINEZ, 259) 14 Defendants 15
17 This case arises out of an encounter between incarcerated Plaintiff Gina Caruso (“Caruso”) 18 and Defendant prison guards G. Solorio (“Solorio”), C. Lopez (“Lopez”), D. Martinez
19 (“Martinez”), and Sgt. G. Ingram (“Ingram”) (collectively “Defendants”).1 The operative
20 complaint is the Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”). The SAC contains two viable claims
21 under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, an Eighth Amendment claim for excessive force and a Fourth
22 Amendment claim for an unreasonable search. Currently before the Court are Caruso’s six
23 motions in limine and Defendants’ thirteen motions in limine. This order resolves the parties’
24 respective motions.2
26 1 The parties are familiar with the facts of this case. A thorough description of the facts can be found in the Court’s 27 order on Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. See Caruso v. Solorio, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 51994 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 25, 2020). 28 2 Because some of the motions in limine are related, the Court will resolve some of the motions out of order. Case 1:15-cv-00780-AWI-EPG Document 287 Filed 01/04/21 Page 2 of 46
1 I. Defendants’ Motion in Limine No. 1 – Limit Caruso’s Fourth Amendment Claim 2 Defendants’ Argument 3 Defendants argue that Magistrate Judge Grosjean screened the complaint and found that 4 allegations surrounding the handcuffing stated a claim. However, the analysis was limited to
5 Defendants disregarding a medical chrono by cuffing Caruso behind her back and jerking her arms
6 back knowing they were causing severe pain. That is, the screening order found that the relevant
7 conduct occurred immediately outside of Caruso’s cell or inside Caruso’s cell. There is no
8 discussion of Caruso’s escort from her cell, through the dayroom and courtyard, and to the ISU
9 Building. Thus, the escort from the cell is not a basis for an Eighth Amendment claim. The Court
10 ratified the screening order. Caruso did not object to the Court’s screening order, nor did Plaintiff
11 seek leave to amend to expand on the scope of the excessive force claim. Defendants have also
12 been precluded from taking discovery on this expanded claim because discovery closed on May
13 25, 2018. Therefore, the Court should limit the scope of the Eighth Amendment claim to exclude
14 conduct during and after the escort out of Caruso’s cell.
15 Plaintiff’s Opposition 16 Caruso argues that from the outset of the case, she has complained about the duration and 17 manner of handcuffing. There is nothing in the screening order of the First Amended Complaint
18 (“FAC”) to suggest that the Magistrate Judge dismissed any aspect of the Eighth Amendment
19 handcuffing claim, and the analysis of the handcuffing claim was adopted/reiterated as part of the
20 screening order of the SAC. The SAC alleged that Defendants ignored Caruso’s requests to be
21 cuffed in front, kept her handcuffed behind her back while in the cell and pulled her arms up
22 causing her pain, kept her handcuffed behind her back while in the wheelchair, maliciously jerked
23 her arms above the wheelchair, she was handcuffed behind her back in the ISU office, and was
24 kept handcuffed behind her back for a total of six hours until she was in Administrative
25 Segregation (“Ad Seg”). There is no authority that screening orders should be applied in such a
26 way as to limit the factual basis for cognizable claims. Caruso argues that the fact the Defendants 27 handcuffed her behind her back for six hours throughout the time she was in ISU, in the holding
28 cell, and until she was placed in an Ad Seg shower, are relevant to her handcuffing claim and
2 Case 1:15-cv-00780-AWI-EPG Document 287 Filed 01/04/21 Page 3 of 46
1 within the scope of discovery that Defendants were entitled to take. The duration of a deprivation
2 must be considered in evaluating an Eighth Amendment claim. A key issue is how long it was
3 appropriate for “ISU staff” to disregard Caruso’s cuffing restrictions. Any exclusion of evidence
4 that the handcuffing continued beyond the search conducted at her cell would severely limit her
5 ability to show that Defendants’ manner of handcuffing was malicious and sadistic. Caruso also
6 argues that the six hours of handcuffing is necessary to dispute Defendants’ justification for
7 handcuffing her behind her back. Defendants have justified handcuffing Caruso behind her
8 because she continued to resist and disobey direct orders while harboring contraband. However,
9 by Defendants’ own testimony, Caruso was cooperative after the drugs were retrieved. Thus,
10 there was no justification for keeping her improperly handcuffed in violation of her chrono and the
11 Eighth Amendment. Finally, Caruso argues that the abusive six hour duration of her handcuffing
12 is relevant to the amount of pain and suffering that she endured, i.e. damages.
13 Reply 14 Defendants reply that Caruso is improperly attempting to expand the scope of her 15 excessive-force claim. The screening order found that the cognizable Eighth Amendment claim
16 was based on behind the back cuffing and jerking Caruso’s arms while she was in her cell. Caruso
17 is not attempting to introduce evidence of how long she was handcuffed, rather she is attempting
18 to introduce evidence of a separate and distinct handcuffing incident. After Defendants escorted
19 Caruso from her cell, conducted a clothed body search, wheeled her to another location, removed
20 her handcuffs, and conducted a visual body search, Caruso now alleges that she was again placed
21 in handcuffs and remained in handcuffs in Ad Seg for some period of time. This is a distinct
22 incident that goes far beyond the Court’s screening orders. Moreover, there is no evidence that the
23 Defendants were responsible for Caruso being handcuffed a second time, the manner in which she
24 was handcuffed, or how long she remained in handcuffs. Defendants Martinez and Ingram
25 remained in the cell to conduct a search while Lopez and Solorio took Caruso for another search in
26 the ISU office. The Court explicitly found that Caruso’s other extraneous allegations concerning 27 handcuffing, beyond the initial handcuffing, did not form the basis of an Eighth Amendment claim
28 (citing Doc. No. 18 at pp. 7-8). Defendants should be entitled to rely on the screening orders.
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1 Discussion 2 Initially, reliance on allegations made in the Original Complaint and FAC is improper. 3 The SAC supersedes all prior complaints; once an amended complaint is filed, the prior
4 complaints are no longer operative and are treated as non-existent. Ramirez v. County of San
5 Bernardino, 806 F.3d 1002, 1008 (9th Cir. 2015): Loux v. Rhay, 375 F.3d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 1967).
6 With respect to the SAC, in relevant part, Caruso alleged that: she was instructed by Lopez 7 to put her hands behind her back; Caruso said she had a cuff in front chrono due to a spinal
8 surgery; Martinez came in and ordered Caruso to put her hands behind her back; Caruso attempted
9 to comply and again said she had a cuff in front chrono; Caruso was cuffed behind her back;
10 Solorio jerked the cuffs up causing Caruso’s legs to buckle and her to scream in pain; Caruso
11 asked Solorio to stop because of the chrono and her surgery; Ingram came in and she told him that
12 she had a cuff in front chrono due to a spinal injury; Caruso told Ingram that her chrono was on
13 her locker door; Ingram stated that he saw no chrono even though the chrono was hanging on the
14 locker door; Ingram ordered Lopez and Solorio to take Caruso to the cell shower for a strip search;
15 as Martinez and Ingram left the cell, Solorio pulled up on the cuffs which caused Caruso to scream
16 and fall to the floor; Solorio tried to pull Caruso off the floor, which caused more pain; Lopez
17 conducted a pat down search and retrieved a cell phone from Caruso’s underwear; a strip search
18 was then conducted and in the process, Ingram jerked up on the cuffs causing Caruso to scream;
19 Solorio then pulled down Caruso’s pants and retrieved drugs from between Caruso’s buttocks and
20 near (but not in) her anus; after the search, Defendants kept Caruso cuffed behind her back and
21 made her sit at an angle in a wheelchair so that her back was at the right corner of the wheelchair;
22 Lopez walked alongside the chair and forced Caruso’s cuffed hands to go over the arm and back
23 of the wheelchair, causing Caruso to lean forward and cry out to please stop and to get medical
24 attention; Ingram said to make sure that Caruso did not fall out of the chair; Lopez released
25 Caruso’s hands and grabbed a bed sheet to tie Caruso into the wheelchair; Lopez then jerked
26 Caruso’s hands over the arm of the chair so that she could watch Caruso’s hands; Caruso in tears 27 asked Lopez to cuff her in front and not keep her hands over the side of the chair; Caruso said that
28 Defendants knowingly and willfully inflicted pain on her and disregarded the chrono; Lopez and
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1 Solorio pushed the chair to the ISU office and kept Caruso’s hands over the arm of the wheelchair
2 the entire time; Lopez and Solorio told Caruso that they were going to do a strip search and then
3 call medical; Caruso was untied from the wheelchair, stood up, and the cuffs were taken off of
4 each hand; Caruso had been cuffed for an hour at that point; a strip search and cavity search was
5 conducted by Solorio and Lopez; after the search, Lopez and Solorio again cuffed Caruso behind
6 her back; Caruso again mentioned her chrono but Lopez and Solorio said they would ask medical;
7 Caruso sat in a chair in front of a doorway waiting for medical; once Nurse Franco from medical
8 arrived, Caruso said that she was in acute pain and that she was not to be cuffed behind the back;
9 Franco said that he was told just to do the 7219 (Ad Seg form) and that he did not know and could
10 not help her with the chrono; Caruso was left in cuffs behind her back for hours even when she
11 was placed in a cage during count time; in the Ad Seg shower, she was finally uncuffed at about
12 6:30 p.m.; Caruso had been in cuffs for a total of about 6 hours. See Doc. No. 22.
13 The Magistrate Judge’s screening order of the SAC for the handcuffing claim essentially 14 readopted the screening order analysis of the FAC, without elaboration. See Doc. No. 24 (“For
15 the reasons laid out in the Court’s prior order (ECF No. 18), the Court once again finds that
16 Plaintiff has stated a claim for excessive force in violation of the Eighth Amendment against
17 Defendants Ingram, Martinez, Lopez, and Solorio.”). In relevant part, the screening order of the
18 FAC held:
19 The part of Plaintiff’s complaint that is troubling is the allegation regarding handcuffing. Plaintiff alleges that she had a chrono requiring front handcuffs, but 20 that defendants ignored this chrono and used handcuffs on her back without justification. Plaintiff alleges that she immediately told defendant Lopez about her 21 medical chrono. Defendant Lopez ignored this and told Plaintiff to put her hands behind her back. Plaintiff again told Defendants Lopez and Martinez that she has a 22 chrono only to be cuffed in front because of a spinal cord injury that left Plaintiff paralyzed until she received surgery. Defendant Ingram then came into the room 23 and Plaintiff asked him to please help because she has a medical chrono that states that Plaintiff should only be cuffed in front due to severe pain. Defendant Ingram 24 allegedly said, “[I] don’t see no chrono” and Plaintiff said it was directly in front of him on her locker door. Despite this, Defendants Ingram, Martinez, Lopez and 25 Solorio disregarded the medical chrono by cuffing Plaintiff behind her back and jerking her back knowing they were causing severe pain. 26 The Court finds that the allegations about this aspect of the search state an Eighth 27 Amendment claim for excessive force. It may be that Plaintiff’s allegations are incorrect, or that Defendants had a legitimate reason for ignoring the medical 28 chrono. However, construing the allegations in favor of Plaintiff, the Court will
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allow this claim to go forward as to Defendants Ingram, Martinez, Lopez, and 1 Solorio. 2 Doc. No. 18 at 7:24-8:13 (emphasis added). The Court adopted the screening order of the SAC,
3 which is the same as adopting the analysis of screening order of the FAC.
4 The Court finds that the key to the handcuffing claim is a combination of the allegations 5 actually made in the SAC combined with the last sentence of the first paragraph quoted above
6 from the screening order. The screening order analysis is largely based on the events that
7 happened in the cell. However, it is not expressly limited to those events. The analysis was
8 concerned about “handcuffing.” The analysis then focuses on Defendants ignoring both the pleas
9 about, and the location of, the chrono for front cuffing. It concludes by stating that Defendants
10 “disregarded medical the medical chrono by cuffing Plaintiff behind her back and jerking her back
11 knowing they were causing severe pain.” Id. That is, the conduct that was found to violate the
12 Eighth Amendment was a combination of front cuffing in violation of the chrono and Caruso
13 being jerked around by the cuffs which resulted in severe pain. See id. Consistent with the
14 screening order, the allegations in the SAC describe Defendants ignoring Caruso’s cries of pain,
15 requests that she be cuffed in front, and that she had a cuff in front chrono. However, those
16 allegations are not limited to just actions in the cell. Allegations of back cuffing and
17 jerking/maneuvering to cause pain are alleged in the cell and in the wheelchair as Plaintiff is being
18 wheeled to the ISU office to be strip searched. The handcuffs were removed for an unknown
19 period of time in the ISU office. Thus, the handcuffing that started in the cell ended in the ISU
20 office once the cuffs were removed.
