Luna Perez v. Sturgis Public Schools

598 U.S. 142

• Court: Supreme Court of the United States
• Decided: March 21, 2023
• Docket: 21-887
• Status: Published

Opinion

(Slip Opinion) OCTOBER TERM, 2022 1

Syllabus

NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued. The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

LUNA PEREZ v. STURGIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS ET AL.

CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

No. 21–887. Argued January 18, 2023—Decided March 21, 2023 Petitioner Miguel Luna Perez, who is deaf, attended schools in Michi- gan’s Sturgis Public School District (Sturgis) from ages 9 through 20. When Sturgis announced that it would not permit Mr. Perez to gradu- ate, he and his family filed an administrative complaint with the Mich- igan Department of Education alleging (among other things) that Stur- gis failed to provide him a free and appropriate public education as required by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). See 20 U. S. C. §1415. They claimed that Sturgis supplied Mr. Perez with unqualified interpreters and misrepresented his educational pro- gress. The parties reached a settlement in which Sturgis promised to provide the forward-looking relief Mr. Perez sought, including addi- tional schooling. Mr. Perez then sued in federal district court under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) seeking compensatory dam- ages. Sturgis moved to dismiss. It claimed that 20 U. S. C. §1415(l) barred Mr. Perez from bringing his ADA claim because it requires a plaintiff “seeking relief that is also available under” IDEA to first ex- haust IDEA’s administrative procedures. The district court agreed and dismissed the suit, and the Sixth Circuit affirmed. Held: IDEA’s exhaustion requirement does not preclude Mr. Perez’s ADA lawsuit because the relief he seeks (i.e., compensatory damages) is not something IDEA can provide. Pp. 3–8. (a) Section §1415(l) contains two features. The first clause focuses on “remedies” and sets forth this general rule: “Nothing [in IDEA] shall be construed to restrict” the ability to seek “remedies” under “other Federal laws protecting the rights of children with disabilities.” The second clause carves out an exception: Before filing a civil action under other federal laws “seeking relief that is also available” under IDEA, “the procedures under [§1415](f) and (g) shall be exhausted.” 2 LUNA PEREZ v. STURGIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS

Those provisions provide children and families the right to a “due pro- cess hearing” before local or state administrators, §1415(f)(1)(A), fol- lowed by an “appeal” to the state education agency, §1415(g)(1). Mr. Perez reads §1415(l)’s “seeking relief” clause as applying only if he pur- sues remedies that are also available under IDEA. And because IDEA does not provide compensatory damages, §1415(l) does not foreclose his ADA claim. Sturgis reads the provision as requiring exhaustion of §1415(f) and (g) so long as a plaintiff seeks some form of redress for the underlying harm addressed by IDEA. And because Mr. Perez com- plains about Sturgis’s education-related shortcomings, his failure to exhaust is fatal. Pp. 3–4. (b) Mr. Perez’s reading better comports with the statute’s terms. Be- cause §1415(l)’s exhaustion requirement applies only to suits that “see[k] relief . . . also available under” IDEA, it poses no bar where a non-IDEA plaintiff sues for a remedy that is unavailable under IDEA. This interpretation admittedly treats “remedies” as synonymous with the “relief” a plaintiff “seek[s].” But that is how an ordinary reader would interpret the provision, based on a number of contextual clues. Section 1415(l) begins by directing a reader to the subject of “reme- dies,” offering first a general rule then a qualifying exception. IDEA treats “remedies” and “relief” as synonyms elsewhere, see §1415(i)(2)(C)(iii), (3)(D)(i)(III), as do other provisions in the U. S. Code, see 18 U. S. C. §3626(d); 28 U. S. C. §3306(a)(2)–(3). The second clause in §1415(l), moreover, refers to claims “seeking relief” available under IDEA. In law that phrase (or some variant) often refers to the remedies a plaintiff requests. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(3), for example, says a plaintiff’s complaint must include a list of re- quested remedies—i.e., “a demand for the relief sought.” Likewise, this Court often speaks of the “relief” a plaintiff “seeks” as the remedies he requests. See, e.g., South Carolina v. North Carolina, 558 U. S. 256, 260. Pp. 4–6. (c) Sturgis suggests this interpretation is foreclosed by Fry v. Napo- leon Community Schools, 580 U. S. 154. But the Court in Fry went out of its way to reserve rather than decide this question. What the Court did say in Fry about the question presented there does not advance the school district’s cause here. Finally, Sturgis says the Court’s interpre- tation will frustrate Congress’s wish to route claims about educational services to administrative experts. It is unclear what this proves, as either party’s interpretation of §1415(l) would preclude some unex- hausted claims. In any event, it is the not the job of this Court to “ ‘re- place the actual text with speculation as to Congress’s intent.’ ” Hen- son v. Santander Consumer USA Inc., 582 U. S. 79, 89. Pp. 6–7. 3 F. 4th 236, reversed and remanded.

