[Cite as Manion v. Interbrand Design Forum, L.L.C., 2015-Ohio-348.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
MELISSA ANN MANION : : Appellate Case No. 26185 Plaintiff-Appellant : : Trial Court Case No. 2013-CV-4489 v. : : (Civil appeal from INTERBRAND DESIGN FORUM, LLC : Common Pleas Court) :(C Defendant-Appellee : :
........... OPINION Rendered on the 30th day of January, 2015. ...........
RANDOLPH H. FREKING, Atty. Reg. No. 0009158, and JON B. ALLISON, Atty. Reg. #0073955, Freking & Betz, LLC, 525 Vine Street, Sixth Floor, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202; and JEFFREY M. SILVERSTEIN, Atty. Reg. No. 0016948, Freking & Betz, LLC, One Elizabeth Place, Suite 220, Dayton, Ohio 45417 Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellant
LOWELL T. WOODS, JR., Atty. Reg. #0068768, Taft Stettinius & Hollister LLP, 40 North Main Street, Suite 1700, Dayton, Ohio 45423 Attorneys for Defendant-Appellee
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HALL, J.
{¶ 1} Melissa (Missy) Manion appeals from the entry of summary judgment for her
former employer Interbrand Design Forum, LLC on her claims of age and gender
discrimination. There is no evidence that Design Forum discharged Manion because of her age
or gender. We therefore affirm.
I. FACTS
{¶ 2} Design Forum was founded in 1978 by Lee Carpenter as “a retail design and
strategy consulting firm.” (Carpenter Dep. 11). Carpenter sold the company to Interbrand in
2002, and the company changed its name to Interbrand Design Forum. Carpenter became
Chairman and CEO of Interbrand North America in 2006 and stopped being involved in the
day-to-day operations of Design Forum. He chose Bruce Dybvad, who was managing
Interbrand’s Cincinnati office, to run the Dayton office too. In 2012, Dybvad promoted Justin
Wartell, who was then Design Forum’s executive director of strategy and analytics, to
managing director of Design Forum. Dybvad remained CEO of both the Dayton and
Cincinnati offices and the one to whom Wartell reported.
{¶ 3} Wartell had a “different management style and plan” than Carpenter. (Dybvad
Aff. ¶ 8). Carpenter was “very financially oriented, very driven by the numbers,” (Storm Dep.
16), and under him, the culture at the company was “work, work, work, work, work, regardless of
your personal life,” (Oakley Dep. 18). But Wartell wanted a “people first” approach to achieve
not only financial growth but also, as he put it, “growth and development of our people, the
growth of our culture, the growth of our client base from both a quality and diversity standpoint, 3
[and] the growth of our reputation in the marketplace,” (Wartell Dep. 59-60). Wartell believed
that his approach required a “mentality shift” away from Design Forum’s traditional focus on the
“financials as a be all and end all.” (Id. at 60-61). To that end, Wartell asked all management
members “to evaluate their teams, make changes to their approach, and evolve with a new
model.” (Dybvad Aff. ¶ 8). Wartell also pushed Design Forum’s executive leadership team to
“establish a more open, collaborative, transparent dialogue among [the] leadership.” (Wartell
Dep. 27). Wartell recognized that the entrenched views and existing culture could not be changed
overnight, but he expected “the behavior of [the] leaders to start to map to a more positive
cultural environment overnight.” (Id. at 92).
{¶ 4} Manion began working as an account manager for Design Forum in 1993 and by
2012 had worked her way up to Senior Vice President and Director of Account Management and
was a member of the executive leadership team. She had historically received good performance
evaluations. Carpenter believed that she was “very important” in the company’s growth,
(Carpenter Dep. 15), and made “significant” contributions, (Id. at 16). But Dybvad’s 2011
performance evaluation of Manion shows that her interactions with her account team members
needed improvement. In the comments section, Dybvad wrote, “My comment is to warm up a bit
and not be so mechanical with your team. Try to digest things positively before reacting with
others.” (Manion Dep. 92). Another comment says that, “though Missy has a strong focus on
Interbrand standards and goals of the company as well as handles herself in a very professional
manner, she can often come across as a negative person.” (Id. at 93). This issue had come up
before, but Manion’s thought was that “it’s just the serious nature of [her] personality.” (Id.). One
last evaluation comment from Dybvad: “I would encourage Missy to focus more attention on how 4
to grow and nurture her team both personally and professionally, take time to get to know them
and what makes them passionate.” (Id.).