21 It is true that Caruso alleges that she was cuffed again in the ISU office and taken to Ad 22 Seg. But there are no allegations that any Defendant (and only Lopez and Solorio were present
23 because Ingram and Martinez were searching the cell and did not go to the ISU office)
24 maneuvered the handcuffs in any way to cause pain. A violation of the chrono does not equal an
25 Eighth Amendment violation, and the screening order never so held. Without objections or
26 clarifications, the most reasonable reading of the screening order is that the cognizable claim was 27 based on ignoring the chrono combined with maneuvering that caused pain. The chrono is
28 relevant not because it sets any Eighth Amendment standard, it is relevant because it lends
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1 credence to the idea that behind the back cuffing, which is normally a standard practice, could
2 cause pain and/or injure Caruso.
3 In sum, because the only allegations in the SAC that deal with behind the back cuffing and 4 maneuvering that caused pain deals with a period of time from when the Defendants entered the
5 cell to the strip search at the ISU office, that is the basis of the Eighth Amendment excessive force
6 claim in this case.
7 To the extent that Caruso wants to pursue a claim based on the cuffing from the ISU office 8 to the removal of the handcuffs in Ad Seg, she needs to file a motion to amend. The motion to
9 amend must meet the standards of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”) 15 and 16 because
10 a scheduling order that set discovery deadlines was issued in this case. Additionally, such a claim
11 would likely be limited to conduct by Lopez and Solorio because Martinez and Ingram were not
12 present once Caruso was wheeled away to the ISU office for a full strip search. Also, it is unclear
13 whether Lopez and/or Solorio were responsible for keeping the cuffs on Caruso for the full period
14 of time between the ISU search and Ad Seg placement (about 5 hours). If non-defendant prison
15 staff kept the handcuffs on Caruso, it would be very difficult for any Defendant to be responsible
16 for that conduct.3
17 With respect to Caruso’s arguments regarding the admissibility of the full 6 hour duration 18 of cuffing, Caruso states that the duration of the cuffing is relevant to evaluating the Eighth
19 Amendment in general. The Court agrees that duration is a consideration for Eighth Amendment
20 claims. However, Caruso overlooks the fact that there are at least two separate phases of
21 handcuffing. The most clearly troublesome conduct occurred between the cell and the ISU office,
22 about one hour. Caruso’s allegations show that the handcuffs were removed, and a strip search
23 was conducted at the ISU office. In other words, one phase of handcuffing had ended because the
24 cuffs were removed. The second phase occurred when only two defendants were present and after
25 the strip search had occurred. During the second phase, there are no allegations that Caruso was
26 maneuvered in any way to cause pain or that she was clearly experiencing or voicing a similar 27 3 The Court is not holding that Caruso has a cognizable claim or that a motion to amend would be granted. The Court 28 is merely holding that if Caruso wishes to pursue a cuffing claim based on being cuffed from the time the strip search ended in the ISU office to the time that the cuffs were removed in Ad Seg, then she must follow FRCP 15 and 16.
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1 kind of pain as in the cell and wheelchair trip. Additionally, Caruso states that the 6 hour duration
2 is relevant for damages. However, again, there are at least two phases of handcuffing, and the
3 only allegations that clearly support damages (due to expressions of repeatedly voiced pain) deal
4 with the first phase. The Court is aware of no allegations or disclosed evidence that sufficiently
5 indicate that Caruso suffered any damages from the second phase of handcuffing.
6 Ruling 7 Defendants’ first motion in limine is granted in part. Caruso’s Eighth Amendment 8 excessive force/handcuffing claim is limited temporally from the period of time between
9 Defendants entering the cell to the time that the handcuffs were removed at the ISU office as part
10 of a strip search. This limitation is consistent with the allegations in the SAC and the analysis of
11 the screening order that “Defendants Ingram, Martinez, Lopez and Solorio disregarded the medical
12 chrono by cuffing Plaintiff behind her back and jerking her back knowing they were causing
13 severe pain.” Doc. No. 18 at 7:24-8:13. Additionally, as explained above, Caruso is not
14 precluded from filing a motion to amend with respect to the second handcuffing phase.
16 II. Plaintiff’s Motion in Limine No. 2 – Exclude Testimony of Jeanne Woodford 17 Plaintiff’s Argument 18 Caruso argues that Defendants intend to call her former expert, Jeanne Woodford, as a 19 defense witness at trial. However, Defendants were notified in November 2019 that Woodford
20 was no longer serving as an expert due to medical issues and the closure of her consulting practice.
21 Prior to the withdrawal, Defendants deposed Woodford for less than 1 hour in August 2019.
22 Defendants apparently wish to admit testimony from Woodford that the initial handcuffing was
23 appropriate. Woodford’s testimony should be excluded because she is unavailable due to medical
24 issues. Further, Woodford’s expert testimony would not be admissible on the handcuffing claim
25 for the limited purpose of showing that the initial handcuffing was appropriate. Woodford opined
26 that Defendants could have easily confirmed that Caruso had a cuff in front chrono once Caruso 27 became cooperative. Additionally, the Eleventh Circuit has recognized that prejudice can result
28 when jurors learn that an expert was originally consulted by an opposing party. Finally, Woodford
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1 is beyond the 100 mile rule for trial subpoenas under FRCP 45(c)(1)(A). Woodford resides in
2 Benicia, California, which is nearly 200 miles away from Fresno. Due to Woodford’s inability to
3 drive on freeways, as well as her medical issues, it would be a substantial hardship for her to
4 testify at trial, regardless of which party calls her.
5 Defendants’ Opposition 6 Defendants argue that there is no per se rule against calling an opposing party’s expert 7 because, once a report has been submitted or testimony given, those opinions are those of the
8 “case,” not a particular party. Defendants wish to present one opinion to the jury, that the initial
9 handcuffing of Caruso behind her back was appropriate. There is no need to inform the jury that
10 Woodford was Caruso’s former expert. The testimony is not cumulative of other experts, and
11 Caruso is free to elicit any helpful information/opinions of Woodford on cross-examination.
12 Finally, the testimony will be short. Woodford’s deposition lasted 48 minutes and covered seven
13 opinions; Defendants intend to illicit only one of those opinions. In terms of unavailability, there
14 has not been a sufficient showing that Woodford’s medical conditions are of such a nature, degree,
15 and duration that they make Woodford “unavailable” for trial. But even if Woodford is
16 unavailable, her deposition testimony can be read to the jury, and Caruso can read any relevant
17 portions.
18 Plaintiff’s Reply 19 In reply, Caruso states that she does not oppose Defendants’ request to admit the 20 deposition testimony Woodford under Federal Rule of Evidence (“FRE”) 804. To avoid
21 prejudice, the deposition testimony should be presented by all parties, the jury should not be told
22 that Woodford was Caruso’s expert, and all deposition testimony relating to handcuffing should be
23 admitted (pursuant to FRCP 32(a)(6)).
24 Discussion 25 Defendants have not responded to the FRCP 45 objection. Caruso cites this portion of 26 FRCP 45: “A subpoena may command a person to attend a trial, haring, or deposition only as 27 follows: (A) within 100 miles of where the person resides, is employed or regularly transacts
28 business in person; or.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(c)(1)(A). However, FRCP 45(c)(1)(B)(ii) reads: “A
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1 subpoena may command a person to attend a trial, haring, or deposition only as follows: . . . (B)
2 within the state where the person resides . . . if the person: . . . (ii) is commanded to attend a trial
3 and would not incur substantial expense.” Woodford resides in California and would be ordered
4 to attend trial. There is no evidence regarding any expense that she would incur by an order to
5 attend. Therefore, the Court has sufficient subpoena power under FRCP 45(c)(1)(B)(ii) to order
6 Woodford to appear.
7 Nevertheless, Woodford has declared that she withdrew as an expert in this case due to 8 medical concerns and that she closed her consulting practice. See Doc. No. 249. She states that
9 she continues to have medical issues that interfere with her ability to work. See id. She also
10 declares that, because she has concerns about her ability to drive, she avoids freeways. See id.
11 She declares that she lives in Benicia, California, which is 191 miles from Fresno. See id.
12 The Ninth Circuit has recognized that, when evaluating whether a witness is “unavailable” 13 under FRE 804(a)(4), courts consider: (1) the nature of the infirmity, (2) the expected time of
14 recovery, (3) the reliability of evidence concerning the infirmity, and (4) other special
15 circumstances. See United States v. McGuire, 307 F.3d 1192, 1205 (9th Cir. 2002). Here,
16 Woodford’s precise medical issues are and any expected time for recovery are unknown.
17 However, Woodford was withdrawn as an expert because of these medical issues in November
18 2019 and they were sufficiently severe that they caused Woodford to close her consulting practice.
19 Therefore, while it is unknown what precisely ails Woodford, the Court is satisfied that these two
20 considerations (her withdraw in November 2019 and the closure of her consulting practice)
21 constitute “special circumstances” that demonstrate that she is medically unavailable for purposes
22 of the hearsay rule.
23 With the finding that Woodford is unavailable for purposes of FRE 804, there is in 24 actuality no further dispute between the parties. Through FRE 804 and FRCP 32(a)(6),4 the
25 parties will be able to present to the jury any relevant opinions regarding handcuffing. The parties
26 may present the deposition testimony as they deem fit (reading the relevant questions and answers, 27 4 Rule of Civil Procedure 32(a)(6) reads: “If a party offers in evidence only part of a deposition, an adverse party 28 may require the offeror to introduce other parts that in fairness should be considered with the part introduced, an any party may itself introduce any other parts.”
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1 have an attorney read a question and another attorney read the answer, or having the Court read
2 the relevant questions and answers). The Court will inform the jury that Woodford was an expert
3 witness in this case who is no longer available and that the jury shall consider her deposition as if
4 she were testifying live in court. No party will mention that Woodford was Caruso’s former
5 expert.
6 Ruling 7 Caruso’s second motion in limine is denied in part. Because Woodford is medically 8 unavailable, Woodford’s deposition testimony will be presented to the jury through FRCP 32(a)(6)
9 and FRE 804(b)(1) (former testimony of an unavailable witness), the jury will be informed that
10 Woodford is an expert witness who is no longer available (without identifying her as a plaintiff’s
11 expert or defense expert), and the parties are to meet and confer regarding the method of
12 presenting Woodford’s testimony.
14 III. Plaintiff’s Motion in Limine No. 1 - Limit the Testimony Jeffrey Watkins 15 Parties’ Arguments5 16 Caruso argues that any opinions regarding her Eighth Amendment handcuffing claim that 17 Watkins may have should be excluded because they were not disclosed and, alternatively, should
18 be excluded under Rule 702 as unhelpful and based on inadequate facts.
19 Defendants argue that they intend to call non-retained expert Lt. Jeffrey Watkins to testify 20 that: (1) the initial clothed body search of Caruso was reasonable under the circumstances; and (2)
21 initially handcuffing Caruso and then holding her up by her arms when she went limp was
22 reasonable. Watkins will not opine regarding the propriety of handcuffing Caruso behind her back
23 if Caruso’s expert Woodford is permitted to address the issue.
24 Discussion 25 First, there does not appear to be a dispute regarding any opinions that Watkins may have 26 that relate to the Fourth Amendment search issue. The parties appear to agree that those opinions 27
28 5 Because there are relatively few disputes regarding this motion, the Court provides only a thumbnail of the parties’ arguments.
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1 should be limited by Watkins’ report and events occurring at the deposition. With that customary
2 limitation, there are no issues regarding Fourth Amendment opinions.
3 Second, with respect to “use of force” opinions, Defendants want to offer an opinion that 4 they used an appropriate amount of force to lift Caruso up after she went limp. That is not the
5 force at issue. The force at issue is the use of handcuffs behind Caruso’s back and maneuvering
6 her to cause her unnecessary pain. Thus, any opinion about the reasonableness of the force to lift
7 Caruso is not helpful and will be excluded as “unhelpful” under FRE 702.6
8 Third, the real dispute in this motion is Watkins’s opinions regarding the propriety of 9 handcuffing Caruso. However, Defendants indicate that Watkins’s opinions on that subject will
10 not be presented to the jury so long as the testimony of Woodford is permitted. As explained
11 above, the deposition testimony of Woodford regarding handcuffing is admissible and will be
12 permitted. Therefore, based on Defendants’ representations, the Court will exclude Watkins’s
13 handcuffing opinions as contingently moot.
