1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ANTHONY CURTIS BARRETT, Case No. 1:20-cv-01802-NONE-EPG (PC) 12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDING THAT THIS ACTION 13 v. PROCEED ON PLAINTIFF’S FIFTH AMENDMENT AND EIGHTH 14 A.CIOLLI, et al., AMENDMENT CLAIMS AGAINST DOES 1 THROUGH 10 AND THAT ALL OTHER 15 Defendants. CLAIMS AND DEFENDANTS BE DISMISSED 16 (ECF No. 9) 17 OBJECTIONS, IF ANY, DUE WITHIN 18 TWENTY-ONE DAYS 19 20 Plaintiff Anthony Curtis Barrett (“Plaintiff”) is a federal inmate proceeding pro se and in 21 forma pauperis in this civil rights action pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotics 22 Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). 23 Plaintiff filed the complaint commencing this action on December 22, 2020. (ECF No. 1.) 24 On April 5, 2021, the Court screened Plaintiff’s complaint and found that it failed to state any 25 cognizable claims. (ECF No. 8.) The Court gave Plaintiff thirty days to either “a. File a First 26 Amended Complaint; or b. Notify the Court in writing that he wants to stand on his complaint.” 27 (Id. at 16.) On February 19, 2021, Plaintiff filed his First Amended Complaint. (ECF No. 9.) /// 28 1 Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint is now before this Court for screening. For the 2 reasons that follow, the Court will recommend that this action proceed on Plaintiff’s Fifth 3 Amendment claims for deprivation of property and deprivation of liberty without due process 4 against Does 1 through 10 and on Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claims for unconstitutional conditions of confinement and deliberate indifference to serious medical needs against Does 1 5 through 10. The Court will also recommend that all other claims and defendants be dismissed for 6 failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. 7 Plaintiff has twenty-one days from the date of service of these findings and 8 recommendations to file his objections. 9 I. SCREENING REQUIREMENT 10 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by inmates seeking relief against a 11 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The 12 Court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the inmate has raised claims that are legally 13 “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or that seek 14 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), (2). 15 As Plaintiff is proceeding in forma pauperis, the Court may also screen the complaint under 28 16 U.S.C. § 1915. “Notwithstanding any filing fee, or any portion thereof, that may have been paid, 17 the court shall dismiss the case at any time if the court determines that the action or appeal fails to 18 state a claim upon which relief may be granted.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). 19 A complaint is required to contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that 20 the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not 21 required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 22 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell 23 Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). Plaintiff must set forth “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id. (quoting 24 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). The mere possibility of misconduct falls short of meeting this 25 plausibility standard. Id. at 679. While a plaintiff’s allegations are taken as true, courts “are not 26 required to indulge unwarranted inferences.” Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 572 F.3d 677, 681 27 (9th Cir. 2009) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Additionally, a plaintiff’s legal 28 1 conclusions are not accepted as true. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 2 Pleadings of pro se plaintiffs “must be held to less stringent standards than formal 3 pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010) (holding that 4 pro se complaints should continue to be liberally construed after Iqbal). II. ALLEGATIONS IN THE FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT 5 Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint alleges as follows: 6 Deprivation of Property 7 On March 9, 2020, prison staff seized Plaintiff’s personal property while conducting an 8 inventory during a lockdown of Unit 2A. Most of the seized property was perishable food, 9 personal hygiene, a solar powered radio, and other personal property. All items were purchased 10 from the prison commissary and could be safely stored in the locker furnished to him by the 11 Federal Bureau of Prisons. On March 8, 2020, prison staff passed out a memo stating that all 12 personal property must be placed in a green duffle bag. On March 9, 2020, prison staff came and 13 had inmates place their property in the green duffle bag. Prison staff told inmates not to take any 14 personal property with them when exiting the cell, including any personal clothing, watches, 15 wallets, mailing stamps, shoes, radios, mp3 players, etc. Inmates had to exit their cells dressed in 16 a white t-shirt, khaki pants, one pair of boxers, and shower shoes. Prison officials failed to 17 document the inmates’ personal property correctly and they did not document what was taken. 