Irvine, C.
The information in this case, omitting formal parts, allegations of time, and venue, and other averments not material to the questions presented for review, was as •follows: “That Eugene Moore, * * * then and there being an officer, to-wit, auditor of public accounts of the state of Nebraska, and as such officer being charged with the collection, receipt, safe-keeping, transfer, and disbursement of the public money and a certain part thereof belonging to the state of Nebraska, and the property of the state of Nebraska, then and there unlawfully and feloniously did fraudulently convert to his own use, and embezzle of said public money the sum of twenty-three thousand, turn hundred eight dollars and five cents in money, * * the property of the state of Nebraska, which said money had then and there come into the custody and possession of said Eugene Moore by virtue of ■ his office as auditor of public accounts as fees from insurance companies then and there doing business in the state of Nebraska, for services to be performed by the said Eugene Moore as said auditor of public accounts in filing by the said Eugene Moore as said auditor the annual statements of said insurance companies and in issuing certificates of authority by the said Eugene Moore as [835] said auditor to the agents of said insurance companies,” etc. The remaining averments are chiefly in the way of particularizing the services for which the money alleged to have been converted was received. To this information the defendant pleaded guilty, and then moved in arrest of judgment on the ground that the information charged no crime. The motion was overruled and the defendant sentenced to imprisonment for eight years and to pay a fine of twice the amount alleged to have been embezzled.
A suggestion made in the argument, and reflected in several places in the state’s brief, is that the plea admitted the moral guilt of the defendant, and, to quote the last sentence of the brief, “having pleaded guilty to all the charges of the information, this court may well hesitate before reversing his plea, and say he is not guilty after he has said he is guilty.” Surely the attorney general cannot mean to contend that because the defendant has by his plea admitted the facts charged and therefore a moral delinquency, he should be punished even if the law does not denounce those facts as a criminal offense. The question before us is not one of moral delinquency, but simply whether the facts charged in the information constitute a crime under the laws of this state. Defendant stands in no worse position in this respect than he would on a demurrer to the information, which would, for the purposes of the proceeding, involve the same admission.
While there are several different sections of the Criminal Code relating to embezzlement by different classes of persons, it is conceded that the information in this case was drawn with a vieAV to section 124, and that it does not charge an offense against any other section. Section 124, so far as it is material, is as follows: “If any officer or other person charged Avith the collection, receipt, safe-keeping, transfer, or disbursement of the public money, or any part thereof, belonging to the state, or to any county or precinct, organized city or village, or [836] school district in this state, shall convert to his own use, or to the use of any other person or persons, body-corporate, association, or party whatever, in any way whatever, * * * any portion of the public money, or any other funds, property, bonds, securities, assets, or effects of any kind, received, controlled, or held by him for safekeeping, transfer, or disbursement, or in any other way or manner, or for any other purpose, * * * every such act shall be deemed and held in law to be fin embezzlement,” etc. It will be observed that this section refers only to the embezzlement of public money or property, and that it applies only to a particular class of persons — those charged with the collection, receipt, safekeeping, transfer, or disbursement of the public money or a part thereof. It goes almost without saying that no person is subject to the penalties of the statute unless he falls within the description of the class of persons to whom the statute is applicable. The description of the person against whom the penalty is denounced is to that extent descriptive of the offense. The allegation that the defendant was as auditor charged with the collection, receipt, safe-keeping, transfer, and disbursement of the public money is not an allegation of fact, admitted by the plea of guilty, but it is an allegation of law, and open to examination as such. We therefore address ourselves to the examination of that question. Unless the auditor, as such officer, was charged in one of the manners specified, the information fails to state an offense by failing to show that the defendant was within the class to which the statute applies.