{¶ 5} Design Forum employees also received performance appraisals from their fellow
employees. In 2011, Diane Borton, also a member of the executive leadership team, and Tiffany
Bruening, a member of Manion’s team, each wrote an appraisal of Manion. These appraisals are
attached to an affidavit supporting Design Forum’s summary judgment motion, and the affidavit
states that the appraisals are “true and accurate copies,” (Storm Aff. ¶ 8). They are properly
considered here despite not being specifically mentioned in Civ.R. 56(C). Documents not
specifically authorized by the rule “ ‘may be introduced as evidentiary material * * * through
incorporation by reference in a properly framed affidavit.’ ” U.S. Bank Natl. Assn. v. Higgins, 2d
Dist. Montgomery No. 24963, 2012-Ohio-4086, ¶ 13, quoting Mitchell v. Internatl. Flavors &
Fragrances, Inc., 179 Ohio App.3d 365, 2008-Ohio-3697, 902 N.E.2d 37, ¶ 17 (1st Dist.). Civ.R.
56(E) provides that “[s]worn or certified copies of all papers or parts of papers referred to in an
affidavit shall be attached to or served with the affidavit.” This requirement “is satisfied by
attaching the papers to the affidavit, coupled with a statement therein that such copies are true
copies and reproductions.” Fed. Home Loan Mtge. Corp. v. Schwartzwald,194 Ohio App.3d
644, 2011-Ohio-2681, 957 N.E.2d 790, ¶ 30 (2d Dist.), rev’d on other grounds, 134 Ohio St.3d
13, 2012-Ohio-5017, 979 N.E.2d 1214. Both appraisals note Manion’s narrow financial focus
and her failure to develop positive relationships with others. Borton wrote that Manion’s “focus
can be very limited to financials (though important) without broadening her view to understand
how the decisions can affect the broader group and their productivity.” (Storm Affidavit, ¶ 8,
Exhibit 1). Borton also wrote that Manion “can improve on her internal relationships by having 5
more candid discussions with employees that don’t always focus on tasks and financials[:]”
I don’t feel she truly has an understanding of her team members from the
perspective of their personal and professional development. She lacks mentoring
skills as a leader and does not view training as a priority. Missy tends not to listen
to others with the intent to understand, but instead listens with the intent to reply,
which leaves the impression that she is disregarding what is being said.
(Id.). Bruening wrote in her appraisal that “as a manager [Manion] needs to be passionate about
the work beyond just the numbers and demonstrate her enthusiasm to her team. Missy lacks the
ability to nurture and develop individuals. Her criticism is sharp and she lacks the ability to
balance out the negative with positive reinforcement. Because of this imbalance, her direct
reports question their own ability to perform their job.” (Id.). Bruening also wrote that Manion
“does not build relationships with her team. * * * I would encourage Missy to take a more vested
interest in the individuals on her team and get to know them. * * * Missy does not take an interest
in her team beyond their ability to forecast their business.” (Id.).
{¶ 6} Even before Wartell was promoted, he was not Manion’s favorite person–an
“arrogant” “asshole” was her comment to one employee. (Oakley Dep. 31). “There was a
discernible strain between them,” Dybvad avers, and Manion had “expressed concern about him.”
(Dybvad Aff. ¶ 9). Manion and Wartell “had different perspectives and conflicting management
styles,” (id. at ¶ 10), “fundamentally different styles and mindsets,” (Millard Aff. ¶ 17), “a
fundamental difference of personalities and styles,” (Parrett Aff. ¶ 18). Manion saw that “change
was his motto,” (Manion Dep. 148): “[I]t was all about change. * * * [I]t was a message that he
was trying to communicate to the broader organization that things are changing, you are more 6
important to me, people are number one, and it was a focus. It was definitely a tremendous focus
on his part.” (Id. at 149).