14 Ruling 15 Caruso’s first motion in limine is granted in that Watkins’s opinions are limited to those 16 expressed in his report and deposition testimony, is granted with respect to Watkins’s opinion
17 about lifting Caruso since that application of force does not form the basis of any claim, and is
18 granted with respect to Watkins’s handcuffing opinions because Woodford’s testimony on that
19 subject will be presented to the jury.
21 IV. Plaintiff’s Motion in Limine No. 4/Defendants’ Motion in Limine No. 7 – Earlier 22 Draft Incident Report & Discovery Related Conduct 23 Plaintiff’s Argument 24 Caruso argues that the history of the Defendants’ production issues related to their 25 individual incident reports was thoroughly briefed in the sanctions motion (which was granted in
26 part by the Magistrate Judge). Caruso states that she intends to introduce evidence at trial 27 6 This does not mean that testimony regarding lifting Caruso up will be excluded. Rather, any opinions regarding the 28 propriety of lifting Caruso up will be excluded because the jury will not be asked to make any determinations regarding lifting Caruso up.
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1 regarding a draft incident report, which was prepared prior to the amended incident report that was
2 reviewed by defense expert Watkins and for which Defendants are expected to rely upon at trial.
3 To date, Defendants have not produced a signed original incident report. Despite numerous
4 orders, Defendants did not produce the draft incident report until February 28, 2019, and prior to
5 February 2019, produced only the amended report. The changes reflected in the amended incident
6 report, as well as the Defendants’ delay in producing the draft report, are admissible and highly
7 relevant to Defendants’ credibility.
8 Caruso also states that she has no intention of introducing evidence of the discovery 9 sanctions that were imposed against Defendants. However, Caruso argues that she is entitled to
10 introduce evidence regarding the absence of original incident reports prepared by Lt. Villegas and
11 each Defendant. Lt. Villegas testified that, based on his review of the original reports of the
12 Defendants, he concluded that Caruso was not aggressively resisting staff. This is highly
13 probative because Defendants have repeatedly argued that they were justified in handcuffing
14 Caruso behind her back because she continued to resist and disobey orders. Caruso argues that
15 she is entitled to introduce evidence explaining her efforts to obtain the original reports, as well as
16 Defendants’ explanation for why the original reports were not produced. Thus, while the
17 discovery sanction itself will not be discussed, Caruso argues that the conduct underlying the
18 discovery sanction may be explained to the jury.
19 Finally, Caruso argues that she is unable to identify the differences between the amended 20 incident report and the original incident report because the original was never produced. Caruso
21 argues that she has no way to confirm that the amendments to the original report were limited to
22 those listed in the amended incident report. By withholding or destroying the original incident
23 report, Defendants should not be allowed to exclude evidence suggesting that the original incident
24 report may have been modified in more material ways than what is indicated in the amended
25 report. Caruso argues that more briefing is necessary to determine how to address the issue of the
26 missing original reports. Also, Defendants again assert that the original signed incident reports do 27 not currently exist. Contrary to Defendants’ opposition that there is no evidence that the original
28 reports do not exist, Defendants’ interrogatory response stated that the litigation coordinator at
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1 CCWF believed that the original incident reports had likely been purged. The Magistrate Judge,
2 in the course of sanctioning Defendants, did not sanction Defendants for purposeful spoliation, but
3 noted that Caruso would not be barred from later presenting evidence to show that another version
4 of the incident report existed at some time. All of this evidence, as well as other evidence, will be
5 presented by way of a separate pre-trial motion. Caruso also notes that, despite the representation
6 that Defendants are not the custodians of the original incident reports, Defendant Martinez was the
7 ISU Evidence Officer and, in that role, had the ability, authority, and obligation to preserver and
8 retrieve the original incident reports; Lopez continues to work in ISU and thus has the continued
9 ability to search ISU for the missing reports. In order to determine whether a permissive or
10 mandatory adverse instruction is warranted at trial to address the missing original incident reports,
11 Caruso states that she will file a subsequent motion.
12 Defendants’ Arguments 13 Defendants agree that Caruso may ask Defendants about the fact that different drafts of 14 their incident reports exist and that she may inquire about the differences between the final reports
15 and the drafts. However, Caruso should not be able to offer testimony or evidence about the
16 timing of the production of those documents or the Magistrate Judge’s discovery sanctions. All
17 documents in existence have been produced to Caruso, and the timing of the disclosure does not
18 affect the facts at issue. Evidence of these ancillary issues is irrelevant and confusing under FRE
19 403. All evidence regarding discovery disputes and conduct should be excluded.
20 Discussion 21 Initially, the parties appear to agree that the jury should not be informed of the discovery 22 sanctions ordered against Defendants by the Magistrate Judge.7 Additionally, there is no dispute
23 that Caruso can utilize the draft incident report to question Defendants and compare that draft to
24 the amended incident report. Caruso can also ask each Defendant about any original signed
25 reports, including what each Defendant did with their original unamended signed incident report
26 and about what differences exist between the original signed report and the amended report. 27 7 The Court notes that Defendants requested that the Court reconsider Magistrate Judge Grosjeans’s sanctions order. 28 See Doc. No. 214. On November 25, 2020, the Court denied Defendants’ motion for reconsideration. See Doc. No. 286.
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1 Beyond the above, Caruso has not shown that any other facets of her attempt to obtain all 2 versions of the incident report are admissible. There is no question that Caruso requested the
3 original report numerous times, and nearly every time, she was informed that only the amended
4 report existed. See Doc. No. 221 (amended sanctions order). However, as explained in the
5 sanctions order, Defendant Ingram found the draft report in July 2018, but the draft report was not
6 produced to Caruso until February 2019. See id. Between those dates, Caruso was told that no
7 other reports existed except for the amended incident report, which had been previously produced.
8 See id. Ingram’s deposition testimony indicates that he informed the prison Litigation
9 Coordinator that the draft report had been found, but he was told by the Litigation Coordinator that
10 the coordinator already had a copy. See id. Defendants were sanctioned for failing to produce the
11 draft report sooner and failing to follow a number of court orders to produce other versions of the
12 draft report. See id. The sanction was the costs. See id. However, the sanctions order also
13 included the following findings: (1) it appeared that all remaining drafts had been produced; (2) it
14 could not be determined whether other versions of the incident report existed; (3) nothing would
15 prevent Caruso from presenting evidence that another version of the report existed at some time;
16 (4) the order could not find that Defendants continue to withhold additional versions of the
17 incident report; (5) the amended incident report identifies changes made, which reduces the
18 prejudice to Caruso (even though it is unclear whether the notation reflects all changes made); (6)
19 sanctions for any alleged concealment of versions of the incident report were inappropriate; (7) the
20 order could not find that Defendants purposefully destroyed discovery in order to conceal
21 information; and (8) although facts regarding any “purging” of the original reports was far from
22 clear, there was insufficient evidence of purposeful spoliation. See id. at 12:8-13:5.
23 While the above findings in the sanctions order are all significant, several are key to 24 resolving these motions in limine. The sanctions order could not find purposeful destruction of
25 any documents, all existing versions of the incident report appear to have been produced, and there
26 was an insufficient indication of spoliation to warrant spoliation sanctions. The Court is aware of 27 no reason to deviate from these findings. Consistent with these findings, any further instructions,
28 evidence, or testimony regarding the discovery efforts and actions associated with the incident
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1 reports will not be permitted. There are clear FRE 403 concerns regarding confusion and using an
2 inordinate amount of trial time on relatively tangential issues, particularly when there has been a
3 finding that the facts are not sufficient to support a finding of spoliation or purposeful destruction.
4 The facts are that Caruso has all documents in existence and there is a finding that essentially
5 eliminates the spoliation issue.
6 Ruling 7 Defendants’ seventh motion in limine and Caruso’s fourth motion in limine are granted in 8 part and denied in part. Caruso will be permitted to admit the draft incident report and amended
9 incident report and may ask Defendants any relevant questions regarding any version of the
10 incident report (original, draft, or amended). Pursuant to FRE 403, no evidence or argument
11 regarding discovery sanctions, discovery history, and discovery conduct regarding production of
12 any version of the incident report will be permitted.8
14 V. Plaintiff’s Remaining Motions in Limine 15 1. Motion in Limine No. 3 – Exclude Criminal & Disciplinary History of Caruso 16 and All Prisoner Witness 17 Plaintiff’s Argument 18 Caruso argues that none of the Defendants had met her or were aware of her criminal or 19 disciplinary history prior to the July 22, 2013 incident. Thus, Defendants could not have been
20 influenced by Caruso’s criminal or disciplinary history, making it irrelevant to the claims at issue.
21 The same is true of Caruso’s inmate witnesses. Relatedly, because there is no relevance to the
22 claims that must be decided, the criminal and disciplinary history of the inmate witnesses and
23 Caruso is unduly prejudicial under FRE 403. Further, use of the disciplinary and criminal
24 histories also implicates improper character evidence under FRE 404(b). These histories do not
25 support any permissible FRE 404(b) purposes. Finally, Caruso requests two exceptions from
26 8 Caruso indicates that additional briefing is warranted. The Court tends to disagree. Nevertheless, the Court will not 27 prohibit Caruso from filing additional motions. Caruso must be cognizant of the analysis of this order and the sanctions order in which the evidence was found to be insufficient to support any sanctions or actions relating to 28 spoliation. Failure to adequately address the analysis of this motion or the sanctions order will result in the summary denial of Caruso’s motion through citation to this order and the sanctions order.
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1 exclusion: the fact of conviction that resulted from the July 22 incident (the parties have agreed to
2 a preliminary statement) and a July 3, 2013 search of Caruso’s cell.
3 In reply, Caruso argues in part that none of her felony drug convictions (except for the 4 conviction stemming from the July 22 incident) are younger than 10 years old and thus, should be
5 excluded under FRE 609(b) since their probative value is not substantially outweighed by the
6 danger of unfair prejudice. Further, her misdemeanor convictions are not admissible under FRE
7 609(a).
8 Defendants’ Opposition 9 Defendants argue that they will not include any collateral details and circumstances 10 attendant to Caruso’s convictions. However, the fact and length of detention is relevant. Caruso
11 was convicted of a felony. Credibility is an issue in this case and under FRE 609(a)(1), the felony
12 conviction is admissible subject to FRE 403. Because the incident at issue occurred in a prison,
13 the jury will know that Caruso is a prisoner. Further, the duration of Caruso’s sentence, a life
14 sentence, is relevant to the consideration of whether Caruso would suffer any consequences from
15 perjuring herself.
16 With respect to disciplinary history, Defendants indicate that they will only raise her 17 disciplinary history if Defendant claims that she is reformed or no longer involved in drug
18 trafficking. What, if any, disciplinary finding will be introduced depends on what or how Caruso
19 opens the door. Therefore, a ruling on this matter should be deferred.
20 With respect to the convictions and disciplinary history of inmate witnesses, FRE 608 and 21 609 potentially make those matters admissible. However, because inmate witnesses may be
22 irrelevant if the Court grants Defendants’ first MIL, Defendants request that the court defer a
23 ruling on the admissibility of the “criminal and disciplinary” history of the inmate witnesses.
24 Discussion 25 The parties do not address any specifics regarding inmate witnesses. Without specifics, the 26 Court cannot make a ruling. Similarly, with respect to Caruso, no specific instances of discipline 27 have been identified. Without specific instances of discipline, no ruling can be made as to either
28 Caruso or inmate witnesses and must be deferred.
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1 With respect to Caruso’s crimes, all of her felony convictions appear to be over 10 years 2 old. Thus, FRE 609(b) governs. FRE 609(b) provides in relevant part that evidence of a
3 conviction that is 10 years old (or more) is admissible “only if: (1) its probative value, supported
4 by specific facts and circumstances, substantially outweigh its prejudicial effect.” Caruso has
5 multiple felony drug convictions and is under a life sentence (it is unknown whether the life
6 sentence is with or without the possibility of parole). Evidence of stale convictions adds some
7 additional probative value in terms of Caruso’s credibility, however, the stale felony drug crimes
8 and life sentence are also very prejudicial. It is true that the jury will know that she is a prisoner
9 based on the facts of this case. They will also know that she has been in prison for over 7 years,
10 and thus a felon, since the incident occurred on July 22, 2013. They will also know that Caruso
11 pled guilty to possession of heroin in court as a result of the drugs recovered during the search (per
12 the parties’ stipulation). In other words, the jury will know that Caruso is a convicted prisoner
13 who has spent and is spending a significant amount of time incarcerated. Considering the
14 information that the parties agree will be presented to the jury in terms of Caruso’s status as a
15 prisoner, Defendants have not sufficiently shown that the various felony convictions that are all
16 over 10 years old substantially outweigh their prejudicial effect. Therefore, evidence of Caruso’s
17 felony criminal convictions, including her life sentence, will be excluded under FRE 609(b)(1).
