[13]*13Mr. Chief Justice Hughes
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case presents the question of the validity of an order of the Secretary of Agriculture fixing maximum rates to be charged by market agencies at the Kansas City Stock Yards. Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921, 42 Stat. 159; 7 U. S. C. 181-229. The District Court of three judges dismissed the bills of complaint in fifty suits (consolidated for hearing) challenging the validity of the rates, and the plaintiffs bring this direct appeal. 7 U. S. C. 217; 28 U. S. C. 47.
The case comes here for the second time. On the former appeal we met, at the threshold of the controversy, the contention that the" plaintiffs had not been accorded the hearing which the statute made a prerequisite to a valid order. The District Court had struck from plaintiffs’ bills the allegations that the Secretary had made the order [14]*14without having heard or read the evidence and without having heard' or considered the arguments submitted, and that his sole information with respect to the proceeding was derived from consultation with employees in the Department of Agriculture. We held that it was error to strike these allegations, that the defendant should be’required to answer them, and that the question whether plaintiffs had a proper hearing should be determined. Morgan v. United States, 298 U. S. 468.
After the remand, the bills were amended and interrogatories were directed to the Secretary which he answered. The court received tho'evidence which had been introduced at its previous hearing, together with additional testimony bearing Upon the nature of the hearing accorded by the Secretary. - This evidence embraced the testimony of the Secretary and of several of his assistants. The District Court rendered, an opinion, with findings of fact and conclusions of law, holding that the hearing before the Secretary was adequate and, on the merits, that his order was lawful. On this appeal, plaintiffs again contend (1) thát the Secretary’s order was made without the hearing required by the statute and (2) that the order was arbitrary and unsupported by substantial evidence.
The first question goes to the very, foundation of the. action of administrative agencies entrusted by the Congress with broad control over activities which in- their detail cannot be dealt with directly by -the legislature. The yast expansion of this field of administrative regulation in response to the pressure of social needs is made póssible under our system .by adherence to the basic prin-' ciples., that the legislature shall appropriately determine the standards of administrative action and that in administrative proceedings of a quasi-judicial character the liberty and property, of the citizen shall be protected by the [15]*15rudimentary requirements of fair play. These demand “a fair and open hearing,” — essential alike to the legal validity of the administrative regulation and to the maintenance of public confidence in the value and soundness of this important governmental process. Such á hearing has been described’ as an “inexorable safeguard.” St. Joseph Stock Yards Co. v. United States, 298 U. S. 38, 73; Ohio Bell Telephone Co. v. Public Utilities Commission, 301 U. S. 292, 304, 305; Railroad Commission of California v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co., 302 U. S. 388, 393; Morgan v. United States, supra. And in equipping the Secretary of Agriculture with extraordinary powers under the Packers and Stockyards Act, the Congress explicitly recognized and emphasized this requirement by making his action depend upon a “full hearing.” § 310.1
In the record now before us the controlling facts stand out clearly. The original administrative proceeding was begun on April 7, 1930, when the Secretary of Agricu’ture issued an order of inquiry and notice of hearing with rfe[16]*16spect to the reasonableness of the charges of appellants for stockyards services at Kansas City. The taking of evidence before an examiner of the Department was begun on December 3, 1930, and continued until February 10, 1931. The Government and appellants were represented by counsel and voluminous testimony and exhibits were introduced. In March, 1931, oral argument was had before the Acting Secretary of Agriculture and appellants submitted a brief. On May 18, 1932, the Secretary issued his findings and an order prescribing maximum rates. In view of changed economic conditions, the Secretary vacated. that order and granted a rehearing. That was begun on -October 6, 1932, and the taking of evidence was concluded on November 16, 1932. The evidence received at the first hearing was re-submitted and this was supplemented by additional testimony, and exhibits. On March 24, 1933, oral argument was had before Rexford G. Tug-' well as Acting Secretary.
. It appears that there were about 10,000 pages of transcript of oral evidence and over 1,000 pages of statistical exhibits. 'The' oral argument was general and sketchy. Appellants submitted the brief which they had presented after the first administrative hearing and a supplemental brief dealing with the evidence introduced upon the rehearing. No brief-was at any time supplied by the Government. Apart from what was said on its behalf in the oral argument, the Government formulated no issues and furnished appellants no statement or summary of its contentions and no proposed findings. Appellants' request that the examiner prepare a tentative report, to be submitted as a basis for exceptions and argument,' was refused.