18 Prison staff took Plaintiff’s personal property and forced him to sign incomplete property forms 19 under threat and duress. 20 Plaintiff asked for the return of his property and sent requests to Lt. Cobbs for the return 21 of his personal property. Plaintiff never received a response from Lt. Cobbs. Plaintiff also sent 22 claims to the Federal Bureau of Prisons Regional and Central Offices and those claims were 23 denied. As a prisoner Plaintiff has a protected right and interest in his personal property and 24 Plaintiff’s property was taken deliberately to punish him for other inmates’ acts. This was clearly 25 an unfair practice by the Federal Bureau of Prisons and its staff. 26 The green duffle bag was 16” in depth and 42” in length and totaled approximately 6.2 27 feet in square measurement. This green duffle bag was only used to take inmate’s property. Prison 28 staff knew that the green duffle bag was smaller than the inmates’ assigned lockers. The assigned 1 lockers were in each inmates’ cell and were the same size, measuring approximately 24” in width, 2 18” in depth, and 40” in height, equaling approximately 10.8 feet in square measurement. Each 3 officer and prison official participated in an unlawful confiscation of Plaintiff’s personal property 4 and violated Plaintiff’s constitutional rights. They had no reason whatsoever to confiscate 5 Plaintiff’s personal property. 6 Inmates store their personal property in the assigned lockers and not in a green duffle bag. 7 The green duffle bag was only used for this particular occasion in order to take inmates’ personal 8 property. Plaintiff did not have any choice but to comply with the orders given to him and he was 9 not provided an opportunity to store his personal property or send it home on his behalf. Prison 10 officials and staff took and enjoyed Plaintiff’s personal property. When Plaintiff returned to his 11 unit, he witnessed some of his personal property in the officers’ station. Plaintiff asked one of the 12 officers working the unit to return his personal property and the officer stated that the property 13 was a perk of the job. On the day of this search, there were many different officers and prison 14 officials and it was almost impossible to get names. The Superintendent of Education had 15 Plaintiff sign an incomplete property form. 16 The search was only conducted to take inmates’ personal property and was not done 17 according to policy. Plaintiff’s personal property was taken by prison staff and officials under the 18 disguise of a search. Prison staff and officials should not be allowed to abuse their authority and 19 by doing so they take away the rights of the people they serve. Plaintiff’s family provides him 20 with financial support to purchase things he needs. For prison staff and officials to take Plaintiff’s 21 personal property because they are in a position of authority is unfair to Plaintiff and his family. 22 The Federal Bureau of Prisons has abused its authority and deprived Plaintiff of his constitutional 23 rights and Plaintiff has a right to be compensated for his property loss. Plaintiff has never seen the 24 green duffle bags anymore. The only way Plaintiff can get justice for the deprivation is through 25 the court. The Federal Bureau of Prisons changes the rules at their convenience to benefit the 26 prison staff and officials because they can and they make the rules. Plaintiff has exhibits in 27 support of his deprivation of property claim. 28 /// 1 Lockdown 2 The lockdown was unduly disparate informal punishment and was executed under the 3 fabricated and erroneous pretext that Unit 2A was banging and kicking on cell doors and yelling 4 at prison staff during the 10:00 AM count. The punishment is cruel and unusual. Plaintiff is a 5 United States Army veteran and the treatment federal prisoners receive is totally unbelievable. 6 Plaintiff often thinks to himself that he was willing to give his life for people like this. Inmates are 7 treated as if they are not even human. 8 Prison staff and officers failed to provide inmates with basic necessities such as 9 toothpaste, toothbrushes, toilet paper, and soap. Plaintiff did not have any personal hygiene for a 10 full week. This is the United States. This treatment caused tension between Plaintiff and his 11 cellmate. The Federal Bureau of Prisons and its officials had two men existing in a confined space 12 and living in inhumane conditions for one week. Prison staff knew that they were abusing their 13 authority, but it’s punishment and they are prisoners so who care what happens to them. The lack 14 of sanitation was severe and prolonged. 15 Inmates received nutritionally inadequate food for one full week. The food that inmates 16 received for that week was not from the national menu and they were served the same meals for 17 breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The food was totally unhealthy for Plaintiff because he suffers from 18 hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, anxiety, and PTSD. The lack of exercise caused 19 Plaintiff great stress and the way he was treated was inhumane. 