18 With respect to any misdemeanor convictions, FRE 609(a) provides for the admission of 19 misdemeanors if the “elements of the crime required proving – or the witness admitting – a
20 dishonest act or false statement.” Fed. R. Evid. 609(a)(2). Here, Defendants do not identify
21 which particular misdemeanors are at issue. Without identifying what the misdemeanors are, there
22 is no indication that those convictions involve some element of dishonesty or falsity. Therefore,
23 Caruso’s misdemeanor convictions will be excluded pursuant to FRE 609(a)(2).
24 Finally, for purposes of clarification, Caruso identified two possible exceptions to this 25 motion in limine. First, Caruso explained that the parties have reached a stipulation that the jury
26 will be informed that she suffered a conviction as a result of the July 22, 2013 incident. The Court 27 will honor that stipulation, and this motion in limine will not encompass the July 22 based
28 conviction. Second, Caruso identifies conduct relating to a July 3 search. Issues surrounding the
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1 July 3 search will be resolved as part of Defendants’ motion in limine eleven and will not be
2 encompassed by the order on this motion in limine.
3 Ruling 4 Caruso’s third motion in limine is granted in part. The Court reserves any rulings with 5 respect to Caruso’s disciplinary history and the disciplinary history of any inmate witnesses.
6 Caruso’s felony convictions that are over 10 years old are excluded under FRE 609(b)(1), and
7 Caruso’s misdemeanor convictions are excluded under FRE 609(a)(2). This ruling does not
8 implicate the agreement that the parties have reached regarding her conviction stemming from the
9 July 22 incident or the July 3 search.
10 2. Motion in Limine No. 5 -- Admit the Use of Force Critique By Lt. Villegas 11 Plaintiff’s Argument 12 Caruso argues that Lt. Villegas was present during the July 22 incident and had the 13 responsibility of preparing the incident report and Use of Force Critique. Lt. Villegas had the
14 responsibility to review the force used and determine whether it was consistent with the use of
15 force policies. The Use of Force Critique is relevant because it contains a finding that Caruso did
16 not present a physical threat to staff. One of the five factors that are evaluated under the Eighth
17 Amendment excessive force claim is the threat reasonably perceived by the defendants. Further,
18 the justification for initiating the search is one of the factors evaluated under Bell v. Wolfish. The
19 fact that Lt. Villegas, a percipient witness, concluded that Caruso did not pose a threat to staff is
20 highly relevant to both claims.
21 In reply, Caruso identifies a representation in Defendants’ motion in limine eight, that 22 there is no dispute that Caruso did not pose a physical threat, may make this motion unnecessary
23 in that the parties may be able to reach a stipulation to admit this fact. If so, the Use of Force
24 Critique will be withdrawn as an exhibit.
25 Defendants’ Opposition 26 Defendants argue that Caruso’s pleadings do not indicate that Lt. Villegas was a percipient 27 witness to the incident, as he is not identified in the SAC. Consistent with the SAC, Lt. Villegas
28 was in Building 511, but did not participate in any element of the search or handcuffing in
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1 Caruso’s cell. Lt. Villegas was not a percipient witness. Lt. Villegas’s Use of Force Critique was
2 produced during discovery in a redacted form. It was later produced in an unredacted form given
3 the dispute regarding Lt. Villegas’s presence at the search and handcuffing of Caruso. The Use of
4 Force Critique and any evaluation of the circumstances following this incident is improper. Jurors
5 will not decide whether Caruso presented a physical threat to staff at the time of the incident.
6 Physical threat is merely one consideration of staff when examining the handcuffing of an inmate.
7 Any suggestion that a lack of physical threats tends to prove Caruso’s excessive force claims
8 creates unfair prejudice and will confuse the jury.
9 Discussion 10 After review, the Court concludes that the Use of Force Critique by Lt. Villegas has only 11 rebuttal relevance. The Use of Force Critique is two pages long (Doc. No. 252-9). The only piece
12 of information on the document that appears to have relevance to Caruso is a single sentence on
13 Page 2 that reads: “Inmate Caruso did not present a physical threat to staff.” See id. Each
14 Defendant can be asked whether Caruso posed a physical threat to them. If any Defendant
15 contends that Caruso posed a physical threat, then the Use of Force Critique may be admitted as
16 rebuttal. The Use of Force Critique appears to be an official CDCR document that is prepared by
17 a supervisor and evaluates the use of force in relation to CDCR policy/regulation. The fact that it
18 was determined that Caruso did not pose a physical threat to staff within the meaning of CDCR
19 policy/regulation would rebut any testimony by an individual officer that Caruso posed a physical
20 threat. Caruso is correct that whether she posed a threat to any Defendant is an identified factor
21 for purposes of the Eighth Amendment excessive force claim.9 Again, to address this factor, she
22 may ask each Defendant a direct question. However, with respect to the Fourth Amendment search
23 claim, the Court is unaware of any Defendant stating that the search was justified to find a weapon
24 or because Caruso posed a physical threat to them. Defendant Lopez testified that she saw Caruso
25 place a drug bindle in her underwear, which appears to the be basis for the resulting strip search.
26 9 Five factors should generally be considered in the context of an Eighth Amendment excessive force case: (1) the 27 extent of injury suffered by an inmate; (2) the need for application of force; (3) the relationship between that need and the amount of force used; (4) the threat reasonably perceived by the responsible officials; and (5) any efforts made to 28 temper the severity of a forceful response. Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 7 (1992); Furnace v. Sullivan, 705 F.3d 1021, 1028-29 (9th Cir. 2013).
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1 Recommendation 2 Caruso’s fifth motion in limine is granted in part. Caruso may admit the relevant portion 3 of Lt. Villegas’s Use of Force Critique for purposes of rebuttal to any witness who claims that
4 Caruso posed a physical threat to the officers during the July 22 incident.
5 3. Motion in Limine No. 6 -- Exclude Character Evidence or Prior Bad Acts by 6 Caruso 7 Plaintiff’s Argument 8 Caruso argues that Defendants will seek to bias jurors against her with improper character 9 evidence, including her participation in drug distribution in prison. However, evidence of drug
10 distribution is irrelevant to her Fourth Amendment search and Eighth Amendment excessive force
11 claims. Defendants had never met Caruso before the July 22 incident and did know about her
12 criminal or prison disciplinary history prior to July 22. Because Defendants did not know about
13 Caruso’s disciplinary record, their actions could not have been influenced by that record.
14 Defendant’s expert Watkins did not even review her disciplinary history. Although some ISU
15 staff had heard about Caruso being involved in drug trafficking prior to July 22 from staff and
16 Caruso’s former prison, there is no evidence that this information influenced in any way the
17 Defendants’ actions in searching or handcuffing Caruso. In fact, Caruso was not under
18 investigation at the time of the July 22 incident. Further, any probative value that may be derived
19 from drug trafficking activities would be cumulative to the undisputed facts regarding Caruso’s
20 possession of drugs. The parties do not dispute that Caruso was in possession of drugs and agree
21 that the jury should be informed that Caruso was in possession of heroin and meth, as well as the
22 evidence regarding the quantity of drugs. The parties also agree that the jury should be informed
23 that Caruso pled guilty in state court to possession of meth. Further, evidence of Caruso’s drug
24 dealing activities would be unfairly prejudicial to Caruso under FRE 403. Caruso’s intent for the
25 drugs has no probative value to any issue in the case and would unfairly associate Caruso with
26 violent tendencies in the eyes of the jury. Finally, evidence of drug trafficking activity is improper 27 character evidence under FRE 404.
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1 Defendants’ Opposition 2 Evidence concerning Caruso’s drug distribution and drug trafficking served as the basis for 3 Defendants’ actions. Lopez testified that Caruso was under investigation and suspected of
4 possessing narcotics as of the date of the incident. Lopez noted that it is common for ISU to
5 receive a tip that an inmate possess drugs, and Caruso was on a monitored list of inmates who
6 were suspected of using or selling drugs. This information, which was in Defendants’ possession
7 on the day of the incident, details the threat that Caruso posed to herself and others at the prison.
8 This information informs the jury about the need to thwart Caruso’s behavior and the motives for
9 Defendants’ actions. Caruso’s history of drug trafficking is relevant to her knowledge of “prison
10 politics,” her obligations to deliver the drugs to inmates, and the consequences of not delivering
11 the drugs. Caruso admitted that the drugs were a means to pay back the debts she had in the
12 prison. The information also explains why Caruso attempted to avoid the Defendants’ search and
13 confiscation of the drugs. Jurors need this information to assess the basis for Defendants’ actions
14 and determine whether the perceived emergency was credible. Consistent with Rule 404(b),
15 Defendants intend to offer evidence of Caruso’s drug trafficking to demonstrate Caruso’s
16 knowledge, intent, opportunity, preparation, plan, and motive to deceive law enforcement and
17 distribute drugs. Drug-trafficking evidence demonstrates Caruso’s intention to evade Defendants’
18 search, her willingness to defy orders, and her incentive for doing so.
19 Discussion 20 Defendants may testify about why they raided Caruso’s cell. They may also testify about 21 any information that they had in their possession prior to the raid on July 22. However, there is no
22 indication that any Defendants were aware of Caruso’s drug trafficking activities in prison. If no
23 Defendant was aware of Caruso’s prior prison drug tracking activities, then that evidence could
24 play no role in the justification for either the search or the handcuffing of Caruso. Caruso’s drug
25 trafficking activities would have no relevance under FRE 401 and would be confusing and
26 substantially prejudicial under FRE 403. 27 In terms of FRE 404(b), the Court is not satisfied that a sufficient FRE 404(b) purpose has 28 been established. Caruso is not disputing that she had drugs, and information presented during the
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1 summary judgment process indicate that Caruso even offered to retrieve the drugs from her body
2 during the July 22 cell raid. To the extent that there is a permissible FRE 404(b) purpose, what
3 little probative value that may exist is substantially outweighed by the danger of confusion and
4 unfair prejudice under FRE 403.
5 Ruling 6 Caruso’s sixth motion in limine is granted and evidence regarding Caruso’s prior prison 7 drug trafficking activity is excluded pursuant to FRE 403. However, Defendants may testify to
8 any information about Caruso that was in their possession prior to the July 22, 2013 incident.
10 VI. Defendants’ Motions in Limine 11 1. Motion in Limine No. 2 - Preclude Evidence or Argument About Dismissed 12 Claims 13 Defendants’ Argument 14 Defendants argue that, following summary judgment, the only remaining claims in this 15 case involve a Fourth Amendment search for the drug bindle and an Eighth Amendment excessive
16 force claim based on handcuffing. Any evidence or argument concerning the dismissed Eighth
17 Amendment sexual assault and unreasonable search claims, or the Fourth Amendment excessive
18 force and unreasonable search for a cell phone claims, should be precluded as irrelevant.
19 Plaintiff’s Opposition 20 Caruso agrees that it is appropriate to grant this motion to the extent that it seeks to exclude 21 the fact that a claim was dismissed. Such information would be confusing to the jury under FRE
22 403. However, as framed, the MIL is too broad because it would exclude evidence that is relevant
23 to both existing and dismissed claims.
24 Discussion 25 The Court agrees that evidence or arguments relating to a dismissed claim is not relevant. 26 However, Caruso’s point is also valid in that some evidence may be relevant to both dismissed and 27 remaining claims. The proper course is to exclude the fact that a claim was brought and dismissed
28 and exclude evidence that is only relevant to a dismissed claim. Evidence that has relevance to
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1 both a dismissed claim and a remaining claim is admissible. More specific rulings will have to be
2 made during the course of the trial as the evidence is introduced and relevance (or lack thereof)
3 becomes clearer. In the face of an objection at trial based on the ruling of this motion, Caruso will
4 be required to explain how the evidence at issue has relevance apart from any dismissed claim.