In 1873 there was passed an act relating to insurance companies, section 32 of which was as follows: “There shall be paid by every company, association, person or persons, agent- or agents, to whom this act shall apply, the following fees: For filing and ■ examination of the first application of any company, and issuing of the certificate of license thereon, fifty dollars, Avhich shall go to the auditor; for filing each annual statement herein re[837] quired, twenty dollars; for each certificate of authority, two dollars; for each copy of paper'filed as herein provided, the sum of ten cents per folio, and fifty cents for certifying the same and affixing the seal of office thereto; all of which fees shall he paid to the officer required to perform the duties.” (Compiled Statutes, ch. 43, sec. 32.) It is under this section that the moneys alleged to have been embezzled were paid. In 1875 the present constitution of the state went into effect, and .article 5, section 24 .thereof, after fixing the salaries of the executive officers, proceeds as follows: “After the adoption of this constitution they shall not receive to their own use any fees, costs, interest upon public moneys in their hands, or under their control, perquisites of office or other compensation, and all fees that may hereafter be payable by law for services performed by an officer, provided for in this article of the constitution, shall be paid in advance into the state treasury-.” In our opinion this provision of -the constitution so far modified the statute quoted as to require all fees for services rendered by the executive officers created by article 5 of the constitution, including, of course, fees payable by insurance companies under the statute, to be paid in advance into the treasury by the person or company by whom such fees are payable, and to prohibit the receipt thereof by the officer performing the service. It is argued that the effect of the constitution was simply to require the officer performing the services to pay the fees into the treasury, and that the statute is in necessary conflict with the constitution only in so far as it gave the fees- to the officer to his own use. In this connection attention is called to section 21 of the same article of the constitution, which provides: “An account shall be kept by the officers of the executive department and of all the public institutions of the state of all moneys received or disbursed by them severally from all sources, and for every service performed, and a semiannual report shall be made to the governor, under oath.” It is said that this section plainly contemplates [838] the receipt by the executive officers of fees for services to be performed. The executive officers may be, and have been at times, entrusted with money by virtue of legislative appropriations, and as to them section 21 requires an account and report of such moneys. But it is said the section refers specially to fees for services performed. True, but it applies not only to the executive officers provided by the article of the constitution we are considering, but applies also to officers of all public institutions of the state, whereas section 24 is limited to the executive officers named in the first section of the article. It is only they who are prohibited from receiving fees for services performed. The legislature may in its wisdom permit officers of other state institutions to receive fees. Until 1881, the university had its own treasurer who received matriculation and other fees. Now we have a bureau charged with the inspection of oil and gasoline, and the inspectors in that bureau receive the fees fixed for the services performed by them. The provision in section 21 with reference to fees manifestly refers to fees received by those officers within the scope of section 21, and nbt within the prohibition of section 24. In no other way can the two sections be so construed as to give force •to every part of each and create no conflict. Two former decisions of this court, State v. Leidtke, 12 Neb. 171, and State v. Wallichs, 10 Neb. 110, have some relevancy to this question, but they require more extended notice at another period of this discussion, and their effect will be considered later. Under the old constitution salaries were fixed, for the various executive officers which seem parsimonious and ridiculously small even when compared with the present salaries of such officers. There was, however, no inhibition against an allowance of fees by way of further compensation, and the legislature, in imposing new duties, in several instances provided for the payment of fees to the officer as compensation for their performance. It is needless to say that this system opened the door for abuses, and section 24 of article 5 [839] of the present constitution, having in view the vices of the old system, sought to correct it by giving to the state all such fees. This object was accomplished by the first language quoted from section 24; and if that had been the only object in view, section 24 would certainly have ended with the prohibition against the officers described receiving fees to their own use. But it was evidently thought that a better system, and one more consonant with the supervision and safety of public funds, could be established by prohibiting the executive officers, other than the treasurer, from receiving any fees at all. It was therefore provided that all fees for services by them performed should be paid in advance into the treasury. This could conveniently be required in the case of the executive offices, because they are all maintained at the seat of government, where the treasury is located. Thus no executive officer except the treasurer was charged in any manner with the collection of fees, and their payment into the treasury was secured by requiring that such payment should be made in advance of performing the services. In only one of two ways can the construction contended for by the state be supported. One of those demands that we should neglect altogether the requirement that the fees shall be paid in advance; the other is to assume that it was the intention of the constitution to require an executive officer, when a service is demanded of him, to exact payment of the fee, then act the role of a messenger by carrying the money to the treasurer, then return to his own office and perform the service. The former construction would violate the letter of the constitution; the latter is too absurd to be entitled to serious consideration. The rule is invoked that before the court will hold a statute unconstitutional, a construction will be given it in harmony with the constitution, although that construction be not the most natural or obvious one. But this is not a question of the constitutionality of a statute. The statute was enacted before the present constitution took effect and was- in [840] every respect valid when passed. The schedule of the new constitution provides (article 16, section 1) that in order “that no inconvenience may arise from the revisions and changes made in the constitution of this state, and to carry the same into effect, it is hereby ordained and declared that all laws in force at the time of the adoption of this constitution, not inconsistent therewith, * * * shall continue,” etc. Even if such a result would not follow in the absence of that provision, it' is clear that its effect was to abrogate all existing laws in so far as they were inconsistent with the constitution. We are asked, in effect, not to give a strained construction to a statute in order to render it in harmony with the constitution,' but to give a strained construction to the constitution in order to prevent its working a repeal or amendment of an antecedent statute which happened to be in conflict with the letter and policy of the constitution itself. The question is merely . one of an implied amendment of a statute, and the purpose of the inquiry is simply to ascertain the intention of the constitution. We have no hesitation in holding that the intention is clearly evidenced of prohibiting the executive officers from receiving the fees payable for their official acts, and to require the persons paying such fees to pay them into the treasury.