20 Plaintiff was denied medical and psychological care for that entire week. He did not 21 receive any of his prescribed medications. Plaintiff really suffered. Plaintiff was assaulted by his 22 cellmate twice, once during the week of this lockdown and another on June 27, 2020. Plaintiff 23 was helpless and he believes that his race contributed to the denial of medical and psychological 24 care because there was a difference between the way he was treated and the Mexican inmates. 25 Plaintiff’s medical condition went from pre-diabetes to diabetes. He believes that the deprivation 26 of medical care and lack of exercise and inadequate food all contributed to his current medical 27 conditions. Plaintiff’s personal safety was jeopardized and no one did anything about it. It was as 28 if it did not even happen. Plaintiff has contacted members of Congress on these matters and 1 treatment of prison staff. 2 Access to Courts 3 Plaintiff did not have the ability to meet filing deadlines or to present his claim. When 4 Plaintiff did receive answers to various claims that he had filed, they were denied. This goes for 5 both the courts and the Federal Bureau of Prison’s administrative remedies. The denial of 6 Plaintiff’s claims was due to the inability to file by due dates or times had expired. One of those 7 claims was for the compensation of his personal property taken by prison staff and officials. 8 III. BIVENS CLAIMS 9 Based on the case Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), 10 courts have found that individuals may sue federal officials for damages for constitutional 11 violations under certain circumstances. A Bivens action is the federal analog to suits brought 12 against state officials under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Hartman v. Moore, 547 U.S. 250 (2006). The basis 13 of a Bivens action is some illegal or inappropriate conduct on the part of a federal official or agent 14 that violates a clearly established constitutional right. Baiser v. Department of Justice, Office of 15 U.S. Trustee, 327 F.3d 903, 909 (9th Cir. 2003). “To state a claim for relief under Bivens, a 16 plaintiff must allege that a federal officer deprived him of his constitutional rights.” Serra v. 17 Lappin, 600 F.3d 1191, 1200 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Schearz v. United States, 234 F.3d 428, 432 18 (9th Cir. 2000). A Bivens claim is only available against officers in their individual capacities. 19 Morgan v. U.S., 323 F.3d 776, 780 n.3 (9th Cir. 2003); Vaccaro v. Dobre, 81 F.3d 854, 857 (9th 20 Cir. 1996). “A plaintiff must plead more than a merely negligent act by a federal official in order 21 to state a colorable claim under Bivens.” O’Neal v. Eu, 866 F.2d 314, 314 (9th Cir. 1988). 22 Plaintiff must allege facts linking each named defendant to the violation of his rights. 23 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676; Simmons v. Navajo County, Ariz., 609 F.3d 1011, 1020-21 (9th Cir. 2010); 24 Ewing v. City of Stockton, 588 F.3d 1218, 1235 (9th Cir. 2009); Jones v. Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 25 934 (9th Cir. 2002). The factual allegations must be sufficient to state a plausible claim for relief, 26 and the mere possibility of misconduct falls short of meeting this plausibility standard. Iqbal, 556 27 U.S. at 678–79. 28 /// 1 Additionally, a plaintiff must demonstrate that each named defendant personally 2 participated in the deprivation of his rights. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676-77. In other words, there must 3 be an actual connection or link between the actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged 4 to have been suffered by Plaintiff. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of N.Y., 436 U.S. 5 658, 691, 695 (1978). 6 Not all constitutional cases against federal officers for damages may proceed as Bivens 7 claims. There is a two-part test to determine whether a Bivens action may proceed. Ziglar v. 8 Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. 1843, 1859-60 (2017). A court must first consider whether the claim presents a 9 new context from the three cases the Supreme Court has allowed to proceed under Bivens: Bivens; 10 Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228 (1979); and Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14 (1980).1 If the answer 11 is no, the claim may proceed. If the answer is yes, the court must apply a “special factors” 12 analysis to determine whether “special factors counsel hesitation” in expanding Bivens to the 13 action. Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. at 1857, 1875. 14 The Ninth Circuit has summarized those special factors as follows:
15 the rank of the officer involved; whether Bivens is being used as a vehicle to 16 alter an entity’s policy; the burden on the government if such claims are recognized; whether litigation would reveal sensitive information; whether 17 Congress has indicated that it does not wish to provide a remedy; whether there are alternate avenues of relief available; and whether there is adequate 18 deterrence absent a damages remedy, among other factors. But the most important question for us to examine is whether the Judiciary is well suited, 19 absent congressional action or instruction, to consider and weigh the costs and 20 benefits of allowing a damages action to proceed. If there are sound reasons to think Congress might doubt the efficacy or necessity of a damages remedy the 21 courts must refrain from creating the remedy in order to respect the role of Congress in determining the nature and extent of federal-court jurisdiction 22 under Article III. 23 Lanuza v. Love, 899 F.3d 1019, 1028 (9th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks, citations and 24
25 1 The Supreme Court has summarized those three cases: In Bivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents, the Court broke new ground by holding that a person claiming to be the victim of an unlawful arrest and search could bring a Fourth Amendment claim for 26 damages against the responsible agents even though no federal statute authorized such a claim. The Court subsequently extended Bivens to cover two additional constitutional claims: in Davis v. Passman, a former 27 congressional staffer’s Fifth Amendment claim of dismissal based on sex, and in Carlson v. Green, a federal prisoner’s Eighth Amendment claim for failure to provide adequate medical treatment. 28 Hernandez v. Mesa, 140 S. Ct. 735, 741 (2020) (citations shortened). 1 alterations omitted). 2 IV. ANALYSIS OF PLAINTIFF’S CLAIMS 3 A. Deprivation of Property 4 The Due Process Clause protects prisoners from being deprived of property without due 5 process of law, Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556 (1974),2 and prisoners have a protected 6 interest in their personal property, Hansen v. May, 502 F.2d 728, 730 (9th Cir. 1974). An 7 authorized, intentional deprivation of property is actionable under the Due Process Clause. See 8 Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 532 n.13 (1984) (citing Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 9 U.S. 422 (1982)); Quick v. Jones, 754 F.2d 1521, 1524 (9th Cir. 1985). An authorized deprivation 10 is one carried out pursuant to established state procedures, regulations, or statutes. Logan, 455 11 U.S. at 436; Piatt v. McDougall, 773 F.2d 1032, 1036 (9th Cir.1985); see also Knudson v. City of 12 Ellensburg, 832 F.2d 1142, 1149 (9th Cir. 1987). 13 “[D]ue process rights of prisoners and pretrial detainees [to deprivation of property 14 without due process of law] are not absolute; they are subject to reasonable limitation or 15 retraction in light of the legitimate security concerns of the institution.” Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 16 520, 554 (1979). 17 In Greene, (9th Cir. 2011), the Nevada Department of Corrections instituted a ban on 18 inmate possession of typewriters. The Ninth Circuit held that such a ban did not violate inmates’ 19 constitutional rights because the department of corrections had the legal authority to regulate 20 inmate property:
21 An agency, such as the NDOC, violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment when it prescribes and enforces forfeitures of 22 property “[w]ithout underlying [statutory] authority and competent procedural protections.” Vance v. Barrett, 345 F.3d 1083, 1090 (9th Cir.2003). Nevada 23 law provides for the regulation of personal property of offenders. 24 Nev.Rev.Stat. § 209.239. The statute grants authority to the NDOC to create policies by which to regulate inmates’ property. Implicit in the regulation of 25 inmate property is the authority to define what an inmate can and cannot
26 2 Wolff and other cases cited in this section involved state, not federal, actors, and were therefore decided under the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause. However, courts use the same standards under the Fifth Amendment’s 27 due process clause. Raditch v. United States, 929 F.2d 478, 481 (9th Cir. 1991) (“Although Hudson involved § 1983 and the Fourteenth Amendment, the same due process principles apply to the federal government through the Fifth 28 Amendment.”). 1 possess. In any event, when the NDOC prohibited inmates from possessing typewriters inside its institutions, that is all it did. The typewriters were not 2 forfeited to the state; rather, inmates were allowed to send them home or make certain other dispositions of them. 3
4 Here, prison officials enacted a system-wide ban with no exceptions. While Downs was not offered an individual pre-deprivation hearing, he was notified 5 of the change in the regulation and given an adequate opportunity to comply with it. With respect to the personal property of prisoners, that is all the 6 process that is due. See generally, Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556, 94 7 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974) (“[T]he fact that prisoners retain rights under the Due Process Clause in no way implies that these rights are not 8 subject to restrictions imposed by the nature of the regime to which they have been lawfully committed.”). As the NDOC’s enactment fell within its 9 statutory authority, we conclude that there was no violation of due process.