5 Ruling 6 Defendants’ second motion in limine is granted in part. Caruso is precluded from making 7 any arguments regarding dismissed claims and from presenting evidence that has relevance only to
8 dismissed claims. Evidence that has sufficient relevance to both dismissed and remaining claims
9 will be admissible (subject to any other evidentiary objections that may apply).
10 2. Motion in Limine No. 3 - Preclude Evidence or Arguments Concerning 11 Alleged Retaliation Through Rescission of Plaintiff’s “Cuff In Front” Chrono 12 Defendants’ Argument 13 Defendants argue that there is not a retaliation or conspiracy claim in this case, yet they 14 intend to introduce evidence that non-party Dr. Romero rescinded Caruso’s cuff in front chrono
15 within days of the incident in part because of direction from custody staff/Defendants. However,
16 there is no evidence that any Defendant instructed Dr. Romero to take this action. Extensive
17 deposition testimony did not reveal a link between Dr. Romero and the Defendants. Further, in
18 reply, Defendants emphasize that Dr. Romero confirmed that she used her medical judgment and
19 prior medical notes to rescind the chrono.
20 Plaintiff’s Opposition 21 Caruso argues that the MIL should be denied for several reasons. As background, Caruso 22 explains that on the date of the Incident, ISU staff (Solorio) pulled Nurse Franco aside and met
23 privately with him about Caruso before he examined her. During his evaluation of Caruso, Caruso
24 told Nurse Franco about the cuff in front chrono, but Franco said that he had nothing to do with
25 that and he was there only to do the 7219 (a form relevant to Ad Seg placement) and leave.
26 Franco told Caruso that she would need a separate medical appointment to discuss the chrono or 27 other issues. The accuracy of Franco’s documentation of Caruso’s injuries is disputed. Two days
28 after the Incident, on July 24, 2013, Dr. Romero removed Caruso from the Disability Placement
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1 Program (“DPP”) and rescinded nearly all of Caruso’s medical accommodations, including the
2 cuff in front chrono. In 15 years of experience, Romero could not think of another person who
3 had been involuntarily removed from the DPP and had no explanation for what prompted Caruso’s
4 removal from the DPP. However, the documentation has a box checked that indicates Caruso was
5 removed from the DPP based on “observation by staff.” Dr. Romero could not identify which
6 staff alerted her to the need to remove Caruso from the DPP. Dr. Romero also removed chronos
7 for a TENS unit, wheelchair, grab rails, a cane, a ground floor cell, a special shoes, which Caruso
8 had required for several years prior. Romero acknowledged that a physical exam of the prisoner is
9 ordinarily conducted prior to rescinding an accommodation. Romero claimed that she observed
10 Caruso in Ad Seg on July 24, 2013 prior to rescinding the accommodations. In her 15 years of
11 experience, Romero testified that she almost always evaluated patients at the medical clinic and
12 had never before done an evaluation in Ad Seg.
13 Caruso argues that rescission of her medical chrono is relevant to her damages and the 14 extent of her pain and suffering. Caruso should be able to explain how her physical pain was
15 aggravated by the involuntary removal of her medical accommodations. The rescinded chronos
16 explain the extent of Caruso’s pain and suffering.
17 Caruso also argues that Defendants can be held liable for the aggravated pain and 18 suffering caused by the rescinded chronos because there is sufficient evidence from which a
19 reasonable jury could infer that the sudden reversal of her medical accommodations was put into
20 motion by Defendants’ wrongful acts. Just two days elapsed from the Defendants’ participation in
21 the July 22 incident to the July 24 rescission. When Caruso tried to speak to Franco about the
22 medical chrono, Franco responded that he was told to complete a medical form and that she would
23 need to make a separate appointment about the chronos. Prior to talking to Caruso, Franco spoke
24 to Defendant Solorio. Further, Dr. Romero testified that the medical action was taken against
25 Caruso based on an observation by staff, but she could not identify which staff. Further, Dr.
26 Romero’s testimony shows that the chronos were rescinded under very unusual circumstances. 27 The evidence is sufficient for a jury to infer that “ISU staff” participated in the sudden removal of
28 Caruso’s medical accommodations or at the very least were a moving force behind the rescission.
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1 Finally, Defendants argue that Dr. Romero was recently listed by Defendant as a percipient 2 witness. Presumably Defendants will attempt to show that Dr. Romero conducted a medical
3 evaluation of Caruso within two days of July 22 and did not find significant injuries. To rebut Dr.
4 Romero, Caruso is entitled to show that Dr. Romero’s medical evaluation was conducted for the
5 purpose of conducting a neutral evaluation of Caruso’s injuries, but for the ill purpose of
6 rescinding her medical accommodations and removing her from the disability program.
7 Discussion 8 In the summary judgment order, the Court noted that Dr. Romero rescinded Caruso’s cuff- 9 in-front chrono shortly after the incident. The Court explained that the rescission was irrelevant
10 because nothing linked that action by Dr. Romero to any Defendant. Now, Caruso has identified
11 three bases for providing information regarding all of her rescinded chronos/accommodations.
12 First, Caruso argues that the rescinded chronos/accommodations show the extent of her 13 injuries. That is false. The fact of rescission does not show that Caruso suffered greater injuries
14 from the acts of Defendants, and rescission itself does not provide any reasonable measure of pain
15 and suffering. While it is possible that the absence of a chrono/accommodation may have made
16 Caruso’s injuries worse, no evidence regarding the rescission is necessary. Caruso herself may
17 testify about her symptoms/pain and then explain how certain daily activities affected her. She
18 does not need to show that the absence of an accommodation exacerbated her pain, she need only
19 testify that regular daily activities (irrespective of the accommodations) caused her to experience
20 pain.
21 Second, Caruso argues that the Defendants could be liable for any injury or aggravation of 22 an injury that was caused by a rescission. However, Dr. Romero testified that she rescinded the
23 various chronos/accommodations based on her own medical judgment, even if what prompted her
24 review was observations from other unknown prison staff. It remains the case that there is no
25 evidence that links any Defendant to Dr. Romero. Simply saying that “ISU Staff” likely
26 influenced Dr. Romero is not the same as saying a particular Defendant or all Defendants did so. 27 Caruso is merely speculating that some Defendant(s) caused Dr. Romero to improperly rescind the
28 chrono. Without some kind of affirmative link between Dr. Romero’s actions and a Defendant (as
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1 opposed to unknown and unnamed “ISU staff”), rescission of the chronos by Dr. Romero does not
2 support any kind of liability against any Defendant.
3 Finally, Caruso argues that evidence of rescission is needed to rebut Dr. Romero’s likely 4 testimony. If Dr. Romero is even called, and if she testifies that she evaluated Caruso and saw no
5 significant injuries, it is unclear how evidence of the rescissions rebuts much. If Dr. Romero
6 testifies that she conducted an evaluation, then the nature and purpose of the evaluation is fair
7 game. That is because it does not appear that Dr. Romero “evaluated” Caruso for the purpose of
8 assessing whether she suffered any injuries at the hands of Defendant, rather, it was an evaluation
9 based on visual observation for purposes of assessing the need for the various
10 chronos/accommodations. In other words, two different purposes are involved. However,
11 explaining the extent and reason for observations does not mean that evidence that a rescission
12 occurred is admissible. Nor does it mean that all of the evidence outlined by Caruso surrounding
13 the rescission or the reasons that prompted Romero to conduct an evaluation are admissible. All
14 of Caruso’s extra evidence regarding the rescission is of limited relevance and it is substantially
15 outweighed by the danger of jury confusion and the undue consumption of time (there is a clear
16 danger of a mini trial erupting over this issue at trial) under FRE 403.
17 Ruling 18 Defendants’ third motion in limine is granted. However, depending on the testimony of 19 Dr. Romero (if any), the nature of any examination she conducted of Caruso and the reason why
20 Dr. Romero conducted the examination is relevant and admissible. Otherwise, evidence of an
21 actual rescission of any chrono/accommodation or the events that led Dr. Romero to conduct an
22 evaluation is excluded under FRE 401 and FRE 403 as being unduly prejudicial, confusing,
23 misleading, and unduly time consuming relative to the limited probative value of such evidence.
24 3. Motion in Limine No. 10 -- Limit the Testimony of Non-Retained Experts 25 Celosse and Pulling 26 Defendants’ Argument 27 Defendants argue that Caruso will attempt to introduce the testimony of non-retained 28 experts Celosse and Pulling to prove that she sustained an injury during the July 22, 2013 incident.
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1 Because their treatment of Caruso did not begin until 2017, and they did not produce any expert
2 reports, their testimony should be limited to opinions formed during their examination and
3 treatment of Caruso.
4 Plaintiff’s Opposition 5 Caruso agrees that, as non-retained experts, treating psychologists Drs. Celosse and Pulling 6 are limited in their ability to present expert opinions that were formed outside the scope of their
7 treatment. However, these doctors were not provided with any documents that had not been
8 reviewed during the course of treatment. Caruso does not oppose limiting their testimony
9 consistent with Ninth Circuit precedent. They are percipient witnesses to the treatment rendered,
10 and the scope of their opinions is limited to those that they formed in the course of their treatment
11 of Caruso, including opinions on diagnoses and causation.
12 Discussion 13 Treating physicians are a species of percipient witness who were hired to provide 14 treatment, not to testify. Goodman v. Staples the Office Superstore, LLC, 644 F.3d 817, 819 (9th
15 Cir. 2011). A non-treating physician is not subject to Rule 26(a)(2)’s requirement of a written
16 report so long as the physician does not morph into a hired witness by going beyond the usual
17 scope of a treating physician’s testimony. Id. at 819-20. This Court has addressed this issue
18 before. In Holcomb v. Ramar, the Court explained in general that:
19 “[A] treating physician is only exempt from Rule 26(a)(2)(B)'s written report requirement to the extent that his opinions were formed during the course of 20 treatment.” Goodman v. Staples the Office Superstore, LLC, 644 F.3d 817, 826 (9th Cir. 2011); see also Fielden v. CSX Transp., Inc., 482 F.3d 866, 871 (6th Cir. 21 2007) (“[A] report is not required when a treating physician testifies within a permissive core on issues pertaining to treatment, based on what he or she learned 22 through actual treatment and from the plaintiff's records up to and including that treatment.”). Under this rule, as long as the opinions were formed during the 23 course of treatment, a physician need not submit the detailed Rule 26(a)(2)(B) report and may offer opinions relating to the plaintiff’s appearance and 24 condition from the start to the end of treatment, the extent of the plaintiff's disability, the treating physician's treatment of the plaintiff, the treating 25 physician’s assessment of plaintiff's condition during and at the conclusion of treatment, the plaintiff's prognosis, causation, and the need for future 26 treatment. See Alfaro v. D. Las Vegas, Inc., 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 113949, *36- *37 (D. Nev. Aug. 24, 2016); Israeli v. Ruiz, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 97650, *10- 27 *11 (S.D. N.Y. July 27, 2015). Opinions that were not formed during the course of treatment, including opinions that were formed after viewing “outside materials,” 28 must be presented in a detailed Rule 26(a)(2)(B) report. See Goodman, 644 F.3d at
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826; Fielden, 482 F.3d at 871. The use of “hypotheticals” is generally inappropriate 1 with respect to the opinions of a treating physician. Cisson v. C. R. Bard, Inc. (In re C. R. Bard, Inc.), 948 F. Supp. 2d 589, 615 & n.3 (S.D. W. Va. 2013); Whitley v. 2 Yarber, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 186430, *11-*12 (N.D. Ga. 2013). 3 Holcomb v. Ramar, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 106355, *3-*4 (E.D. Cal. July 10, 2017) (emphasis 4 added). There is no dispute that Drs. Celosse and Pulling are treating physicians who have not 5 provided a detailed Rule 26(a)(2) report. Therefore, the limitations that were imposed in Holcomb 6 will apply to limit the scope of Drs. Celosse and Pulling’s testimony. 7 Ruling 8 Defendants’ tenth motion in limine is granted. Consistent with Holcomb, Drs. Pulling and 9 Celosse may offer opinions that were formed during the course of treatment, including opinions 10 relating to Caruso’s appearance and condition from the start to the end of treatment, the extent of 11 the Caruso’s disability (if any), the treating physician's treatment of Caruso, the treating 12 physician’s assessment of Caruso’s condition during and at the conclusion of treatment, the 13 Caruso’s prognosis, causation, and the need for future treatment. 14
15 4. Motion in Limine No. 5 -- Preclude Plaintiff from Offering Opinions or 16 Inferences or Arguments about the Nature or Extent of Her Alleged Injuries 17 and Issues of Medical Causation 18 Defendants’ Argument 19 Opinions of medical diagnosis, causation, and prognosis can only be rendered by a 20 qualified expert. Defendants argue that they believe Caruso will try to testify and introduce 21 medical records that demonstrate that an acute injury was sustained during the July 2012 incident, 22 resulting in a second spinal surgery in 2017. However, Plaintiff lacks the expertise to offer 23 opinions or inferences as to the nature and extent of her any injuries (if any) caused by Defendants 24 in July 2013. Caruso did not disclose an expert witness regarding any physical damages that were 25 sustained because of the incident. Further, Caruso had a pre-existing condition, which gives rise 26 to the need to apportion the extent to which the pre-existing condition was aggravated by 27 Defendants, if at all. No expert has been retained that can apportion. Further, any statements that 28
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1 Caruso seeks to introduce about what a doctor told her is hearsay. While Caruso can testify about
2 what she experienced or felt following the incident, testimony regarding formal diagnoses,
3 medical opinions, inferences or medical causation should be precluded. Because Caruso has no
4 medical experts who are qualified to testify regarding spinal/back and neck conditions/injuries, no
5 witness should be permitted to provide testimony regarding medical records, medical conditions,
6 or alleged injuries caused by Defendants at the incident.