The state asserts that if that be the effect of the constitution, the defendant was nevertheless charged with the safe-keeping and transfer of these fees, he having in fact received them. It is said that the embezzlement statute, does not require that the person charged should be charged with the duty by statute, but that he may be charged in any one of four Avays — by the constitution, by decisions of this court on equitable grounds, by the common law, and by statute. It will be seen that this is only another method of saying that he must in some way be charged by law. Let us assume the correctness of this analysis and see to what result it leads; for convenience, however, not proceeding exactly in the order indi-. [841] cated. The defendant, we have seen, was not charged by the constitution with the safe-keeping or the transfer of the money, but Avas forbidden thereby even to receive it. He Avas not charged by statute. The statute originally gave him the money to his OAvn use, and the constitution, Avlien it deprived him of the right to so hold it, also took away the right to receive it. After the constitution took effect that part of the statute was as if it had not existed, and neither its retention by the compilers in the compilations of statutes, nor the fact that the auditor undertook to act under it, gave it renewed vitality. We do not understand just Avhat counsel mean by saying that an officer Avliose office and duties are alike created and limited by statute can be charged with the receipt, safe-keeping, or transfer of money by the common law; but assuming that thereby is meant that common-law principles Avill be applied in ascertaining and enforcing those duties, that subdivision becomes a part of the second, whereby it is claimed that he may be charged by decisions of the supreme court grounded on equitable considerations. The supreme court by its decisions ere-, ates no duties; it merely enforces existing duties, and by the two heads of argument adverted to it must be meant that a duty may arise from a consideration of the established principles of law and equity. So treated the argument under this head may be analyzed into two propositions: First, that the defendant haAdng, although unlaAvfully, received the money, it did not thereby become his, but belonged thenceforth to the state, and that it was his duty to pay it to the treasurer; secondly, that he is estopped by the receipt of the money to deny the lawfulness of his act or the validity of the statute where-under he acted.
The first proposition receives, at first impression, support from the cases of State v. Leidtke and State v. Wallichs, already referred to. Both were original applications for Avrits of mandamus, addressed to this court, both were submitted without briefs, and both serve to [842] illustrate the dangers attendant upon a hasty examination of questions presented in origiual cases not properly prepared by counsel and decided without the benefit of full discussion. State v. Leidtke was an application by the attorney general for a writ of mandamus to compel the auditor to pay into the treasury certain fees designated as “office fees,” and certain fees received as were the fees in this case, together with other fees paid by life insurance companies for preparing and publishing statements. The only defense alleged in the return was that the office fees had been paid into the treasury and that the fees received from insurance companies were paid for services performed as agent for the companies and not by virtue of his duties as auditor. No suggestion was made that if the services were a part of his official duties he was entitled to retain the fees, nor was it suggested that if the fees belonged to the state mandamus was not the proper remedy, because he was not enjoined as such officer with the duty of transferring them to the treasury. On this record the court stated that the only question involved was whether the insurance fees belonged to the state or to the auditor. The court then proceeded to give the constitution the same construction which we have given it, but to decide that the auditor having received the fees he held them in trust for the state and not to his own use. With this conclusion we are satisfied, with the reservation that the state is not bound to so treat them; but it does not follow that because an officer •or a private individual owes the state money or holds money in trust for the state that he is therefore charged with its receipt, safe-keeping, transfer, or disbursement. It is not to the ordinary legal obligations flowing from express or implied contracts and the duty of fulfilling them that either the law'relating to mandamus or the statute with regard to embezzlement of public funds applies; and the court did not in the 'case referred' to otherwise decide. Whether the actual question which should have been decided was the public character of the serv[843] ices, as tli'e record shows, or the ownership of the money, as the opinion states, the question was correctly decided; and the court was not asked to consider, and did not consider, whether the payment of the money was a duty enjoined by law upon the respondent as auditor, and one appropriate to be enforced by mandamus. We cannot give any force to the case as an implied decision of that point when the record shows that it was not in fact considered. State v. Wallichs, supra, was an application by the commissioners of Gage county to require the auditor to register certain refunding bonds issued by that county. The auditor based his refusal on the fact that he had demanded fees and that payment had been refused. As already said, there are no briefs in the case, but an inspection of the opinion discloses that the county contended it had the right to have the bonds registered free of expense. A statute passed prior to the adoption of the constitution provided that “the auditor shall be entitled to a fee * * * for each bond so registered, to be paid by the holder thereof.” (Session Laws 1875, p. 170, sec. 3.) The court said that this statute had not been repealed, but, citing State v. Leidtke, that such fees are not for the use of the auditor, but it is nevertheless' his duty to collect them. If State v. Leidtke was to be followed as holding that they must be turned in by the auditor to the treasury — a question not involved in the Wallichs Case — the court should not have overlooked the other statement in the Leidtke Case that the fees should be paid into the treasury in advance, the treasurer giving proper vouchers therefor. Here again the only question really decided was that the fees must be paid; that the county was for that purpose to be deemed the holder of the bonds. No fees had been tendered either auditor or treasurer; so that whether they should be paid to the treasurer or auditor the writ had in either case to be denied, and the remark of the court as to the duty of the auditor to collect them was purely obiter. We must decline to accept either case as authority for the propo[844] sition that this court has established a law imposing on the auditor a duty in conflict with the constitution.