GORSUCH, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court. Cite as: 598 U. S. ____ (2023) 1

Opinion of the Court

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Wash- ington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order that corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES _________________

No. 21–887 _________________

MIGUEL LUNA PEREZ, PETITIONER v. STURGIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS, ET AL. ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT [March 21, 2023]

JUSTICE GORSUCH delivered the opinion of the Court. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), 84 Stat. 175, as amended, 20 U. S. C. §1400 et seq., seeks to ensure children with disabilities receive a free and appro- priate public education. Toward that end, the law sets forth a number of administrative procedures for children, their parents, teachers, and school districts to follow when dis- putes arise. The question we face in this case concerns the extent to which children with disabilities must exhaust these administrative procedures under IDEA before seek- ing relief under other federal antidiscrimination statutes, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), 104 Stat. 327, 42 U. S. C. §12101 et seq. * From ages 9 through 20, Miguel Luna Perez attended schools in Michigan’s Sturgis Public School District (Stur- gis). Because Mr. Perez is deaf, Sturgis provided him with aides to translate classroom instruction into sign language. For years, Mr. Perez and his parents allege, Sturgis as- signed aides who were either unqualified (including one who attempted to teach herself sign language) or absent 2 LUNA PEREZ v. STURGIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS

from the classroom for hours on end. Along the way, Stur- gis allegedly misrepresented Mr. Perez’s educational pro- gress too, awarding him inflated grades and advancing him from grade to grade regardless of his progress. Based on Sturgis’s misrepresentations, Mr. Perez and his parents say, they believed he was on track to graduate from high school with his class. But then, months before graduation, Sturgis revealed that it would not award him a diploma. In response to these developments, Mr. Perez and his family filed a complaint with the Michigan Department of Education. They alleged that Sturgis had failed its duties under IDEA and other laws. App. 16–45. Shortly before an administrative hearing, the parties reached a settlement. Under its terms, Sturgis promised to provide Mr. Perez all the forward-looking equitable relief he sought, including additional schooling at the Michigan School for the Deaf. After settling his administrative complaint, Mr. Perez filed a lawsuit in federal district court under the ADA seek- ing backward-looking relief in the form of compensatory damages. Id., at 56–57. That complaint drew a motion to dismiss from Sturgis. The school district argued that a pro- vision in IDEA, 20 U. S. C. §1415(l), barred Mr. Perez from bringing an ADA claim without first exhausting all of IDEA’s administrative dispute resolution procedures. Ulti- mately, the district court agreed with Sturgis and dis- missed the suit. Perez ex rel. Perez v. Sturgis Public Schools, 2019 WL 6907138, *3–*4 (WD Mich. Dec. 19, 2019). Bound by circuit precedent already addressing the question, the Sixth Circuit affirmed. Perez v. Sturgis Public Schools, 3 F. 4th 236, 241 (2021) (citing Covington v. Knox Cty. School System, 205 F. 3d 912, 916–917 (CA6 2000)). Whether §1415(l) bars lawsuits like ours holds conse- quences not just for Mr. Perez but for a great many children with disabilities and their parents. Because our colleagues on the courts of appeals have disagreed about how best to Cite as: 598 U. S. ____ (2023) 3