7 Plaintiff’s Opposition 8 Caruso argues that she agrees that neither she nor her prisoner percipient witnesses may 9 testify in a manner that requires expert testimony. However, they may testify as to what they saw
10 and offer lay opinions about Caruso’s physical and mental state under FRE 701. The Ninth
11 Circuit has recognized that a lay witness may testify about another’s pain and suffering as long as
12 it is based on their own perceptions and observations. As long as no specialized expertise is
13 required to draw causal inferences, a lay witness may give opinions that are based on a process of
14 reasoning that is familiar in everyday life. Further, Caruso argues that her non-retained expert
15 psychologists may testify about diagnoses, causation, and prognosis that were formed during their
16 treatment of Caruso. Finally, as a lay witness, Caruso argues that she can give testimony about
17 what she felt and experienced, the extent of her injuries, and her pain and functioning both before
18 and after the incident, and she may also testify as to what she communicated to medical personnel,
19 what she did in response to her physical and psychological symptoms, how her injuries have
20 affected her life, and any medical treatment that she personally observed. Caruso agrees that she
21 cannot give specific medical diagnoses or prognoses. But she can opine as to how she thinks her
22 injuries were caused based on her direct perception of pain and functioning both before and after
23 the incident, and she may testify that her preexisting conditions were worse after the incident
24 based on her own perceptions and observations. To the extent that Defendants’ motion seeks to
25 exclude the above testimony, it is over broad.
26 Discussion 27 Initially, there is no dispute that Caruso can testify regarding her “symptoms,” i.e. what she 28 felt and experienced during and after the incident. She also can testify about what she had been
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1 feeling and experiencing before the Incident. There is also no dispute that Caruso cannot give
2 formal medical testimony regarding formal diagnoses or prognoses.
3 Apart from the above, the Court agrees with Caruso. Caruso may testify about what she 4 told medical personnel pursuant to FRE 803(4), how she behaved, what she did following the
5 incident, and how she functioned. Other lay witnesses can testify as to what they saw, how
6 Caruso appeared, and opine about Caruso’s apparent pain or anguish as lay opinions under FRE
7 701. Caruso’s mental and physical pain are at issue, and no specialized knowledge or experience
8 is necessary to opine about whether a person appears to be experiencing pain or how much pain a
9 person may be suffering. Experiencing pain and observing other experiencing pain are regrettably
10 a regular part of life.10
11 Ruling 12 Defendants’ fifth motion in limine is granted in part and denied in part. No lay witness 13 may testify or offer opinions regarding formal medical diagnoses, medical prognoses, or medical
14 causation. Caruso may testify about her own experiences, observations, actions, symptoms, as
15 well as her own communications to medical personnel (consistent with FRE 804(a)(4)). Lay
16 witnesses may offer lay opinions regarding Caruso’s physical or mental pain if Caruso lays the
17 appropriate foundation under FRE 701.
18 5. Motion in Limine No. 4 -- Preclude Introduction of Plaintiff’s Medical 19 Records into Evidence or Providing Testimony about Her Medical Conditions 20 Through Unqualified Witnesses 21 Defendant’s Argument 22 Defendants argue that neither Caruso nor other lay witnesses should be permitted to 23 introduce evidence contained in her medical records or concerning her medical condition absent
24 testimony from a qualified medical expert. Caruso seeks to introduce medical records concerning
25 complaints and treatment after the July 22, 2013 incident without a medical expert, including
26 records of a second spine surgery. These records contain technical opinions and are confusing and 27
28 To the extent that a non-retained medical expert intends to opine about Caruso’s mental or physical pain, the 10
Court’s ruling under Defendants’ motion in limine ten applies.
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1 irrelevant without an expert who can opine that the records reflect injury/damage from the
2 incident. Further, Caruso should be precluded form eliciting testimony concerning her medical
3 condition or physical injuries by mental health experts, such as Drs. Pulling and Karin Celosse,
4 when there is no indication that mental health experts typically rely on such medical records in
5 forming opinions concerning their patient’s mental health care.
6 Plaintiff’s Opposition 7 Caruso argues that her prior diagnosis of spinal stenosis and her prior spinal surgery was 8 documented in medical records related to the July 22, 2013 incident. Both Nurse Franco (who did
9 a medical evaluation on July 22) and Dr. Romero (who rescinded Caruso’s chrono and
10 accommodations two days later on July 24) can testify as to the pre-existing condition because it
11 was noted and considered by both of them in the course of medically evaluating Caruso in July
12 2013. Additionally, treating physicians Drs. Pulling and Celosse can testify about opinions
13 formed during the course of their mental health treatment of Caruso. These doctors may testify
14 about the post-July 2013 diagnosis of PTSD on-setting on July 22, 2013. Caruso states that Drs.
15 Pulling and Celosse will not offer testimony regarding medical conditions relating to her spinal
16 injuries. Caruso also argues that she herself and other prisoner witnesses may offer lay opinions
17 about Caruso’s injuries under FRE 701. Caruso agrees that she cannot provide testimony about
18 any medical record or interpret or explain her medical records.
19 Discussion 20 The focus of the motion in limine is Caruso’s medical records. Caruso agrees that she 21 herself cannot discuss or interpret her medical records. She does indicate that any treating
22 physician/medical personnel can explain a treatment record they created or a record they relied
23 upon in the course of treatment. The Court agrees. There are four medical providers who can
24 testify about what they observed and what they considered, including any medical records they
25 reviewed or generated, in evaluating or treating Caruso. Other than Drs. Pulling, Celosse, Romero
26 and Nurse Franco, there is no one witness who appears to be competent to discuss or admit 27 medical records. Therefore, unless one of these medical professionals is discussing a record, no
28 other witness will be permitted to discuss Caruso’s medical records.
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1 Ruling 2 Defendants’ fourth motion in limine is granted. However, Drs. Pulling, Celosse, Romero 3 and Nurse Franco may testify as to what they observed and what they considered, including any
4 medical records they reviewed or generated, in evaluating and/or treating Caruso. If appropriate, a
5 medical record or part thereof could then be introduced in connection with that testimony.
6 6. Motion in Limine 6 -- Preclude Evidence or Argument Concerning 7 Disciplinary Action Against Defendants or Non-Defendant Staff 8 Defendants’ Motion 9 Defendants argue that there is no evidence of discipline against them as a result of the July 10 22, 2013 incident, and any discipline that existed before or after the incident is irrelevant,
11 misleading, and unduly prejudicial. Further, Caruso intends to introduce evidence of discipline
12 against non-parties Officer Bates and Nurse Franco. The discipline against Bates involves
13 something that occurred after July 22 and Bates did not author an incident report in this case. The
14 discipline is irrelevant and contrary to several state law privileges involving peace officers’
15 personnel records and a conditional public interest privilege, as well as the federal official
16 information privilege. Similarly, the discipline against Nurse Franco occurred years after the
17 incident. It is irrelevant, confusing, and unduly prejudicial.
18 Plaintiff’s Opposition 19 Caruso argues that the disciplinary action against Nurse Franco and Officer Bates are 20 admissible. With respect to Nurse Franco, in July 2018, the California Board of Registered
21 Nursing filed an accusation against Franco seeking disciplinary action for gross negligence,
22 incompetence, and unprofessional conduct regarding his care of a CCWF prisoner in 2016.
23 Among numerous allegations, the accusation alleged that Franco failed to provide accurate and
24 complete charting and failed to comply with proper documentation standards. At his March 12,
25 2019 deposition, Franco refused to answer questions about accusation against his license, based on
26 counsel’s claim that it was a personal matter. However, on March 21, 2019, Franco agreed to a 27 stipulated settlement and disciplinary order in which his license was revoked, but the revocation
28 was stayed, and 3 years of probation was imposed. Here, Nurse Franco’s documentation of
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1 Caruso’s injuries and medical condition on the date of the incident is widely disputed. Although
2 Franco documented some of Caruso’s physical injuries that day, including neck and back pain, he
3 failed to document the full extent of her injuries and failed to validate or ensure compliance with
4 her cuff in front chrono. “Evidence that RN Franco’s nursing license was subsequently revoked is
5 relevant to show that Ms. Caruso suffered physical injuries that were not appropriately
6 documented by the nurse.” Doc. No. 266 at 4:14-15. This evidence is relevant to damages and is
7 highly probative given the absence of medical experts on the issue of damages. The evidence is
8 not offered to prove character, but to show intent, motive, or absence of mistake in the nurse’s
9 failure to document the full extent of Caruso’s injuries and her complaints of regarding the
10 Defendants’ refusal to comply with cuff in front chrono.
11 With respect to Officer Bates, Lt. Villegas and Defendant Ingram testified that Bates was 12 removed from the ISU due to dishonesty, although the dishonesty was not related to the July 22
13 incident. At her deposition, Bates testified untruthfully that she left the ISU voluntarily. To the
14 extent that Bates testifies that she left ISU voluntarily, then evidence of her involuntary dismissal
15 is admissible under FRE 608(b). If Bates admits that she was involuntarily removed, her prior
16 testimony that she voluntarily left ISU is admissible under FRE 613. To the extent that Bates’s
17 trial testimony requires impeachment, evidence regarding her removal from ISU is admissible for
18 impeachment purposes. Further, aside from whether state law privileges apply in federal court,
19 defense counsel made no objections during the depositions of Lt. Villegas or Sgt. Ingram when the
20 disciplinary action was revealed. Thus, the belated Pitchess objections have been waived.
21 Discussion 22 Initially, there is no discussion or reply from Caruso regarding discipline against any 23 Defendant. Thus, there is no indication that any discipline against any Defendant is relevance.
24 Under FRE 401 and 403, any discipline against a Defendant will be excluded as irrelevant or
25 confusing and unfairly prejudicial.
26 With respect to Franco, the Court finds that the suspension of his nursing license by the 27 California regulatory board is inadmissible for two reasons. First, Caruso admits that she wants to
28 use the suspension/nature of the suspension to show that Franco did not accurately document her
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1 injuries. That is a forbidden FRE 404(b) purpose – evidence of a bad act to show action in
2 conformity with that bad act on a particular occasion. See FRE 404(b)(1). In terms of permissible
3 FRE 404(b) purposes, none of the enumerated FRE 404(b) permissible purposes appear applicable
4 to Franco. Moreover, even if there is an arguable permissible FRE 404(b) purpose, the
5 circumstances of this case are not comparable to the circumstances that led to the probationary
6 suspension of Franco’s license. In Franco’s case, he performed inaccurate and incompetent
7 documentation on a single inmate over a four day period, during which time the inmate continued
8 to deteriorate and ultimately was hospitalized for septic shock. See Doc. No. 274-16. That is not
9 similar to this case.