. Findings were prepared in the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, whose representatives had conducted the proceedings for the Government, and were submitted to the Secretary, who signed them, with a few [17]*17changes in the rates, when his order was made on June .14, 1933. These findings, 180 in number, were elaborate. They dealt with the practices and facilities at the Kansas City livestock market, the character of appellants’ business and services, their rates and the volume of their transactions, their gross revenues, their methods in getting and maintaining business, their joint activities, the economic changes since the year 1929, the principles which governed the determination of reasonable commission rates, the classification of cost items, the reasonable unit costs plus a reasonable amount of profits to be covered into reasonable commission rates, the reasonable amounts to be included for salesmanship, yarding salaries and expenses, office salaries and expenses, business getting and maintaining expenses, administrative and general expenses, insurance, interest on capital, and profits, together with summary and the establishment of the rate structure.
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[13]*13Mr. Chief Justice Hughes
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case presents the question of the validity of an order of the Secretary of Agriculture fixing maximum rates to be charged by market agencies at the Kansas City Stock Yards. Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921, 42 Stat. 159; 7 U. S. C. 181-229. The District Court of three judges dismissed the bills of complaint in fifty suits (consolidated for hearing) challenging the validity of the rates, and the plaintiffs bring this direct appeal. 7 U. S. C. 217; 28 U. S. C. 47.
The case comes here for the second time. On the former appeal we met, at the threshold of the controversy, the contention that the" plaintiffs had not been accorded the hearing which the statute made a prerequisite to a valid order. The District Court had struck from plaintiffs’ bills the allegations that the Secretary had made the order [14]*14without having heard or read the evidence and without having heard' or considered the arguments submitted, and that his sole information with respect to the proceeding was derived from consultation with employees in the Department of Agriculture. We held that it was error to strike these allegations, that the defendant should be’required to answer them, and that the question whether plaintiffs had a proper hearing should be determined. Morgan v. United States, 298 U. S. 468.
After the remand, the bills were amended and interrogatories were directed to the Secretary which he answered. The court received tho'evidence which had been introduced at its previous hearing, together with additional testimony bearing Upon the nature of the hearing accorded by the Secretary. - This evidence embraced the testimony of the Secretary and of several of his assistants. The District Court rendered, an opinion, with findings of fact and conclusions of law, holding that the hearing before the Secretary was adequate and, on the merits, that his order was lawful. On this appeal, plaintiffs again contend (1) thát the Secretary’s order was made without the hearing required by the statute and (2) that the order was arbitrary and unsupported by substantial evidence.
The first question goes to the very, foundation of the. action of administrative agencies entrusted by the Congress with broad control over activities which in- their detail cannot be dealt with directly by -the legislature. The yast expansion of this field of administrative regulation in response to the pressure of social needs is made póssible under our system .by adherence to the basic prin-' ciples., that the legislature shall appropriately determine the standards of administrative action and that in administrative proceedings of a quasi-judicial character the liberty and property, of the citizen shall be protected by the [15]*15rudimentary requirements of fair play. These demand “a fair and open hearing,” — essential alike to the legal validity of the administrative regulation and to the maintenance of public confidence in the value and soundness of this important governmental process. Such á hearing has been described’ as an “inexorable safeguard.” St. Joseph Stock Yards Co. v. United States, 298 U. S. 38, 73; Ohio Bell Telephone Co. v. Public Utilities Commission, 301 U. S. 292, 304, 305; Railroad Commission of California v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co., 302 U. S. 388, 393; Morgan v. United States, supra. And in equipping the Secretary of Agriculture with extraordinary powers under the Packers and Stockyards Act, the Congress explicitly recognized and emphasized this requirement by making his action depend upon a “full hearing.” § 310.1
In the record now before us the controlling facts stand out clearly. The original administrative proceeding was begun on April 7, 1930, when the Secretary of Agricu’ture issued an order of inquiry and notice of hearing with rfe[16]*16spect to the reasonableness of the charges of appellants for stockyards services at Kansas City. The taking of evidence before an examiner of the Department was begun on December 3, 1930, and continued until February 10, 1931. The Government and appellants were represented by counsel and voluminous testimony and exhibits were introduced. In March, 1931, oral argument was had before the Acting Secretary of Agriculture and appellants submitted a brief. On May 18, 1932, the Secretary issued his findings and an order prescribing maximum rates. In view of changed economic conditions, the Secretary vacated. that order and granted a rehearing. That was begun on -October 6, 1932, and the taking of evidence was concluded on November 16, 1932. The evidence received at the first hearing was re-submitted and this was supplemented by additional testimony, and exhibits. On March 24, 1933, oral argument was had before Rexford G. Tug-' well as Acting Secretary.