read the statute, we agreed to take up the question. Com- pare Perez, 3 F. 4th, at 241–242; McMillen v. New Caney Independent School Dist., 939 F. 3d 640, 647–648 (CA5 2019), with D. D. ex rel. Ingram v. Los Angeles Unified School Dist., 18 F. 4th 1043, 1059–1061 (CA9 2021) (Buma- tay, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); Doucette v. Georgetown Public Schools, 936 F. 3d 16, 31 (CA1 2019). * Section 1415(l) contains two salient features. First, the statute sets forth this general rule: “Nothing in [IDEA] shall be construed to restrict” the ability of individuals to seek “remedies” under the ADA or “other Federal laws pro- tecting the rights of children with disabilities.” Second, the statute offers a qualification, prohibiting certain suits with this language: “[E]xcept that before the filing of a civil ac- tion under such [other federal] laws seeking relief that is also available under this subchapter, the procedures under subsections (f) and (g) shall be exhausted.” In turn, subsec- tions (f) and (g) provide affected children and their parents with the right to a “due process hearing” before a local or state administrative official, §1415(f)(1)(A), followed by an “appeal” to the state education agency, §1415(g)(1). The parties offer very different interpretations of §1415(l). Mr. Perez reads the statute to require a plaintiff to exhaust the administrative processes found in subsec- tions (f) and (g) only to the extent he pursues a suit under another federal law for remedies IDEA also provides. None of this, Mr. Perez contends, forecloses his current claim be- cause his ADA complaint seeks only compensatory dam- ages, a remedy everyone before us agrees IDEA cannot sup- ply. By contrast, Sturgis reads §1415(l) as requiring a plaintiff to exhaust subsections (f) and (g) before he may pursue a suit under another federal law if that suit seeks relief for the same underlying harm IDEA exists to address. On this view, the law bars Mr. Perez’s ADA suit because it 4 LUNA PEREZ v. STURGIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS

seeks relief for harms flowing from Sturgis’s alleged past shortcomings in providing a free and appropriate public ed- ucation—a harm IDEA exists to address—and Mr. Perez chose to settle his administrative complaint rather than ex- haust §1415(f) and (g)’s remedial processes. If both views are plausible ones, we believe Mr. Perez’s better comports with the statute’s terms. Start with §1415(l)’s first clause. It focuses our attention on “reme- dies.” A “remedy” denotes “the means of enforcing a right,” and may come in the form of, say, money damages, an in- junction, or a declaratory judgment. Black’s Law Diction- ary 1320 (8th ed. 2004); see also 13 Oxford English Diction- ary 584–585 (2d ed. 1991) (defining “remedy” as “[l]egal redress”). The statute then proceeds to instruct that “[n]othing” in IDEA shall be construed as “restrict[ing] or limit[ing]” the availability of any of these things “under” other federal statutes like the ADA. Of course, §1415(l) carves out an exception to this rule. The second clause bars individuals from “seeking relief” un- der other federal laws unless they first exhaust “the proce- dures under subsections (f) and (g).” But, by its terms, this limiting language does not apply to all suits seeking relief that other federal laws provide. The statute’s administra- tive exhaustion requirement applies only to suits that “see[k] relief . . . also available under” IDEA. And that con- dition simply is not met in situations like ours, where a plaintiff brings a suit under another federal law for com- pensatory damages—a form of relief everyone agrees IDEA does not provide. Admittedly, our interpretation treats “remedies” (the key term in the first clause) as synonymous with the “relief” a plaintiff “seek[s]” (the critical phrase found in the second clause). But a number of contextual clues persuade us that is exactly how an ordinary reader would understand this particular provision. Not only does §1415(l) begin by direct- Cite as: 598 U. S. ____ (2023) 5

ing a reader to the subject of remedies, offering first a gen- eral and then a qualifying rule on the subject. In at least two other places, IDEA treats “remedies” and “relief” as synonyms, and we cannot conceive a persuasive reason why the statute would operate differently only here. Section 1415(i)(2)(C)(iii) directs courts in IDEA cases to “grant such relief as the court determines is appropriate.” (Emphasis added.) That statutory instruction, we have said, author- izes courts to grant “as an available remedy” the “reim- bursement” of past educational expenses. School Comm. of Burlington v. Department of Ed. of Mass., 471 U. S. 359, 369–370 (1985) (emphasis added). Elsewhere, IDEA some- times bars those who reject a school district’s settlement of- fer from recovering attorney’s fees for later work if “the re- lief finally obtained . . . is not more favorable . . . than the offer.” §1415(i)(3)(D)(i)(III) (emphasis added). Once more, relief means remedy. Nor is IDEA particularly unusual in treating remedies and relief as synonyms. Other provisions in the U. S. Code do too. By way of example, 18 U. S. C. §3626(d) provides that “[t]he limitations on remedies in this section shall not apply to relief entered by a State court based solely upon claims arising under State law.” (Emphases added.) Like- wise, 28 U. S. C. §3306(a)(2)–(3) indicate that “the United States . . . may obtain . . . a remedy under this chapter . . . or . . . any other relief the circumstances may require.” (Em- phases added.) Influencing our thinking as well is the fact that the sec- ond clause in §1415(l) refers to claims “seeking relief” avail- able under IDEA. To “seek” is “[t]o ask for” or “request.” 14 Oxford English Dictionary, at 877. And often enough the phrase “seeking relief” or some variant of it is used in the law to refer to the remedies a plaintiff requests. Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, for example, a plaintiff’s complaint must include a list of requested remedies, or what the law calls “a demand for the relief sought.” Fed. 6 LUNA PEREZ v. STURGIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS

Rule Civ. Proc. 8(a)(3) (emphasis added); see also Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 54(c) (similar). Many of our opinions as well sim- ilarly speak of the “relief” a plaintiff “seeks” as the remedies he requests. See, e.g., South Carolina v. North Carolina, 558 U. S. 256, 260 (2010) (describing the “relief” South Car- olina “seeks” as the remedies demanded in its “Prayer for Relief”); New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn., Inc. v. City of New York, 590 U. S. ___, ___ (2020) (per curiam) (slip op., at 1) (describing “the precise relief that petitioners re- quested in the prayer” as two remedies, a declaration and an injunction); Bowen v. Massachusetts, 487 U. S. 879, 893 (1988) (discussing 5 U. S. C. §702’s reference to an “action . . . seeking relief other than money damages”). Faced with all this, Sturgis replies that, whatever the merits of our interpretation, precedent forecloses it. Brief for Respondents 19–20, 26–27. Specifically, the school dis- trict points to Fry v. Napoleon Community Schools, 580 U. S. 154 (2017). But the Court in Fry went out of its way to reserve rather than decide the question we now face. See id., at 165, n. 4; id., at 168, n. 8. And what the Court did say in Fry about the question presented there hardly ad- vances the school district’s cause here. In Fry, the Court held that §1415(l)’s exhaustion requirement does not apply unless the plaintiff “seeks relief for the denial of” a free and appropriate public education “because that is the only ‘re- lief’ ” IDEA’s administrative processes can supply. Id., at 165, 168. This case presents an analogous but different question—whether a suit admittedly premised on the past denial of a free and appropriate education may nonetheless proceed without exhausting IDEA’s administrative pro- cesses if the remedy a plaintiff seeks is not one IDEA pro- vides. In both cases, the question is whether a plaintiff must exhaust administrative processes under IDEA that cannot supply what he seeks. And here, as in Fry, we an- swer in the negative. Cite as: 598 U. S. ____ (2023) 7

Failing all else, Sturgis closes with an appeal to congres- sional purpose. Brief for Respondents 22–24. The school district worries that our understanding of §1415(l) would frustrate Congress’s wish to route claims about educational services to administrative agencies with “ ‘special exper- tise’ ” in such matters. Id., at 22. But “it is . . . our job to apply faithfully the law Congress has written,” and “ ‘[w]e cannot replace the actual text with speculation as to Con- gress’ intent.’ ” Henson v. Santander Consumer USA Inc., 582 U. S. 79, 89 (2017) (quoting Magwood v. Patterson, 561 U. S. 320, 334 (2010)). Even on its own terms, it is unclear what the school district’s argument proves. Either inter- pretation of §1415(l) operates to preclude some unex- hausted claims. Under our view, for example, a plaintiff who files an ADA action seeking both damages and the sort of equitable relief IDEA provides may find his request for equitable relief barred or deferred if he has yet to exhaust §1415(f) and (g). Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 22. It is “quite mistaken to assume,” too, that any interpre- tation of a law that does more to advance a statute’s puta- tive goal “must be the law.” Henson, 582 U. S., at 89. Laws are the product of “compromise,” and no law “ ‘pursues its . . . purpose[s] at all costs.’ ” Ibid. And it isn’t exactly diffi- cult to imagine that a rational Congress might have sought to temper a demand for administrative exhaustion when a plaintiff seeks a remedy IDEA can supply with a rule ex- cusing exhaustion when a plaintiff seeks a remedy IDEA cannot provide. * The parties pose a number of additional questions they would like us to answer—including whether IDEA’s ex- haustion requirement is susceptible to a judge-made futility exception and whether the compensatory damages Mr. Pe- rez seeks in his ADA suit are in fact available under that statute. But today, we have no occasion to address any of 8 LUNA PEREZ v. STURGIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS

those things. In proceedings below, the courts held that §1415(l) precluded Mr. Perez’s ADA lawsuit. We clarify that nothing in that provision bars his way. The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is re- manded for further proceedings consistent with this opin- ion. So ordered.