{¶ 7} Wartell saw Manion as untrusting, insular, and too focused on the company’s
financial performance. He believed that Manion did not trust other leaders: “She didn’t empower
them to lead and be successful. * * * I would also say that the relentless focus on financial
performance at all costs created situations where if others weren’t oriented to that mentality as
well, that she did not believe they were trusted or trustworthy.” (Wartell Dep. 59). And in part
because of this, she was reluctant to collaborate or work with others. Wartell believed that
Manion needed to change her focus:
[O]ne of the things that Missy and I talked about long before the
performance plan, and even before my assumption of the managing director role,
was the relentlessness with which she focused on financially focused issues.
***
It was the predominant element of her team meetings. It was the topic that
came up most frequently when talking to her team; and it came always at the
expense of a level of empathy, personal development, support for her direct
reports.
(Id. at 93). It was Wartell’s view that Manion needed to “deprioritiz[e] financials in order to
amplify other characteristics that we know would lead to long-term financial success.” (Id.).
{¶ 8} But Manion was unable or unwilling to adopt the new model. One of her team
members recalled that when Design Forum was sold to Interbrand, Manion “struggled to make 7
the transition into the ‘Interbrand model’” of servicing clients. (Millard Aff. ¶ 11). Another of her
team members believed that “Missy Manion was beginning/early Design Forum-not future
Interbrand Design Forum. Missy Manion lacked vision for the future. She did not want to work
with clients any differently than she used to under the antiquated Design Forum model.” (Parrett
Aff. ¶ 8).
{¶ 9} In November 2012, Wartell asked Manion to complete a performance plan and to
come up with a detailed approach to make the necessary changes in her leadership of, and
performance with, her team. Manion viewed this request as disciplinary in nature. While she gave
Wartell two separate plans, he found them both lacking. Several weeks after asking Manion to
come up with a plan for change, Wartell spoke with members of her team, and they told him that
there had been “no meaningful difference” in Manion’s leadership. (Wartell Dep. 139).
{¶ 10} Based on this feedback from her team members, and his own dissatisfaction with
her repeated failure to embrace his vision and direction, Wartell told Manion, in early January
2013, that she was being let go. Six months later, Manion filed suit against Design Forum,
claiming age and gender discrimination. On Design Forum’s motion, the trial court entered
summary judgment on both claims.
{¶ 11} Manion appealed.
II. ANALYSIS
{¶ 12} Chapter 4112 of the Ohio Revised Code prohibits age and sex discrimination in
employment. See R.C. 4112.14(A) (age discrimination) and R.C. 4112.02(A) (sex
discrimination). The burden and proof framework that applies to federal Title VII employment
discrimination cases, set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 8
1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973), also applies to Chapter 4112 discrimination cases. See Mauzy v.
Kelly Services, Inc., 75 Ohio St.3d 578, 582, 664 N.E.2d 1272 (1996). First, the plaintiff must
prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, a prima facie case of discrimination. Second, if the
plaintiff does so, the burden shifts to the defendant “to articulate some legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason for the employee’s rejection.” McDonnell Douglas at 802. And third, if
the defendant satisfies its burden, the plaintiff must then prove, by a preponderance of the
evidence, that the defendant’s reason was merely “a pretext for discrimination.” Texas Dept. of
Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252-253, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981),
citing McDonnell Douglas at 804. Still, “[t]he ultimate burden of persuading the trier of fact that
the defendant intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff remains at all times with the
plaintiff.” Id. at 253.
{¶ 13} “In a case decided on summary judgment, we must determine whether an issue of
material fact remains to be litigated, whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law, and whether when viewing the evidence most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party,
reasonable minds can only reach a conclusion that is adverse to the nonmoving party.” (Citations
omitted.) Snyder v. Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources, 140 Ohio St.3d 322, 2014-Ohio-3942, 18
N.E.3d 416, ¶ 20; see also Civ.R. 56(C). The first assignment of error challenges the entry of
summary judgment on Manion’s age discrimination claim. The trial court concluded that Manion
failed to present any evidence to show that Design Forum’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons
for discharging her–that she was resistant to the direction that Wartell was taking the company
and that she was not meeting his expectations for the development and leadership of her
team–were pretext for age discrimination. To show pretext, “the plaintiff must produce sufficient 9
evidence from which the trier of fact could reasonably reject the employer’s explanation and infer
that the employer intentionally discriminated against him.” (Citation omitted.) Knepper v. Ohio
State Univ., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 10AP-1155, 2011-Ohio-6054, ¶ 12; see also St. Mary’s
Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515, 113 S.Ct. 2742, 2752, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993). “Mere
conjecture that the employer’s stated reason is a pretext for intentional discrimination is an
insufficient basis for the denial of a summary judgment motion made by the employer.” Surry v.