That where an officer receives money which he is not by law authorized to receive, such money is not received by him in his official capacity, and that any duty which he may owe of paying the money is only that which rests upon any debtor or bailee, is established by many cases.
San Luis Obispo County v. Farnum, 108 Cal. 562, was an action on the bond of a county auditor to whom a tax collector had paid money which should have gone to the treasurer. The court said: “That the money in question, having been collected by the tax collector for licenses, belonged to the county is not questioned; but that it came to the hands of the defendant Farnum as auditor is a conclusion of law 'wholly unsupported by the facts found. * * Having received the money, it was Farnum’s duty to pay it over to the treasurer; but such duty did not arise out of his office, nor was it at all different from the duty which would have rested upon him to pay it over had he been a plain citizen not holding any county office.” (See also People v. Pennock, 60 N. Y. 421; Orton v. City of Lincoln, 41 N. E. Rep. [Ill.] 159; Lowe v. City of Guthrie, 44 Pac. Rep. [Okla.] 198; Warswick v. State, 35 S. W. Rep. [Tex.] 386; State v. Johnson, 49 Ia. 141; People v. Cobb, 51 Pac. Rep. [Colo.] 523; People v. Hilton, 36 Fed. Rep. 172; Rex v. Thorley, Moody C. C. [Eng.] 343; State v. Moeller, 48 Mo. 331; Rex v. Hawlin, 7 C. & P. [Eng.] 281.)
A case very similar arose in Kansas, the question there being whether a certificate issued to an insurance company was valid where the auditor had made a draft for the money, then issued the certificate, and, after the proceeds of the draft were received, paid the money into the treasury. The court held that the Certificate was.void, saying: “The much more serious error is found in the declaration that the auditor acted as the agent of the state in drawing the draft, or in receiving the money when it was paid. The limits of an officer’s authority are [845] found in tlie law. i:' * '* If the corporation chose to pay this through the auditor, then for that purpose the auditor was the agent of the corporation and not of the state.” (Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. State, 9 Kan. 210.) It is asserted that a distinction exists between that case and the present, in that the law of Kansas made the payment of the money into the treasury a condition precedent to the performing of the services. The language of the statute there was: “Before the auditor shall issue any certificate of authority * * * there shall be paid into the state treasury by the corporation,” etc. Our constitution says that the fees shall be paid into the treasury in advance. We can see no difference. To pay in advance means precisely the same as to pay before the services are rendered. We are not unmindful that the Kansas court, in State v. Spaulding, 24 Kan. 1, sustained a conviction of embezzlement where a city clerk by custom had received certain license moneys which should properly, under an ordinance, have been paid to another officer. While there is some language in the opinion indicating that the court deemed a principle of estoppel applicable, the conviction was sustained under a count charging the receipt of the money by the defendant as an agent of the .city and not as clerk, the court holding that while its receipt was no part of his official duties, there was nothing to prevent the city by custom from appointing an agent for that purpose, and' that he was to be deemed such agent. The court cited State v. Heath, 8 Mo. App. 99, which was afterwards reversed by the supreme court (70 Mo. 565), and where the conviction was in a like case sustained on the ground of agency, but not on the ground of official station or duty, there being counts charging the offense in each manner.