10 Second, there are significant FRE 403 problems. The Court has no doubt that a mini-trial 11 would result concerning the circumstances surrounding Franco’s suspension, since Defendants
12 would surely delve into the specifics of the suspension to show that this case and the suspension
13 are different. There is also a significant risk of confusion that would go hand in hand with the
14 undue consumption of time. Any probative value that the suspension may have is substantially
15 outweighed by the dangers of undue time consumption and confusion under FRE 403.
16 In sum, pursuant to FRE 403 and 404(b), the discipline of Nurse Franco/the suspension of 17 his nursing license will be excluded.
18 With respect to Bates, “[t]estimony about a witness’s credibility is prohibited unless it is 19 admissible as character evidence.” See United States v. Sanchez-Lima, 161 F.3d 545, 548 (9th
20 Cir. 1998). Under FRE 608(a), witnesses can give an opinion about a witness’s reputation for
21 truthfulness or untruthfulness. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 608(a). Thus, other witnesses (primarily
22 Ingram and Villegas) can be asked about Bates’ reputation for truthfulness. Also, FRE 608(b)
23 “allows a cross-examiner to impeach a witness by asking him about specific instances of past
24 conduct, other than crimes covered by [FRE] 609, which are probative of his veracity or ‘character
25 for truthfulness or untruthfulness.’ The Rule limits the inquiry to cross-examination of the
26 witness, however, and prohibits the cross-examiner from introducing extrinsic evidence of the 27 witness' past conduct.” United States v. Abel, 469 U.S. 45, 55 (1984) (discussing FRE 608(b)).
28 This rule generally envisions “did you know” or “have you heard” questions. United States v.
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1 Shelton, 514 F.3d 433, 445 (5th Cir. 2008). Bates’s removal for “dishonesty,” as testified to by
2 Ingram and Villegas, is 608(b) material and thus, can be the source of FRE 608(b) questions. Of
3 course, extrinsic evidence will not be permitted to prove Bates’s removal for dishonesty. Further,
4 if Bates testifies at trial that she was removed from the ISU unit for dishonesty, then Bates can be
5 asked pursuant to FRE 613(b) (extrinsic evidence of prior inconsistent statement) about her
6 deposition testimony in which she did not say she was removed for dishonesty.
7 In terms of FRE 403, Bates’s removal for dishonesty is something that is relevant to her 8 veracity. Bates appears to be a relatively minor witness. Permitting lengthy exploration of the
9 circumstances surrounding her removal would be unduly time consuming and confusing under
10 FRE 403. Specifics about the removal need not be discussed or explored, rather, limited questions
11 under FRE 608(b) and 613(b) can be posed without crossing the line to exclusion under FRE 403.
12 With respect to the state law privileges cited by Defendants (generally Cal. Pen. Code § 13 832.7), those privileges are not part of the Federal Rules of Evidence. That does not mean that the
14 privileges should be ignored. However, the privileges invoked involve “files.” Bates’s personnel
15 files and other documents are not at issue and will not be presented to the jury in any way.
16 Limiting the questions to her general removal (e.g. “You were removed from ISU for dishonesty,
17 correct?”) without permitting specifics or lengthy testimony, strikes the appropriate balance
18 between the Federal Rules of Evidence any state law privileges that may be applicable or worthy
19 of consideration in state court.
20 Finally, as for the federal official information privilege, there is not a sufficient attempt to 21 apply that privilege in this case. To determine whether the federal common law qualified privilege
22 for official information applies, “courts must weigh the potential benefits of disclosure against the
23 potential disadvantages.” Sanchez v. City of Santa Ana, 936 F.2d 1027, 1033-34 (9th Cir. 1990);
24 see also Moore v. Lankford, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 197182, *15 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 22, 2020)
25 (“weighs the potential benefits of disclosure against the disadvantages of chilling a government
26 agency’s ability to do its job.”). Defendants do not explain how the potential disadvantages of 27 asking Bates about being removed for dishonesty outweigh the benefit of the jury having evidence
28 that weighs on her veracity. As long as great detail is not disclosed, the benefits of disclosure
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1 outweigh any unknown disadvantages. CDCR and individual units within CDCR will continue to
2 review and evaluate its personnel, and if one is found to be dishonest to his or her supervisors or
3 coworkers or in the execution of their duties, that person will be removed from a team irrespective
4 of this motion or Bates’s testimony.
5 Ruling 6 Defendants’ sixth motion in limine is granted in part and denied in part. Evidence 7 concerning the suspension of Nurse Franco’s nursing licensing is excluded under FRE 403.
8 Limited questions consistent with FRE 608 and FRE 613 regarding the removal of Officer Bates
9 from the ISU for “dishonesty” will be permitted. All other questions or evidence regarding
10 Officer Bates’s removal from ISU will be excluded under FRE 403.
11 7. Motion in Limine No. 8 -- Preclude Evidence Concerning COMPSTAT Data 12 or Ancillary Complaints 13 Defendants’ Argument 14 Defendants argue that Caruso intends to offer COMPSTAT Statistical Reports, which are 15 compiled by CDCR, concerning the presence of weaponry and violence at male institutions versus
16 female institutions. Caruso will argue that the evidence is relevant to demonstrate that
17 Defendants’ application of force was unnecessary. But it is undisputed that Caruso did not present
18 a physical threat, nor was a weapon found in her possession. Force was applied to compel
19 obedience to a lawful order and to overcome resistance. Any evidence on propensity for violence
20 or presence of weaponry in the prison is irrelevant.
21 Also, Caruso intends to offer evidence about her grievance efforts outside of CDCR, 22 including letters to law firms and the California Inspector General. However, that evidence is
23 irrelevant, confusing, and prejudicial, and did not result in any adverse findings against
24 Defendants.
25 Plaintiff’s Opposition 26 Caruso argues that the COMPSTAT report is issued by CDCR on its website and is 27 legislatively mandated. The COMPSTAT report shows that there is a dramatic difference between
28 prisoner possession of dangerous weapons in men’s prisons compared to women’s prisons. The
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1 COMPSTAT report is relevant to help rebut defense expert Watkins’s opinion that Caruso may
2 have had a dangerous weapon in her possession. Watkins worked for 20 years in a men’s high
3 security prison. Watkins admitted that he did not know or review the COMPSTAT report for
4 CCWF, but if he had reviewed that information, it may have tainted his opinion as to whether the
5 Defendants violated polices in the search of Caruso.
6 Caruso also argues that her complaint to the Inspector General, as well as a complaint to a 7 non-profit (Justice Now) by fellow inmate Schachie Day regarding the incident, are relevant to
8 Caruso’s damages. Day submitted her complaint because she was traumatized by the incident.
9 Caruso’s October 2014 complaint to the Inspector General states that she continues to suffer
10 mental distress. Both of these complaints are evidence of Caruso’s damages. Caruso states that
11 she does not intend to introduce evidence of any investigations or conclusions reached by either
12 the Inspector General or Justice Now.
13 Discussion 14 There are three pieces of evidence that are at issue. First, the COMPSTAT stats may be 15 relevant to challenging Watkins’s opinions. Watkins did not review the COMPSTAT figures for
16 CCWF, but Caruso’s former expert Woodford did. Watkins testified that the same policies apply
17 in all correctional institutions in California, irrespective of COMPSTAT figures, but that the
18 COMPSTAT figures may sway an opinion. “The relative weakness or strength of the factual
19 underpinnings of the expert’s opinion goes to weight and credibility, rather than admissibility.”
20 Bergen v. F/V St. Patrick, 816 F.2d 1345, 1352 n.5 (9th Cir. 1987) (citation omitted). The
21 information that an expert chooses to review or not review are generally fair-game for cross-
22 examination, so long as the materials have some reasonable relationship to the opinion at issue.
23 Therefore, the COMPSTAT figures can be used to challenge Watkins’s opinions. Given the
24 apparent nature of the COMPSTAT figures, however, those figures would be unduly confusing
25 and unhelpful to a jury outside of the context of an expert opinion or expert explanation.
26 Accordingly, the COMPSTAT data is conditionally admissible depending on what exactly 27 Watkins says at trial. Further, not all stats in the COMPSTAT would be relevant. Caruso should
28 only question Watkins on the relevant stats that actually undercut or challenge his opinions.
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1 Second, the complaint by inmate Schachie Day is not relevant to Caruso’s damages. If 2 Day was a percipient witness, she can testify as to what she saw or heard. She may also offer lay
3 opinions if a proper foundation under FRE 701 is laid. However, Day’s individual trauma and
4 distress are uniquely her own. That Day suffered some kind of trauma does not mean that Caruso
5 suffered the same or even comparable trauma. Day’s complaint to Justice Now is unduly
6 prejudicial and confusing and thus, will be excluded under FRE 401 and FRE 403.
7 Third, because Caruso can testify to the mental distress that she suffered herself. Her letter 8 to the Inspector General is unnecessarily cumulative and will be excluded under FRE 403.
9 Ruling 10 Defendants’ eighth motion in limine is granted in part and denied in part. Caruso may 11 cross-examine Watkins using COMPSTAT figures, but only if specific figures actually rebut or
12 undercut an opinion that he testifies to at trial. Evidence concerning Schachie Day’s letter to
13 Justice Now and Caruso’s letter to the inspector general are excluded under FRE 401 and 403.
14 8. Motion in Limine No. 9 -- Preclude Evidence or Argument Concerning 15 Improper Character Evidence or Prior Bad Acts of Defendants 16 Defendants’ Argument 17 Defendants argue that Caruso may attempt to introduce improper character evidence or 18 evidence of prior bad acts. However, under FRE 404(b), such evidence is improper to prove
19 action done in conformity with the prior alleged act. All evidence or argument concerning
20 character evidence should be precluded.
21 Plaintiff’s Opposition 22 Caruso argues that this is a five-line motion that does not provide sufficient specificity 23 because no bad acts are identified. Caruso then argues that the Defendants’ engaged in three bad
24 acts that are admissible. First, Defendants caused her handcuffing chrono to be rescinded.
25 Second, Defendants withheld key documents and have not produced the original signed incident
26 reports to this day. Third, Defendants interfered with Caruso’s access to her attorney and made 27 false and scandalous allegations against her attorney. Caruso argues that these actions are relevant
28 and admissible.
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1 Discussion 2 No specific “bad acts” are identified in this motion. A blanket request to enforce Rule 3 404(b) is improper. It goes without saying that the Court will enforce the Federal Rules of
4 Evidence. Without specifics, this motion cannot be granted.
5 With respect to the three bad acts identified by Caruso, two of those acts have been 6 resolved in prior rulings, one on Defendants’ motion in limine three (rescission of Caruso’s
7 medical chronos) and the other on Defendants’ motion in limine seven/Caruso’s motion in limine
8 four (discovery issues relating to the production of various versions of the incident report). As to
9 the attempted interference of Defendants with Caruso’s ability to confer with her attorney, the
10 documents cited in support of this argument are filings in this Court. Those filings involve
11 directives by the Warden that limited access of Caruso’s attorney to the prison. This issue was
12 litigated before the Magistrate Judge. This was essentially a legal dispute between the attorneys
13 regarding orders by the Warden (who is not a party); they are not sufficiently connected to the
14 Defendants. Contrary to Caruso’s argument, the “attorney access” bad act occurred six years after
15 the July 22 incident and does not show that any Defendant participated in the strip search or the
16 handcuffing of Caruso with malice or oppression. The issue of interference with access to counsel
17 is a legal issues involving the attorneys, the Warden of CCWF, and the California Attorney
18 General’s office. There is no probative value to the access issues in this case. Evidence
19 concerning the “attorney access” bad acts will be precluded as irrelevant, confusing, unduly time
20 consuming, and unduly prejudicial.
21 Ruling 22 Defendants’ ninth motion in limine is granted in part and denied in part. The Court will 23 enforce the Rules of Evidence, including FRE 404(b). The Court’s rulings on Defendants’ motion
24 in limine three and Defendants’ motion in limine seven/Caruso’s motion in limine four are
25 reincorporated into the resolution of this motion in limine. Evidence regarding interference with
26 Caruso’s counsel’s access to CCWF prison is inadmissible under FRE 401 and FRE 403. 27
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1 9. Motion in Limine No. 11 -- Preclude Evidence or Argument about Other 2 Incidents at CCWF 3 Defendants’ Argument 4 Defendants argue that Caruso intends to offer evidence by non-defendant correctional 5 officers about conduct that occurred in other searches of Caruso. Specifically, Caruso intends to
6 argue that the actions of other officers during a July 3, 2013 (erroneously identified as “July 13,
7 2013) search and a March 10, 2014 search are evidence that Defendants violated her rights during
8 the July 22, 2013 search. The conduct of different officers during different searches and involving
9 different contraband is irrelevant, misleading, and confusing and should be excluded under FRE
10 403.