Cuyahoga Community College, 149 Ohio App.3d 528, 2002-Ohio-5356, 778 N.E.2d 91, ¶ 24
(8th Dist.). Rather, “[t]o meet his or her burden in response to such a summary judgment motion,
the plaintiff must produce some evidence that the employer’s proffered reasons were factually
untrue.” (Citation omitted.) Id.; see also McPherson v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 9th Dist.
Summit No. 21499, 2003-Ohio-7190, ¶ 23 (saying substantially the same thing); Reeves v.
Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 148, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000)
(“[A] plaintiff’s prima facie case, combined with sufficient evidence to find that the employer’s
asserted justification is false, may permit the trier of fact to conclude that the employer
unlawfully discriminated.”). The second assignment of error challenges the entry of summary
judgment on the sex discrimination claim. The trial court concluded that Manion failed to
establish the fourth element of a prima facie case–that she was replaced by a male or treated
differently than a similarly situated male, see Mendlovic v. Life Line Screening of Am., Ltd., 173
Ohio App.3d 46, 54-55, 2007-Ohio-4674, 877 N.E.2d 377, ¶ 31 (8th Dist.). With respect to both
of these claims, said the trial court, Manion failed to present any evidence, outside of her own
assumptions and conjecture that age or gender played a factor in her discharge. The court said
that there was simply a personality conflict between Manion and Wartell–they just didn’t get 10
along. (We view this observation as simply a comment by the trial court, an opinion, not the
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for Manion’s discharge given by Design Forum.)
{¶ 14} We think that the evidence—depositions and affidavits from Design Forum
employees—overwhelmingly supports Design Forum’s proffered reasons for discharging
Manion. We note that, when Manion, 56 years old then, left, Wartell chose another woman,
Diane Borton, age 45, to take over her position. Also, at the time of Manion’s discharge, half of
the executive leadership team (including Manion), which reported to Wartell, age 31, were
women, and the team’s average age was 50, with none of them under 45. Yet there is no evidence
that any other member of the team was discriminated against. There simply is no evidence that
Manion can point to that suggests age or gender had anything to do with Wartell’s decision to
dismiss her. Manion argues that he treated her differently, that he hired a male to replace her,
and that he did not spend enough time meeting with her to try and help her change. But even if
Wartell did these things, there is no evidence that his reason had anything to do with Manion’s
age or gender. That it did is merely Manion’s own speculation, which her deposition testimony
shows. When specifically asked why she believed her discharge was related to her age or gender,
Manion replied, “I have no other choice but to believe that based on my performance with the
company for twenty years and the results that I generated over those twenty years.” (Manion Dep.
219).
{¶ 15} One of Manion’s arguments warrants some discussion. In support of her
contention that the evidence establishes a prima facie case for the fourth element of her gender
discrimination claim, she argues that Tom Custer, the executive director of marketing, who also
reported directly to Wartell, was a similarly situated male who was treated differently. Manion 11
points out that Wartell had multiple conversations with Custer about his unsatisfactory
performance but did not terminate him or even ask him to develop a performance plan. But “
‘[t]o be “similarly situated,” the employees with whom the employee makes the comparison to
establish disparate treatment “must have dealt with the same supervisor, have been subject to the
same standards and have engaged in the same conduct without such differentiating or mitigating
circumstances that would distinguish their conduct or the employer’s treatment of them for it.” ’ ”
Griffin v. Springfield Regional Med. Ctr., 2d Dist. Clark No. 2012-CA-66, 2013-Ohio-1819, ¶
24, quoting Borad v. April Ents., Inc., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25092, 2012-Ohio-5096, ¶ 17,
quoting Mitchell v. Toledo Hospital, 964 F.2d 577, 583 (6th Cir.1992). Here there is insufficient
evidence to find that Custer’s situation was similar to Manion’s: no evidence that Custer’s
performance failings were comparable to her; no evidence of his unwillingness and failure to
overcome his performance issues; no evidence that he failed to recognize, embrace, and
implement the new direction and focus of Design Forum under Wartell’s leadership; no evidence
that Custer had a team of subordinates that he was failing to properly supervise; no evidence
about whether he took immediate steps to address Wartell’s concerns; and no evidence about
whether his performance issues warranted a performance plan.