10 Nev. Dep’t of Corr. v. Greene, 648 F.3d 1014, 1019 (9th Cir. 2011) (brackets in original). 11 Plaintiff has alleged that his personal property was confiscated after he was required to put 12 all personal items in a green duffel bag, which was smaller than his personal locker. Plaintiff did 13 not have an opportunity to keep his property or send it to someone else, and he lost it without any 14 ability to have it returned. Prison officials failed to document the inmates’ personal property 15 correctly and they did not document what was taken. Plaintiff was also forced to sign incomplete 16 property forms under duress. Plaintiff asked one of the officers working the unit to return his 17 personal property and the officer stated that the property was a perk of the job. There were many 18 different officers and prison officials and it was almost impossible to get names. 19 Construing the First Amended Complaint liberally, the Court finds that Plaintiff has 20 sufficiently alleged a claim for deprivation of property without due process. Therefore, the Court 21 will recommend that Plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment deprivation of property without due process 22 claim against Does 1 through 10 proceed past screening.3 23 B. Lockdown 24 1. Eighth Amendment Conditions of Confinement 25 “It is undisputed that the treatment a prisoner receives in prison and the conditions under 26 which [the prisoner] is confined are subject to scrutiny under the Eighth Amendment.” Helling v. 27 3 The Court does not take a position on whether this claim is subject to a remedy under Bivens. Defendants, once they 28 are identified and served, may file any appropriate motions concerning this claim if they choose. 1 McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 31 (1993); see also Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832 (1994). 2 Conditions of confinement may, consistent with the Constitution, be restrictive and harsh. See 3 Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347 (1981); Morgan v. Morgensen, 465 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th 4 Cir. 2006); Osolinski v. Kane, 92 F.3d 934, 937 (9th Cir. 1996); Jordan v. Gardner, 986 F.2d 5 1521, 1531 (9th Cir. 1993) (en banc). Prison officials must, however, provide prisoners with 6 “food, clothing, shelter, sanitation, medical care, and personal safety.” Toussaint v. McCarthy, 7 801 F.2d 1080, 1107 (9th Cir. 1986), abrogated in part on other grounds by Sandin v. Connor, 8 515 U.S. 472 (1995); see also Johnson v. Lewis, 217 F.3d 726, 731 (9th Cir. 2000); Hoptowit v. 9 Ray, 682 F.2d 1237, 1246 (9th Cir. 1982); Wright v. Rushen, 642 F.2d 1129, 1132-33 (9th Cir. 10 1981). 11 Two requirements must be met to show an Eighth Amendment violation. Farmer, 511 12 U.S. at 834. “First, the deprivation alleged must be, objectively, sufficiently serious.” Id. (citation 13 and internal quotation marks omitted). Second, “a prison official must have a sufficiently culpable 14 state of mind,” which for conditions of confinement claims “is one of deliberate indifference.” Id. 15 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Prison officials act with deliberate indifference 16 when they know of and disregard an excessive risk to inmate health or safety. Id. at 837. The 17 circumstances, nature, and duration of the deprivations are critical in determining whether the 18 conditions complained of are grave enough to form the basis of a viable Eighth Amendment 19 claim. Johnson, 217 F.3d at 731. Mere negligence on the part of a prison official is not sufficient 20 to establish liability, but rather, the official’s conduct must have been wanton. Farmer, 511 U.S. 21 at 835; Frost v. Agnos, 152 F.3d 1124, 1128 (9th Cir. 1998). 22 “‘The occasional presence of a rodent is insufficient to establish the objective component 23 of an Eighth Amendment claim, which requires that a deprivation be sufficiently serious.’” 24 Jackson v. Walker, 2009 WL 1743639 at *8 (E.D. Cal. 2009) (quoting Tucker v. Rose, 955 25 F.Supp. 810, 816 (N.D. Ohio 1997). However, a “lack of sanitation that is severe or prolonged 26 can constitute an infliction of pain within the meaning of the Eighth Amendment.” Anderson v. 27 Cty. of Kern, 45 F.3d 1310, 1314 (9th Cir.), opinion amended on denial of reh’g, 75 F.3d 448 (9th 28 Cir. 1995). “[T]he state is obligated to provide ‘nutritionally adequate food that is prepared and 1 served under conditions which do not present an immediate danger to the health and well being of 2 the inmates who consume it,’” and “‘the state health code, while not establishing ‘constitutional 3 minima,’ is relevant in making a finding regarding the constitutionality of existing conditions.’” 4 Jackson, 2009 WL 1743639, at *8 (quoting Ramos v. Lamm, 639 F.2d 559, 571 (10th Cir. 1980)). 5 With respect to lack of exercise, “ordinarily the lack of outside exercise for extended 6 periods is a sufficiently serious deprivation and thus meets the requisite harm necessary to satisfy 7 [the] objective test.” LeMaire v. Maass, 12 F.3d 1444, 1457 (9th Cir. 1993). However, “a 8 temporary denial of outdoor exercise with no medical effects is not a substantial deprivation.” 9 May v. Baldwin, 109 F.3d 557, 565 (9th Cir. 1997). 