. It appears that there were about 10,000 pages of transcript of oral evidence and over 1,000 pages of statistical exhibits. 'The' oral argument was general and sketchy. Appellants submitted the brief which they had presented after the first administrative hearing and a supplemental brief dealing with the evidence introduced upon the rehearing. No brief-was at any time supplied by the Government. Apart from what was said on its behalf in the oral argument, the Government formulated no issues and furnished appellants no statement or summary of its contentions and no proposed findings. Appellants' request that the examiner prepare a tentative report, to be submitted as a basis for exceptions and argument,' was refused.
. Findings were prepared in the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, whose representatives had conducted the proceedings for the Government, and were submitted to the Secretary, who signed them, with a few [17]*17changes in the rates, when his order was made on June .14, 1933. These findings, 180 in number, were elaborate. They dealt with the practices and facilities at the Kansas City livestock market, the character of appellants’ business and services, their rates and the volume of their transactions, their gross revenues, their methods in getting and maintaining business, their joint activities, the economic changes since the year 1929, the principles which governed the determination of reasonable commission rates, the classification of cost items, the reasonable unit costs plus a reasonable amount of profits to be covered into reasonable commission rates, the reasonable amounts to be included for salesmanship, yarding salaries and expenses, office salaries and expenses, business getting and maintaining expenses, administrative and general expenses, insurance, interest on capital, and profits, together with summary and the establishment of the rate structure. Upon the basis of the reasonable costs as thus determined, the Secretary found that appellants’ schedules of rates were unreasonable and unjustly discriminatory and fixed the maximum schedules of the just and reasonable rates thereafter to be charged.
No opportunity was afforded to appellants for the examination of the findings thus prepared in the Bureau of Animal Industry until they were served with the order. Appellants sought a rehearing by the Secretary but their application was denied on July 6, 1933, and these suits followed.
The part taken by the Secretary himself in the departmental proceedings is shown by his full and candid testimony. The evidence had been received before he took office. He did not hear the oral argument. The bulky record was placed upon his desk and he dipped into it from time to time to get its drift. He decided that probably the essence of the evidence was contained in appellants’ briefs. These, together with the transcript of the. [18]*18oral argument, he took home with him and read. He had several conferences with the Solicitor of the Department and with the officials in the Bureau of Animal Industry and discussed the proposed findings. He testified that he considered the evidence before signing the order. The substance of his action is stated in his answer to the question whether the order represented his independent conclusion, as follows: .
“My answer to the question would be that that very definitely was my independent conclusion as based on the findings of the men in the Bureau of Animal Industry. I would say, I will try to put it as accurately as possible, that it represented my own independent reactions to the findings of the men in the Bureau of Animal Industry.”
Save for certain rate alterations, he “accepted the findings.”
In the light of this testimony there is no ocbasion to discuss the extent to which the Secretary examined the evidence, and we agree with the Government’s contention that it- was not the function of the court to probe the mental processes of the Secretary in reaching his conclusions if he gave the hearing which the law required. The Secretary read the summary presented by appellants’ briefs and he conferred with his subordinates who had sifted and analyzed the evidence. We assume that the Secretary sufficiently understood its purport. But a “full hearing”— a fair and open hearing — requires more than that. The right to a hearing embraces not only the right to present evidence but also a reasonable opportunity to know the claims of the opposing party and to meet them. The right to submit argument implies that opportunity; otherwise the right may be but a barren one. Those who are brought into contest with the Government in a quasi-judicial proceeding aimed at the control of their activities are entitled to be fairly advised of what the Government pro[19]*19poses and to be heard upon its proposals before.it issues its final command.
No such reasonable opportunity was accorded appellants. The administrative proceeding was initiated by a notice of inquiry into the reasonableness of appellants’ rates. No specific complaint was formulated and, in a proceeding thus begun by the Secretary on his own initiative, none was required. Thus, in the absence of any definite complaint, and in a sweeping investigation, thousands of pages of testimony were taken by the examiner and numerous complicated exhibits were introduced bearing upon all phases of the broad subject of the conduct of the market agencies. In the absence of any report by the examiner or any findings proposed by the Government, and thus without any concrete statement of the Government’s claims, the parties approached the oral argument.
Nor did the oral argument reveal these claims in any appropriate manner. The discussion by counsel for the Government was “very general,” as he said, in order not to take up “too much time.” It dealt with generalities both as to principles and procedure. Counsel for . appellants then discussed the evidence from his standpoint. The Government’s counsel closed briefly, with a few additional and general observations. The oral argument was of the sort which might serve as a preface to a discussion of definite points in a brief, but the Government did not submit a brief. And the appellants had no further information of the Government’s concrete claims until they were served with the Secretary’s order.