{¶ 16} Viewing the evidence most strongly in favor of Manion, no reasonable person
could reject Design Forum’s proffered reason for discharging her or infer that it intentionally
discriminated against her.
{¶ 17} The two assignments of error are overruled.
{¶ 18} The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
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WELBAUM, J., concurs.
DONOVAN, J., dissenting:
{¶ 19} This writer cannot concur with the rationale expressed by the majority on the
basis of the record before us, in part, due to the manner in which the trial court performed its role
in granting summary judgment in favor of the appellee as evidenced by the court’s judgment
entry. Therefore, I dissent.
{¶ 20} “Nothing is more basic under Civ.R. 56(C) that the trial court’s function is to
determine whether a genuine issue as to any material fact remains to be litigated based on an
analysis of pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits,
transcripts of evidence in the case, and written stipulations of fact. Civ.R. 56(E) imposes the
additional requirement that:
‘Supporting and opposing affidavits shall be made on personal knowledge,
shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, * * *’ (Emphasis
added).
‘Under Rule 56(C), * * * the judge’s function at the summary judgment
stage is not himself to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter,
but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.’ (Emphasis added).”
Philomena v. WKBN Broadcasting Corp., 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 85-CA-128, 1987 WL 31938,
*3 (Dec.28, 1987) (Ford, J., dissenting).
{¶ 21} Once a trial judge indulges in a fact-finding process in a summary judgment
undertaking, he or she easily crosses into a weighing exercise going to the ultimate truthfulness 13
of contested matters. Thus, a trial judge may well eliminate a genuine issue of material fact by
the very fact-finding he or she makes. Id.
{¶ 22} Generally, questions of an employer’s motive and intent in discharging an
employee are not susceptible to resolution in summary judgment proceedings, see, e.g., Ross v.
Campbell Soup Co., 237 F.3d 701, 706 (6th Cir. 2001), and I find this case to be no such
exception.
{¶ 23} Focusing specifically on the summary judgment entry in this case, the following
excerpt is the most pertinent, where the Court concluded in part, as follows:
“It appears to the Court that there was a personality conflict, or friction
between Plaintiff and Wartell.”
{¶ 24} A close scrutiny of the foregoing language employed by the trial court in its entry
appears to this writer to have unequivocally transgressed from a determination that no genuine
issue of material fact exists to one of a fact-finder weighing the submission before it and entering
findings of fact going to the truth or falsity of these matters. See Philomena at *4 (Ford, J.,
dissenting).
{¶ 25} I would find that appellant presented sufficient evidence to allow a reasonable
jury to find by a preponderance of the evidence that Design Forum’s proffered reasons for
Manion’s discharge were a mere pretext, since the proffered reasons may not have actually
motivated her discharge and/or were insufficient to motivate her discharge. A review of
Dybvad’s (Manion’s previous supervisor) deposition testimony reveals nothing which would
allow a jury to conclude that Manion was actually unable or unwilling to change as Wartell
claims she was. A jury may well conclude that Wartell came to his conclusions about Manion 14
based on negative stereotype that older female workers cannot or will not adapt to change.
Consequently, the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to appellees on appellant’s age
and gender discrimination claim.
{¶ 26} For the foregoing reasons, I would reverse the judgment of the trial court, and
remand the case for further proceedings.
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Copies mailed to:
Randolph H. Freking Jon B. Allison Jeffrey M. Silverstein Lowell T. Woods, Jr. Hon. Timothy N. O’Connell