10 Plaintiff has alleged he was denied personal hygiene, including toothpaste, toothbrushes, 11 toilet paper, soap during a one-week lockdown. Plaintiff received food that was not from the 12 national menu and was served the same meals for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Plaintiff was also 13 deprived of exercise for one week. Plaintiff suffers from hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney 14 disease, anxiety, and PTSD, and his condition went from pre-diabetes to diabetes. Plaintiff 15 believes that the lack of exercise and inadequate food contributed to his current medical 16 conditions. Prison officials knew they were abusing their authority and did nothing about it. 17 Construing the First Amended Complaint liberally, the Court finds that, for screening 18 purposes, Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged that he was subjected to unconstitutional conditions of 19 confinement, and that prison staff were aware of these conditions but failed to act. The Court will 20 therefore recommend that Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment conditions of confinement claim against 21 Does 1 through 10 proceed past screening.4 22 2. Fifth Amendment Procedural Due Process 23 The Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment provides that no person “shall be 24 deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. amend. V. “A 25 threshold requirement to a substantive or procedural due process claim is [a] plaintiff’s showing 26 of a liberty or property interest protected by the Constitution.” Wedges/Ledges of Cal., Inc. v. City 27 4 As above, the Court does not take a position on whether this claim is subject to a remedy under Bivens. Defendants, 28 once they are identified and served, may file any appropriate motions concerning this claim if they choose. 1 of Phoenix, 24 F.3d 56, 62 (9th Cir. 1994); Wilkinson v. Austin, 545 U.S. 209, 221 (2005). “States 2 may under certain circumstances create liberty interests which are protected by the Due Process 3 Clause. But these interests will be generally limited to freedom from restraint which, while not 4 exceeding the sentence in such an unexpected manner as to give rise to protection by the Due 5 Process Clause of its own force, nonetheless imposes atypical and significant hardship on the 6 inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life.” Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 483- 7 86 (1995) (internal citations and footnotes omitted). 8 Plaintiff alleges that the lockdown was unduly disparate informal punishment and was 9 executed under the fabricated and erroneous pretext that Unit 2A was banging and kicking on cell 10 doors and yelling at prison staff during the 10:00 AM count. Prison officials knew they were 11 abusing their authority and did nothing about it. Construing the First Amended Complaint 12 liberally, the Court finds that, for screening purposes, Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged that he was 13 placed on lockdown for one week, which posed an atypical and significant hardship, without 14 procedural due process. The Court will therefore recommend that Plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment 15 procedural due process claim against Does 1 through 10 proceed past screening.5
16 C. Medical Care 17 “[T]o maintain an Eighth Amendment claim based on prison medical treatment, an inmate 18 must show ‘deliberate indifference to serious medical needs.’” Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 19 1096 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976)). This requires Plaintiff 20 to show (1) “a ‘serious medical need’ by demonstrating that ‘failure to treat a prisoner’s condition 21 could result in further significant injury or the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain,’” and 22 (2) that “the defendant’s response to the need was deliberately indifferent.” Id. (quoting 23 McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050, 1059-60 (9th Cir. 1992)) (citation and internal quotations 24 marks omitted), overruled on other grounds by WMX Technologies v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133 (9th 25 Cir. 1997) (en banc). 26 Deliberate indifference is established only where the defendant subjectively “knows of and
27 5 As above, the Court does not take a position on whether this claim is subject to a remedy under Bivens. Defendants, once they are identified and served, may file any appropriate motions concerning this claim if they choose. 28 1 disregards an excessive risk to inmate health and safety.” Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1057 2 (9th Cir. 2004) (emphasis added) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Deliberate 3 indifference can be established “by showing (a) a purposeful act or failure to respond to a 4 prisoner’s pain or possible medical need and (b) harm caused by the indifference.” Jett, 439 F.3d 5 at 1096 (citation omitted). Civil recklessness (failure “to act in the face of an unjustifiably high 6 risk of harm that is either known or so obvious that it should be known”) is insufficient to 7 establish an Eighth Amendment violation. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 836-37 & n.5 8 (1994) (citations omitted). 9 A difference of opinion between an inmate and prison medical personnel—or between 10 medical professionals—regarding appropriate medical diagnosis and treatment is not enough to 11 establish a deliberate indifference claim. Sanchez v. Vild, 891 F.2d 240, 242 (9th Cir. 1989); 12 Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1058 (9th Cir. 2004). Additionally, “a complaint that a 13 physician has been negligent in diagnosing or treating a medical condition does not state a valid 14 claim of medical mistreatment under the Eighth Amendment. Medical malpractice does not 15 become a constitutional violation merely because the victim is a prisoner.” Estelle, 429 U.S. at 16 106. To establish a difference of opinion rising to the level of deliberate indifference, a “plaintiff 17 must show that the course of treatment the doctors chose was medically unacceptable under the 18 circumstances.” Jackson v. McIntosh, 90 F.3d 330, 332 (9th Cir. 1996). 19 Here, Plaintiff alleges he was denied medical and psychological care of an entire week 20 and did not receive any of his prescribed medications. Plaintiff suffers from hypertension, 21 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, anxiety, and PTSD, and his condition went from pre-diabetes to 22 diabetes. Plaintiff believes that the lack of medical care, along with the lack of exercise and 23 inadequate food contributed, to his current medical conditions. Prison officials knew they were 24 abusing their authority and did nothing about it. 6 Construing the First Amended Complaint