11 Plaintiff’s Opposition 12 Caruso states that she does not oppose exclusion of the March 10, 2014 search. With 13 respect to the July 3, 2013 search, that incident is relevant and admissible to explain to the jury
14 what the policies, practices, and procedures were at CCWF regarding clothed and unclothed body
15 searches of female prisoners. A hotly disputed issue is whether Defendants performed a clothed or
16 unclothed body search. Defendants and their expert will say that the search was a clothed body
17 search that complied with applicable regulations. Caruso contends that an unclothed body search
18 and visual cavity search occurred that violated applicable policies and procedures. Given the
19 withdrawal of her expert, Caruso can only rely on her own testimony and other prisoners to show
20 that Defendants conducted an unclothed body search that violated practice and procedures
21 (including state regulations, CDCR policies, and CCWF prison policies). The July 3 search is
22 relevant to demonstrate the unwritten policies and practices that were strictly observed at CCWF
23 regarding clothed body searches of female prisoners. During the July 3 search, an officer
24 observed Caruso remove contraband from her pants and give it to another prisoner. The officer
25 asked Caruso what was being concealed, Caruso reached into her pants and removed a tobacco
26 pouch, the officered advised that she would request a clothed body search, Caruso reached back 27 into her pants and removed a lighter, and Caruso confirmed that was all she had. The officer
28 requested a clothed body search, Caruso refused, a sergeant was contacted, the sergeant asked
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1 Caruso to submit to a clothed body search, and Caruso refused. Caruso was then placed in
2 handcuffs and escorted to a program office where an unclothed body search occurred.
3 Alternatively, the July 3 incident (which occurred less than 3 weeks before the incident in 4 this case) is relevant to show Caruso’s intent under FRE 404(b). Defendants will argue that
5 Caruso refused to comply with their orders by repeatedly lowering herself to the ground,
6 purportedly in an effort to prevent any search by Defendants. Caruso’s position is that she
7 repeatedly fell to the ground because of the excruciating pain caused by the handcuffs behind her
8 back. The July 3 event shows that she was not trying to evade the search on July 22.
9 Discussion 10 All agree that the March 10, 2014 search is inadmissible. Therefore, evidence of that 11 search will be excluded.
12 As for the July 3 search, the Court has several concerns. First, a single search is 13 insufficient to establish customs, policies and practices, either written or unwritten, at CCWF. In
14 the context of Monell liability, which is liability against a municipality for a practice, custom, or
15 policy that causes a constitutional violation, evidence of one other constitutional violation, in
16 addition to the constitutional violation at issue, will not establish a policy, practice, or custom
17 because the sample size is too small. See Trevino v. Gates, 99 F.3d 911, 918 (9th Cir. 1996)
18 (finding that two incidents cannot establish a custom or practice). The same is true here. What
19 happened with one earlier search, involving different personnel, under different circumstances,
20 and involving different contraband, simply does not establish the policies and practices of CCWF.
21 Second, to the extent that CCWF’s policies are even relevant, the policies can speak for 22 themselves. There does not appear to be great relevance. Caruso’s cause of action is for violation
23 of the Fourth Amendment, not violation of CCWF policies. Under Caruso’s Fourth Amendment
24 theory/version of events, because an unclothed strip search occurred in the close physical presence
25 of men, the Defendants must show that an emergency existed. Byrd v. Maricopa Cty. Sheriff’s
26 Dep’t, 629 F.3d 1135, 1141 (9th Cir. 2011). If the jury believes Caruso and does not find an 27 emergency, Caruso will prevail; the policies and practices of CCWF would not seem to matter to
28 the issues of Caruso’s credibility or the existence of an emergency. Further, and again, how other
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1 guards under different circumstances at one other time conducted a search does not necessarily
2 show CCWF policy, it just shows those guards’ possible interpretation of a policy.11
3 Third, in terms of FRE 404(b), the July 3 search does not appear to have a relevant 4 purpose. Carso is correct that the parties dispute why she went to the ground. However, it is
5 unknown how Caruso collapsing to the ground justifies either a strip search or the continued
6 handcuffing of Caruso behind her back while maneuvering her to cause pain. Caruso went to the
7 ground well after she was handcuffed behind her back. The jury will not be asked to determine
8 why Caruso went to the ground. Further, at best, the July 3 evidence might show that Caruso went
9 to the ground since she was in pain because she is normally compliant. But that it is actually a
10 prohibited Rule 404(b) purpose since it shows Caruso acted in conformity with her compliant
11 character. Finally, it is unclear that the circumstances of the July 3 search are sufficiently similar
12 to the July 22 incident. In particular, Caruso was found with tobacco and a lighter on July 3; on
13 July 22, she was found with illegal narcotics. The July 3 incident is a rules violation; the July 22
14 is a crime. There is more incentive to resist a search involving illegal drugs than one involving
15 “cigarette supplies.” There is a significant risk that the jury could be confused by this evidence
16 and that it would result in a contentious mini-trial.
17 In short, the probative value of the July 3 search is minimal, and the FRE 403 concerns 18 substantially outweigh that minimal probative value. Contrary to Caruso’s arguments, the July 3
19 event does not prove either written unwritten practices, the written practices (to the extent that
20 they are relevant) will speak for themselves. Caruso’s intent or motive in going to the ground
21 does not appear to be a significant issue, and there are substantial differences between the July 3
22 and July 22 searches. Therefore, FRE 404(b) has not been shown to provide a basis for
23 admissibility and does not cure the FRE 403 problems.
24 11 25 Generally, the reasonableness of a search in prison is weighed against four factors: (1) scope of the intrusion, (2) manner in which the search was conducted; (3) justification for the search; and (4) place where the search occurred. 26 See Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 528 (1979); Nunez v. Duncan, 591 F.3d 1217, 1228 (9th Cir. 2010). Even under this standard for evaluating the search, as opposed to Byrd, CCWF policy regarding searches may be relevant only to 27 the second consideration. However, again, the policy can speak for itself. How other guards in other circumstances acted or interpreted any relevant policy is confusing, misleading, and would likely result in a mini-trial. Exclusion 28 under FRE 403 would be appropriate.
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1 Ruling 2 Defendants’ eleventh motion in limine is granted. Caruso is precluded from offering 3 evidence concerning the July 3, 2013 and March 10, 2014 cell searches.
4 10. Motion in Limine No. 12 -- Preclude Evidence or Argument that Plaintiff Was 5 Gang Raped in the Past 6 Defendants’ Argument 7 Defendants argue that Caruso intends to offer evidence that she was gang raped in the past 8 and that the actions of Defendants traumatized her. However, there is no evidence that the July
9 22, 2013 incident involved a gang-rape, and Caruso’s sexual assault claims have been dismissed.
10 Since there is no evidence that any Defendant penetrated Caruso’s anus or vagina during the
11 incident, the prior gang rape is dissimilar to the incident. The evidence is improperly confusing
12 and inflammatory and should be excluded under FRE 403.
13 Plaintiff’s Opposition 14 In § 1983 cases, a defendant takes the plaintiff as he finds her, meaning that the eggshell 15 plaintiff doctrine applies. Applying that doctrine in this case means that evidence of the prior
16 gang rape is relevant to proving Caruso’s emotional distress damages. Specifically, her emotional
17 distress was exacerbated by the prior gang rape. Contrary to Defendants’ suggestion, Caruso
18 states that she is not attempting to use the evidence to support a sexual assault claim against the
19 Defendants. Caruso disclosed her history of past sexual abuse/violence during discovery, and her
20 602 prison appeal noted that the Defendants’ actions made her feel like she was being raped. That
21 Defendants did not conduct further discovery on the issue is their own fault.
22 Discussion 23 The Court generally agrees with Caruso. The eggshell skull doctrine, i.e. the defendant 24 takes his victim as he finds him, is a recognized theory in § 1983 cases. See Richman v. Sheahan,
25 512 F.3d 876, 884 (7th Cir. 2008); Gibson v. County of Washoe, 290 F.3d 1175, 1192-93 (9th Cir.
26 2002). There is no dispute that Caruso was previously gang raped. Caruso’s testimony/version of 27 the search at issue has elements that could be similar to a rape. Caruso testified that she was
28 leaned over a table at the waist, her hands were cuffed behind her back (meaning her ability to
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1 resist was severely limited), and her pants and underwear were pulled down, exposing her buttocks
2 and vagina, and two men were helping to hold Caruso on the table. While there was clearly not a
3 rape in this case, it takes little imagination to see how the nature of the search at issue (under
4 Caruso’s version of events) could resemble a gang rape scenario and how Caruso’s mental distress
5 could be affected by her prior experience. However, extensive testimony and graphic detail
6 regarding the past rape is unnecessary. Extensive and graphic testimony would create a serious
7 risk of jury confusion and undue prejudice to the Defendants and thus, will be excluded under
8 FRE 403. Caruso can testify that she was gang raped in the past, the search was similar to that
9 rape, and that the search brought back many of the same traumas/mental distresses or made her
10 more susceptible to such traumas. A limiting instruction is appropriate for this testimony. The
11 parties will meet and confer to attempt to agree upon an appropriate limiting instruction for the
12 Court to read in connection with Caruso’s testimony about the past gang rape.12
13 Ruling 14 Defendants’ twelfth motion in limine is generally denied. However, the parties shall meet 15 and confer for the purpose of presenting a limiting instruction. Further, Caruso’s testimony
16 regarding a prior gang rape is admissible to a limited degree and with the understanding that
17 graphic and extensive testimony will not be permitted under FRE 403.
18 11. Motion in Limine No. 13 -- Preclude Evidence or Argument Concerning the 19 Alleged Retaliatory Transfer in Caruso v. Hill 20 Defendants’ Argument 21 Defendants argue that Caruso may offer evidence of the alleged retaliatory transfer in 22 Caruso v. Hill. However, there is no evidence that Defendants had any involvement in that
23 transfer. Because Defendants had nothing to do with the transfer, evidence of it is confusing and
24 irrelevant.
26 12 As a starting point, the Court suggests the following limiting instruction: “There is no claim in this case that Gina Caruso was raped/gang raped. Gina Caruso’s testimony regarding a past gang rape is only to be considered by you for 27 the purpose of assessing whether and to what degree, if any, Ms. Caruso suffered mental anguish in connection with the search of her person in this case. In turn, the nature and degree of any mental destress suffered by Gina Caruso is 28 to be considered by you only for purposes of computing damages, if any.” The parties are not bound by this proposed instruction. If the parties can file a stipulated limiting instruction, the Court will give that stipulated instruction.
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1 Plaintiff’s Opposition 2 Caruso does not oppose this motion to exclude evidence of the retaliatory transfer in 3 Caruso v. Hill. However, Caruso states that she reserves the right to revisit this issue if evidence
4 is uncovered that the Defendants participated in the retaliatory transfer.
5 Discussion 6 Caruso v. Hill is a separate but related case that is assigned to the undersigned. As 7 indicated by the parties, Caruso v. Hill centers around the involuntary transfer of Caruso from the
8 CIW prison to the CCWF prison. All parties acknowledge that, at least at this point, there is
9 nothing to connect the Defendants to the alleged retaliatory transfer. Thus, this motion can be
10 granted under FRE 401 and FRE 403. If Caruso discovers new evidence that links any Defendant
11 to the involuntary transfer, she may file a motion for reconsideration.13
12 Ruling 13 Defendants’ thirteenth motion in limine is granted. Evidence regarding the retaliatory 14 transfer that forms the basis of the Caruso v. Hill case is excluded at this time.
16 ORDER 17 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 18 1. Plaintiffs’ motions in limine (Doc. Nos. 245, 246, 247, 248, 253, 259) are GRANTED IN 19 PART and DENIED IN PART as explained above; and 20 2. Defendants’ motions in limine (Doc. No. 244) is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN 21 PART as explained above. 22 IT IS SO ORDERED. 23
24 Dated: December 30, 2020 SENIOR DISTRICT JUDGE 25
26 27 13 28 By permitting Caruso to file for reconsideration, the Court is not holding that the result of this motion would change.
Related
Cite This Page — Counsel Stack
(PC) Caruso v. Johnson, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/pc-caruso-v-johnson-caed-2021.