Congress, in requiring a “full hearing,” had regard to judicial standards, — not in any technical sense but with respect to those fundamental requirements of fairness which are of the essence of due process in a proceeding of a judicial nature. If in an equity cause, a special master [20]*20or the trial judge permitted the plaintiff’s-attorney to formulate the findings upon the evidence, conferred ex parte with the plaintiff’s attorney regarding them, and then adopted his proposals without affording an opportunity to his opponent to know their contents and present objections, there would be no hesitation in setting aside the report or decree as having been made without a fair hearing. The requirements of fairness are not exhausted in the taking or consideration of evidence but extend to the concluding parts of the procedure as well as to the beginning and intermediate steps.
The answer that the proceeding before the Secretary was not of an adversary character, as it was not upon complaint but was initiated as a general inquiry, is futile. It has regard to the mere form of the proceeding and ignores realities. In all substantial respects, the Government. acting through the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department was prosecuting the proceeding against the owners of the market agencies. The proceeding had all the essential elements of contested litigation, with the Government and its counsel on the one side and the appellants and their counsel on the other. It is idle, to say that this was not a proceeding in reality against the appellants when the very existence of their agencies was put in jeopardy. Upon the rates for their services' the owners depended for their livelihood, and thé 'proceeding attacked them at a vital spot. This is well shown by the fact that, on thé merits, appellants are here contending that under the Secretary’s order many of these agencies, although not found to be inefficient or wasteful, .will be left with deficits instead of reasonable compensation for their services and will be compelled to go out of business. And to this the Government responds that if as a result of the prescribed rates some ageneies may be unable to [21]*21continue, because through existing competition there are too many, that fact will not invalidate the order. While we are not now dealing with the merits, the breadth of the Secretary’s discretion under our rulings applicable to such a proceeding (Tagg Bros. & Moorhead v. United States, 280 U. S. 420; Acker v. United States, 298 U. S. 426) places in a strong light the necessity of maintaining the essentials of a full and fair hearing, with the right of the appellants to have a reasonable opportunity to know the claims advanced against them as shown by the findings proposed by the Bureau of Animal Industry.
Equally unavailing is the contention that the former Secretary of Agriculture had made an order in May, 1932, containing findings of fact and fixing a schedule of rates, of which appellants were apprised. Because of changes in economic conditions, the Secretary himself had set aside’ that order and directed a rehearing. This necessarily involved, as the Secretary found, a consideration “of changes both general and particular” which had “occurred since the year 1929” and brought up all the questions pertinent to the new situation to which the additional evidence upon the rehearing was directed. ■ The former findings and order were no longer in effect and it is with the conduct of the later proceeding that we are concerned.
The Government adverts to an observaron in our former opinion- that, while it was good practice — which we approved — to have the examiner, receiving the evidence in such a case, prepare a report as a basis for exceptions and argument, we could not say that that participar type of procedure was essential to the validity of the proceeding. That is true, for, as we said, what the statute requires “relates to substance and not form.” Conceivably, the Secretary, in a case the narrow limits of which made such a procedure practicable, might himself hear [22]*22the evidence and the contentions of both parties and make his findings upon the spot. Again, the evidence being in, the Secretary might receive the proposed findings of both parties, each being notified of the proposals of the other, hear argument thereon and make his own findings. But what would not be essential tó the adequacy of the hearing if the Secretary himself makes the findings is not a' criterion for a case in which the Secretary accepts and makes as his own the findings which have been prepared by the active prosecutors for the Government, after an ex parte discussion with them and without according any reasonable opportunity to the respondents in the proceeding to know the clairús thus presented and to contest them. That is more than an-irregularity in-practice; it is a vital defect.
The maintenance of proper standards on the part of administrative agencies in the performance of their quasi-judicial functions is of the highest importance and in no way cripples or embarrasses the exercise of their appropriate authority. On the contrary, it is in their manifest interest. For, as we said at the outset, if these multiplying agencies deemed to be necessary in our complex .society are to serve the purposes for which they are created and endowed with vast powers, they must accredit themselves by acting in accordance with the cherished judicial tradition embodying the basic concepts of fair play.
As the hearing was fatally defective, the order of the Secretary was invalid. In this view, we express no opinion upon the merits. The decree of the District Court is
Reversed.
Mr. Justice Black dissents.
Mr. Justice Cardozo and Mr. Justice Reed took no part in the consideration and decision of this case.