25 6 Plaintiff also alleges that he believes that his race contributed to the denial of medical and psychological care because there was a difference between the way he was treated and the Mexican inmates. To the extent Plaintiff 26 intends to raise a claim for violation of the Equal Protection Clause, the Supreme Court has only recognized a Bivens remedy for gender discrimination in the context of the Fifth Amendment. See Davis, 442 U.S. 228. However, even if 27 an equal protection claim could be brought under Bivens, Plaintiff fails to state a claim. “To prevail on an Equal Protection claim . . ., Plaintiff must allege facts plausibly showing that ‘the defendants acted with an intent or purpose 28 to discriminate against him based upon membership in a protected class,’” (citing see Thornton v. City of St. Helens, 1 liberally, the Court finds that, for screening purposes, Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged a claim for 2 deliberate indifference to serious medical needs in violation of the Eighth Amendment against 3 Does 1 through 10.7 4 D. Access to Courts 5 Prisoners have a constitutional right of access to the courts. See Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 6 343, 350 (1996); Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 821 (1977). The right is limited to the filing of 7 direct criminal appeals, habeas petitions, and civil rights actions. Id. at 354. Claims for denial of 8 access to the courts may arise from the frustration or hindrance of “a litigating opportunity yet to 9 be gained” (forward-looking access claim) or from the loss of a suit that cannot now be tried 10 (backward-looking claim). Christopher v. Harbury, 536 U.S. 403, 412-15 (2002); see also Silva 11 v. Di Vittorio, 658 F.3d 1090, 1102 (9th Cir. 2011), overruled on other grounds by Coleman v. 12 Tollefson, 575 U.S. 532 (2015) (differentiating “between two types of access to court claims: 13 those involving prisoners’ right to affirmative assistance and those involving prisoners’ rights to 14 litigate without active interference.”). 15 An “actual injury” is “actual prejudice with respect to contemplated or existing litigation, 16 such as the inability to meet a filing deadline or to present a claim.” Lewis, 518 U.S. at 348; see 17 also Jones v. Blanas, 393 F.3d 918, 936 (9th Cir. 2004) (defining actual injury as the “inability to 18 file a complaint or defend against a charge”). Plaintiff need not show that he would have been 19 successful on the merits of his claims, but only that they were not frivolous. Allen v. Sakai, 48 20 F.3d 1082, 1085 & n.12 (9th Cir. 1994). A claim “is frivolous where it lacks an arguable basis 21 either in law or in fact.” Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). The Ninth Circuit has 22 emphasized that “[a] prisoner need not show, ex post, that he would have been successful on the 23
24 425 F.3d 1158, 1166 (9th Cir. 2005) (quoting Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 686 (9th Cir. 2001)), or that similarly situated individuals were intentionally treated differently without a rational relationship to a legitimate state 25 purpose. Engquist v. Oregon Department of Agr., 553 U.S. 591, 601-02, (2008); Lazy Y Ranch Ltd. v. Behrens, 546 F.3d 580, 592 (9th Cir. 2008). Plaintiff has not alleged that any facts demonstrating that he was intentionally discriminated against based on his race, or that he was intentionally treated differently than other similarly situated 26 inmates based on his race without a rational relationship to a legitimate state purpose. Therefore, Plaintiff fails to state a claim for relief for violation of his right to equal protection. 27
7 As above, the Court does not take a position on whether this claim is subject to a remedy under Bivens. Defendants, 28 once they are identified and served, may file any appropriate motions concerning this claim if they choose. 1 merits had his claim been considered. To hold otherwise would permit prison officials to 2 substitute their judgment for the courts’ and to interfere with a prisoner’s right to court access on 3 the chance that the prisoner’s claim would eventually be deemed frivolous.” Allen, 48 F.3d at 4 1091 (footnote omitted). 5 The nature and description of the underlying claim must be set forth in the pleading “as if 6 it were being independently pursued.” Harbury, 536 U.S. at 417. Hence, “the underlying cause of 7 action and its lost remedy must be addressed by allegations in the complaint sufficient to give fair 8 notice to a defendant.” Harbury, 536 U.S. at 416 (citing Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 9 506, 513–15 (2002)). Finally, Plaintiff must specifically allege the “remedy that may be awarded 10 as recompense but not otherwise available in some suit that may yet be brought.” Id. at 415. 