The statute of Ohio was precisely like ours with reference to embezzlement of public funds, and the supreme court of that state held that it did not extend to a county auditor because he was not as such charged with the collection and receipt of money. (State v. Newton, 26 O. St. [846]*846265.) In a later case, but after some amendments of the statute not material to the present inquiry, it was held that a deputy treasurer was not within its provisions. (State v. Meyers, 47 N. E. Rep. [O.] 138.) These cases are precisely in point. The distinction urged by the state, that in Ohio there was no law, valid or invalid, authorizing the officer to receive the money, does not exist, but in effect concedes away the conviction, here, because after a law has been repealed it no longer exists so as to impose future duties or confer future rights. State v. Bolin, 19 S. W. Rep. [Mo.] 650, is another case in point.
Nor do we think that there is any principle of estoppel whereby the defendant is forbidden to deny that he is within the class against which the penalties of the statute are denounced. For the purposes of this case we need hot inquire whether the same rules apply as to e'stoppel in civil and in criminal cases, or whether a man may ever be estopped to plead the law. The cases cited as applying estoppels are for the most part cases where an officer charged by law with the • duty of collecting taxes has actually collected them and then refused to turn them over because illegally levied. There the general duty of collecting the money Avas imposed by law on the officer. The money was paid. The legality of the tax was a question solely between the public and the taxpayer, and the latter having voluntarily paid the tax, it Avas no affair of the collector whether he might have resisted the payment or not. The matter was not one of an estoppel. The issue was merely immaterial. No one could defend a charge of embezzlement as the agent of an individual, on the ground that a third person had paid money Avhich he did not owe and could not have been compelled to pay; but there is a multitude of cases holding that he may defend if he had no authority to receive payment at all. Akin to these cases are those where a foreign corporation is prohibited from doing business except on compliance with certain requirements, and an agent embezzles its funds, and alleges in defense that the princi[847] pal liad no right to make the contracts leading to the collection of the money. This is really a case of an immaterial issue, or if it be one of estoppel, it is an estoppel to deny the facts giving the principal a right to do business. Where a criminal statute applies only to persons of a certain class, the doing of the acts which the statute forbids does not estop the defendant from denying that he belongs to the class which is alone subjected to the penalties. Yet that is at the last analysis the argument of the state on this branch. A statute of this state makes it rape for a male person of the age of eighteen or up wards, to carnally know a female child under the age of eighteen. Should it appear that a man had so carnally known a female child, he would not by that fact be estopped from asserting that he was himself under the age of eighteen. The description of the persons in such statutes is a substantive element of the crime, and devolves upon the state to prove that the defendant is within the class punishable. In State v. Meyers, supra, the court, speaking of a statute essentially like this, said that a statute defining a crime cannot be extended by construction to persons or things not within its descriptive terms, although they appear to be within the spirit and reason of the statute. In State v. Lovell, 23 Ia. 304, Judge Dillon, after confessing that the criminal jurisprudence of this country is blemished with over-technical niceties, said: “But the faults of the common-law tribunals in this regard are more than redeemed by their stern determination not to admit or create constructive crimes. This is among their noblest monuments.” And Chief Justice Marshall said in United States v. Wiltberger, 5 Wheat. 76, “To determine a case is within the intention of a statute, its language must authorize us to say so. It would be dangerous, indeed, to carry the principle, that a case which is within the reason or mischief of a statute is within its provisions, so far as to punish a crime not enumerated in the statute, because it is of equal atrocity, or of a kindred character, with those Avhich are enu[848] merated. If this principle has ever been recognized in expounding criminal law, it has been in cases of considerable irritation, which it would be unsafe to consider as precedents forming a general rule for other cases.” The remark about “cases of considerable irritation” is aptly characteristic, we think, of the few cases called to our attention invoking principles of estoppel to prevent a man’s defending on the ground that there is no law to convict him. It is precisely those cases of “considerable irritation” in which the courts should be particularly careful that the bulwarks of liberty are not overthrown, in order to reach an offender who is, but who perhaps ought not to be, sheltered behind them. The principle announced in the last cases cited is incorporated into the Criminal Code in order that the courts may not possibly depart from it. Section 251 provides that “no person shall be punished for an offense which is not made |>enal by the plain import of the words, upon pretense that he has offended against its spirit.” To hold' that the auditor is a person charged with the collection, receipt, safekeeping, transfer, or disbursement of the public money, when the law expressly forbids him to receive it or handle it, would certainly go beyond the plain import of the words of the statute, and create a crime by construction in the plainest violation of the law.
Reversed and dismissed.