11 Plaintiff alleges that he did not have the ability to meet filing deadlines or to present his 12 claims “for both the courts and the [prison’s] administrative remedies.” However, an access-to- 13 courts claim is limited to the filing of direct criminal appeals, habeas petitions, and civil rights 14 actions and does not apply to administrative grievances. See Lewis, 518 U.S. at 354. Additionally, 15 Plaintiff does not allege he was pursuing a non-frivolous claim. Plaintiff only alleges that one 16 claim was for compensation of his personal property that was taken by prison staff and officials 17 and makes no allegations concerning any of the other “various claims” referenced in the First 18 Amended Complaint. Plaintiff therefore has not adequately set forth the nature and description of 19 the underlying claims. As a result, Plaintiff fails to state a claim for denial of access to the courts.8 20 E. Personal Involvement 21 Although Plaintiff may sue individual prison employees for damages under Bivens, he 22 must link each named defendant to a violation of his constitutional rights. In addition, a prison 23 8 In a reported case concerning a privately-operated federal prison, the Ninth Circuit held “that Bivens should not be 24 so expanded” to “include access to the courts and procedural due process claims against private defendants under the First and Fifth Amendments, respectively.” Vega v. United States, 881 F.3d 1146, 1148 (9th Cir. 2018). In an 25 unreported opinion, that court found no Bivens remedy for First Amendment access-to-courts claims. Schwarz, 761 F. App’x at 734-35. District courts have reached similar conclusions. See, e.g., Moore v. United States, No. 1:20-cv- 00451-DAD-SAB (PC), 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 106303, at *7-8 (E.D. Cal. June 16, 2020) (citing Schwarz and 26 collecting cases), findings and recommendations adopted, ECF No. 19 at 2 (Oct. 14, 2020) (considering and disagreeing with objections concerning actual injury and availability of Bivens); Lee v. Matevousian, No. 1:18-CV- 27 00169-GSA-PC, 2018 WL 5603593, at *3-4 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 26, 2018) (finding, in light of Abbasi, no Bivens remedy for denial of access to courts). Again, the Court need not determine whether Plaintiff can state a Bivens claim 28 because he fails to allege a constitutional violation. 1 employee cannot be held liable under Bivens simply for supervising other employees. Iqbal, 556 2 U.S. at 676–77 (“In a § 1983 suit or a Bivens action ... the term “supervisory liability” is a 3 misnomer.”) A government official is only liable for his or her own misconduct. Id.; Starr v. 4 Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1205–08 (9th Cir. 2011), cert. denied, 566 U.S. 982 (2012). 5 Plaintiff has not alleged any facts indicating that Warden A. Ciolli personally participated 6 in the deprivation of his rights. Similarly, the Federal Bureau of Prisons is not a proper defendant. 7 See FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 486 (1994) (holding that federal agencies are not proper 8 defendants in a Bivens action); Myers v. U.S. Marshals Serv., 2011 WL 671998, at *2 (S.D. Cal. 9 Feb. 15, 2011) (dismissing United States Marshal Service from an action because Bivens does not 10 authorize suits against federal agencies). Accordingly, Plaintiff has failed to state a claim against 11 A. Ciolli and the Federal Bureau of Prisons and the Court will therefore recommend that these 12 defendants be dismissed. 13 The Court has recommended that some of Plaintiff’s claims should proceed past screening 14 against Doe defendants. If the district judge assigned to this case issues an order adopting these 15 findings and recommendations, the Court will provide Plaintiff with instructions regarding 16 identifying the Doe defendants before authorizing service of process. 17 V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 18 The Court has screened Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint and finds that Plaintiff’s 19 Fifth Amendment and Eighth Amendment claims against Does 1 through 10 should proceed past 20 screening. The Court also finds that all other claims and defendants should be dismissed. The Court previously explained to Plaintiff the deficiencies in his complaint, provided 21 Plaintiff with relevant legal standards, and provided Plaintiff an opportunity to amend his 22 complaint. As Plaintiff filed his First Amended Complaint with the benefit of the information 23 provided by the Court, it appears that further leave to amend would be futile. 24 Accordingly, based on the foregoing, it is HEREBY RECOMMENDED that: 25 1. This case proceed on Plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment claims for deprivation of property 26 and deprivation of liberty without due process against Does 1 through 10 and on 27 Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claims for unconstitutional conditions of confinement 28 1 and deliberate indifference to serious medical needs against Does | through 10; 2 2. All other claims and defendants be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which 3 relief may be granted; and 4 3. The Clerk of Court be directed to terminate A. Ciolli and the Federal Bureau of 5 Prisons and to add Does 1 through 10 as defendants on the docket. 6 These findings and recommendations will be submitted to the United States district judge 7 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within twenty-one 8 (21) days after being served with these findings and recommendations, Plaintiff may file written objections with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s ° Findings and Recommendations.” Plaintiff is advised that failure to file objections within the 8 specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 12 13 | ITIS SO ORDERED. pated: _May 3, 2021 [Je hey I5 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28